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1.
南海区虾拖网方目与菱目混合网囊渔获性能初步研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
虾拖网是南海区常见的作业方式,由于其网囊网目选择性差,虾拖网作业常产生大量的副渔获物。为了优化虾拖网网囊结构,提高其选择性,2015年8月在南海北部渔场用方形网目与菱形网目混合网囊进行试验。结果表明:虾拖网的渔获种类有34种;渔获种类中,康氏小公鱼(Anchoviella commersoni)、黑尾吻鳗(Rhynchoconger ectenurus)、中线天竺鲷(Apogon kiensis)和杂食豆齿鳗(Pisoodonophis boro)的尾数逃逸率均超过80%;周氏新对虾(Metapenaeus joyneri)和刀额新对虾(Metapenaeus affinis的尾数逃逸率最低,仅为6.18%和2.07%;周氏新对虾和刀额新对虾的50%选择体长(L50)分别为50.79 mm和53.858 mm;脊突猛虾姑(Harpiosquilla raphidea)的L50为62.51 mm;丽叶鲹(Caranx kalla)、中华青鳞鱼(Harengula nymphaea)、中线天竺鲷(Apogon kiensis)、赤鼻棱鳀(Thrissa kammalensis)和黄斑蓝子鱼(Siganus oramin)的L50分别为53.77、78.87、47.17、60.92和60.55 mm;混合网囊对鱼类副渔获的释放率较高,但对幼虾的释放率较低。建议今后放大网囊菱目段的网目尺寸进行相应的试验,提高混合网囊对目标种类的L50值,使其在释放鱼类副渔获物的同时释放幼虾,达到渔业资源的合理利用。  相似文献   

2.
为支撑《全国海洋捕捞准用渔具目录》的实施与管理,本文利用套网法在黄海区海州湾海域开展了黄海双船变水层疏目拖网网囊选择性研究。在分析渔获的基础上,运用相对重要性指数(IRI)、Logistic模型等分析方法,获得了双船变水层疏目拖网渔获物种类组成、优势种和主要渔获物竹荚鱼(Trachurus japonicus)、小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)和带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)的选择性曲线。研究显示,随着网囊网目尺寸的增加,渔获物质量和逃逸率均逐渐增加;竹荚鱼、小黄鱼和带鱼的50%选择体长(L_(0.5))逐渐增大,且L_(0.5)与网囊网目尺寸呈线性关系;双船变水层疏目拖网网囊最小网目尺寸按照底拖网54 mm网目尺寸标准执行偏小。根据试验结果,结合小黄鱼、竹荚鱼和带鱼最小可捕规格,变水层疏目拖网网囊最佳网目尺寸分别为65.78、78.82和67.36 mm。在目前渔业资源状况下,为保护小黄鱼等中小型经济鱼类,建议将双船变水层疏目拖网网囊最小网目尺寸(网目内径)设定为66 mm。研究结果可为我国近海捕捞渔具管理以及渔业资源的可持续发展提供理论支撑。  相似文献   

3.
黄海区虾拖网网囊网目选择性研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
在黄海区的山东近海,采用套网法对网目尺寸为30,33和40 mm的虾拖网网囊进行了选择性试验。使用Lo-gistic曲线作为选择性模型,求得不同网目尺寸的网囊对鹰爪虾(Trachypenaeus curvirostris)的体长选择性曲线,并运用极大似然法对渔获数据进行处理,同时估算选择性参数。结果表明,在网目尺寸为30,33和40 mm时主捕虾类鹰爪虾的选择体长L50分别为59.8,60.1和63.2 mm,选择范围SR分别为14.4,16.0和22.9 mm,选择性参数随网目尺寸的增加呈线性增大。鹰爪虾的选择体长L50与网囊网目尺寸m的线性回归方程为L50=0.353m+48.944,R2=0.956。根据试验结果并结合历史资料,认为目前33 mm的网囊网目尺寸对于保护鹰爪虾类资源是比较合适的。  相似文献   

4.
为了评价和改善坛子网的作业性能,本文在网囊前端安装由方形网目网片(网目尺寸分别为35、40、45和50mm)和刚性框架(长80cm,宽60cm)所组成的方形网目逃逸窗装置来释放幼鱼,并利用套网法在海州湾海域开展海上试验。在分析渔获的基础上,运用相对重要性指数、logistic模型等分析方法,获得了坛子网渔获物种类组成、优势种和主要经济渔获物小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)和鹰爪虾(Trachypenaeus curvirostris)的选择性曲线。研究显示,随着逃逸窗网目尺寸增大,小黄鱼、鹰爪虾的50%选择体长(L50)逐渐增大,且L50的值与逃逸窗网目尺寸呈线性关系;逃逸窗网目尺寸为35、40、45和50mm时,小黄鱼的L50分别为9.27、12.54、13.46和15.94cm,鹰爪虾的L50分别为5.31、6.35、7.73和8.66cm。根据试验结果,结合小黄鱼的最小可捕体长及鹰爪虾第一次性成熟体长,推算小黄鱼和鹰爪虾坛子网方形网目逃逸窗网目尺寸分别为47.7和36.3mm。研究结果可为我国海州湾海区渔具管理以及渔业资源的可持续发展与管理提供技术依据。  相似文献   

5.
使用套网法在海州湾海域进行了坛子网3种网目尺寸(30、35和40mm)的网囊网目选择性试验。在分析渔获物组成的基础上,基于Logistic选择模型和数量生物量曲线(Abundance-biomass comparison curves,ABC曲线)法,获得了渔获物中主要经济品种小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)、鹰爪虾(Trachypenaeus curvirostris)和口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria de Haan)的选择性曲线和ABC曲线。结果表明,坛子网网囊网目尺寸为30、35和40mm时,小黄鱼的50%选择体长(L50)分别为7.920、9.503和11.229cm,选择范围(SR)分别为1.975、2.306和3.775cm;鹰爪虾的(L50)值分别为5.400、5.901和7.404cm,其SR值分别为1.283、1.376和1.709cm;口虾蛄的L50值分别为7.844、8.324和9.602cm,其SR值分别为2.680、2.719和2.973cm;随着网目尺寸逐渐增大,小黄鱼、鹰爪虾和口虾蛄选择性指标50%选择体长(L50)和选择范围SR值也随之逐渐增大。3种坛子网试验网囊内ABC曲线W值均小于0,表明针对海州湾目前整体生物群落,网囊网目尺寸需要进一步放大。本研究结果可为中国黄海区渔业资源可持续发展及张网网囊最小网目尺寸的确定提供科学参考。  相似文献   

6.
为了研究桁杆虾拖网40 mm方目分离网片对渔获物的分隔效果和选择性,作者采用"套网法"于2015年8月在南海北部近海渔场进行了试验。计算分离网片对主要渔获物的尾数分隔率和质量分隔率,使用Logistic曲线作为选择性模型,运用极大似然估算法估算选择性参数。结果表明:虾拖网的目标种类为刀额新对虾(Metapenaeus ensis)和周氏新对虾(Metapenaeus joyneri),优势副渔获为丽叶鲹(Caranx(Atule)kalla);刀额新对虾和周氏新对虾的尾数分隔率和质量分隔率均大于90%;尾数分隔率和质量分隔率均大于80%的种类有:杂食豆齿鳗(Pisoodonophis boro)、黄斑蓝子鱼(Siganus oramin)、高体若鲹(Carangoides equula)和卵鳎(Solea ovata Richardson);丽叶鲹和脊突猛虾姑(Harpiosquilla raphidea)的尾数分隔率和质量分隔率均大于60%;周氏新对虾、脊突猛虾姑、丽叶鲹和黄斑蓝子鱼对分离网片的接触率分别为0.51、0.69、0.41和0.39,其50%选择体长(L50)分别为57.96±2.07、69.62±2.13、68.19±0.49和73.12 mm±1.26 mm。研究结果可为提高南海桁杆虾拖网的选择性积累数据,为缓解其对渔业资源补充群体的不良影响提供参考。  相似文献   

7.
为研究虾拖网网囊网目对主要渔获种类的选择性,于2017年9月在南海区采用裤式拖网法进行选择性试验。在SELECT模型框架下,使用极似然估算法,结合单网次和联合网次的数据,同时考虑网次间差异,估算网囊对主要渔获种类的平均选择性。共完成14网次作业,其中对照网囊之间的渔获性能比较试验4次,试验网囊的选择性试验10次。研究表明:对照网囊的位置对其渔获性能无显著影响;试验网囊对刀额新对虾(Metapenaeus ensis)的网次50%选择体长(L 50)为78.84~92.09 mm,平均为82.38 mm,网次选择范围(SR)为5.01~11.32 mm,平均为6.39 mm,网次相对作业强度(p)为0.44~0.71,平均为0.52;试验网囊对黄斑蓝子鱼(Siganus oramin)的网次L 50为59.20~76.80 mm,平均为71.17 mm,网次SR为5.30~16.87 mm,平均为14.20 mm,网次p为0.43~0.71,平均为0.63。试验网囊对刀额新对虾的网次和平均L 50值均大于其首次性成熟体长(80 mm),可见试验网囊对刀额新对虾的资源利用是合理的。本试验的裤式拖网法和数据处理方法可为今后拖网选择性研究提供参考。  相似文献   

8.
本文根据2014年秋季青岛斋堂岛海域双桩竖杆张网的网囊网目选择性试验数据,运用PRIMER软件中的相似性分析、非参数多维标度分析和相似性百分比分析模块分析了张网渔具种类选择性。试验采用平行作业法,以传统网具(2a=16mm的菱形目网囊)作为对照网,设计了网目尺寸(2a)为30和35mm的菱形目网囊(以30D和35D表示)和网目尺寸(2a)为20、30和35mm的方形目网囊(以20S、30S和35S表示),进行选择性实验。研究显示:(1)35D、30S和35S渔获组成与对照网存在显著性差异,其余各网之间差异不显著。(2)改良后的试验网具能有效释放舒氏海龙;除20S组外,其余各试验网对方氏云鳚亦有较好的释放效果。(3)方形目网囊较相同尺寸的菱形目网囊具有更好的种类选择性;对相同网目形状的试验网囊进行比较,种类选择性随网目尺寸的增大而增大。(4)综合分析不同网具的渔获物组成和规格,在斋堂岛海域秋季小黄鱼、带鱼渔汛期,推荐使用30mm方形目网囊;方氏云鳚渔汛期,推荐使用20mm方形目网囊进行捕捞作业。研究结果表明,运用多元统计软件PRIMER进行张网渔具种类选择性分析虽然存在待完善之处,但该方法为本领域研究提供了有益参考。  相似文献   

9.
杨吝 《海洋信息》1997,(1):22-22
近年来,澳大利亚研究人员已研制了各种副渔获减少装置(BRDs)来减少通常在虾拖网副渔获中占优势的小鱼渔获量。这些BRDs有许多(如“鱼眼”、方形网目窗等)是根据鱼的游泳能力比虾强这一特点来帮助鱼类排出拖刚的。这些BRZDs安装在网囊的上部,泳力较强的鱼游过逃逸口,虾被动地落入网囊之中。  相似文献   

10.
矛尾虾虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)是黄、渤海重要的优势种之一,在近岸生态系统中起着重要作用。本文根据2016年10月和2017年1、5和8月在山东近海进行的底拖网采集的矛尾虾虎鱼样品,对其群体组成、体长-体重关系、摄食、性成熟等渔业生物学特征及其季节变化进行了研究。研究表明:山东近海海域矛尾虾虎鱼体长分布范围为30～225 mm,平均体长为(90.27±28.15)mm,优势体长组为40～130 mm;体重分布范围为0.24～80.84 g,平均体重为(8.90±8.53) g,优势体重组为0～15 g。矛尾虾虎鱼平均体长、平均体重在冬季最大,夏季最小。矛尾虾虎鱼全年体长-体重关系式为W=2.02×10~(-5)L~(2.83)(R~2=0.945 5,n=2 992尾),春季、夏季、秋季及冬季体长-体重关系为W=1.79×10~(-5)L~(2.83),W=1.11×10~(-5)L~(2.97),W=5.39×10~(-5)L~(2.61)和W=3.04×10~(-5)L~(2.74)。矛尾虾虎鱼主要摄食帘蛤科、樱蛤科等瓣鳃类,同时还摄食虾类、多毛类等,其摄食等级主要以1级和2级为主,春季和冬季摄食等级随着体长组增大呈现递增趋势,这一趋势在夏季和秋季不明显。性腺达到Ⅳ期和Ⅴ期的个体主要出现在冬季,表明矛尾虾虎鱼冬季性腺开始发育成熟。研究结果表明矛尾虾虎鱼渔业生物学特征存在明显季节差异,研究结果为进一步研究矛尾虾虎鱼的生物学特征和渔业资源评估提供了生物学资料。  相似文献   

11.
Three manipulative experiments were done to estimate the selectivity of conventional and new sizes and configurations of mesh for school prawns, Metapenaeus macleayi, in three south‐eastern Australian recreational fishing gears (haul, push, and scoop nets). The treatment meshes examined were: (1) conventional‐sized, diamond‐shaped mesh used in all gears (20 mm in scoop nets and 30 mm in push and haul nets); (2) 30 mm in scoop nets; and (3) 40‐mm diamond‐ and (4) 23‐mm square‐shaped mesh in all gears. In all experiments, known quantities of school prawns (6–24 mm carapace length (CL)) were placed in purpose‐built enclosures, monitored to ensure no experimental‐induced stress (as measured by changes in L‐lactate in their haemolymph) and the replicate treatments of the various gear configurations deployed. Escapees from the various treatment nets were collected from the enclosures using fine‐meshed nets. Logistic selection curves were derived for all treatment nets and specific comparisons made within and among gears. All nets had 50% retention lengths (L50) comparable to other penaeid‐catching gears with similar mesh sizes, but most had selection ranges (SRs) that were atypically inflated. The large SRs were attributed to a combination of factors that included the mesh geometry and towing speed of the gears and the behaviour of school prawns. The 20‐mm scoop net had the smallest selection parameters, retaining >99% of individuals larger than 13 mm CL. Mesh size in this gear would need to be increased to at least 30 mm to allow some maturing prawns (>18 mm CL) to escape.  相似文献   

12.
Information coming from fishery monitoring, surveys and experimental fishing with participation of fishers was employed to determine the impact of an artisanal gear, ‘boliche’, on the biodiversity of the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM), an estuarine lagoon on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Fishery monitoring (catch data) included landings before (1968 and 1978) and after (1994–1996) the introduction of the boliche in the CGSM (1985), whereas surveys were conducted seasonally during 1993–1994. Fishing experiments involved evaluating different mesh sizes and the short-term effect of physical disturbance by the boliche. Monitoring suggested potential trophic effects of this fishing gear: the catch of large, long-lived, carnivorous species declined after the introduction of the boliche in the CGSM, whereas catch rates of smaller, shorter-lived, and lower trophic level species increased. Surveys revealed that the boliche retained 41 species. The by-catch made up 62% of the total catch and the remaining 38% involved the three target species Eugerres plumieri, Mugil incilis and Cathorops spixii. Selectivity experiments showed that 2.5 in. stretched mesh size gill nets caught more species than the 3.0-in. mesh. The smaller mesh also increased the risk of a critical reduction in the spawning stock of target species (notably E. plumieri); a situation that could affect the fish community if mesh sizes lower than 2.5 in. were intensively used. Suspended particulate matter significantly increased after fishing activity, with higher resuspension on mud-shells and mud substrata, whereas dissolved oxygen showed no appreciable changes after fishing operations. Notwithstanding, the activity of the boliche would generate sediment resuspension between 382 and 470 t day−1, which could lead to potential cascade impacts on water quality. We propose a framework of redundancy in management measures in order to simultaneously reach management and conservation goals.  相似文献   

13.
An experimental study on Phragmites australis leaf litter decomposition was conducted in the estuarine environment, Ria de Aveiro, Western Portugal, using the leaf-bag technique, with fine- (1 mm) and coarse-mesh (5 mm) bags. The leaf bags were placed in the field sites at day 0, covering a complete salinity gradient, and replicates were collected over time, at days 3 (leaching), 7, 15, 30 and 60. The biomass loss through the leaching phase, about 20% of the initial leaf mass, was independent of both the salinity and the bag mesh size. The biomass decay pattern along the salinity gradient varied through time and presented strong similarities between the two mesh sizes, with the remaining biomass always lower in the 5 mm mesh-size bags. At days 7 and 15, the lowest remaining biomass was observed at the head of the estuary, the preferential distribution area of P. australis. At day 30, the remaining biomass was higher in the marine area and diminished under a direct relationship with salinity, reaching the lowest value in the freshwater environment, with values ranging from 66% to 44% of the initial weight in 5 mm bags, and from 79% to 51% in 1 mm bags. The largest heterogeneity in the remaining biomass among the study areas positioned along the salinity gradient was found close to days 30 (5 mm) and 40 (1 mm). The overall results indicate that the relationship between leaf decay rate and salinity depends on the decay time considered (k15, k30 or k60) and, for the later stages (k60), also on the leaf-bag mesh size. This implies that the use of leaf litter decay rates as a functional indicator in transitional waters will need to take into consideration the factor location in the salinity gradient and leaf litter stage at which the decay rate is determined. The differences between the decay rates with the mesh size acted mainly at the level of the absolute k value and not at the level of the pattern along the salinity gradient. Even so, the data obtained at the mouth of the estuary, in the area closest to a fully marine environment, indicated that after the initial biomass loss through leaching, P. australis decayed either very slowly, in the 5 mm, or not at all, in the 1 mm mesh bags.  相似文献   

14.
A particle-size spectrum model is used to estimate standing stocks of some pelagic fish from measurements of phytoplankton chlorophyll in two exploited regions in southern Africa (southern Benguela and off South West Africa/Namibia) and in two unexploited regions (the Agulhas Bank and off the eastern Cape Province). The model is based on the assumption that equal biomasses occur in logarithmically equal size classes in the pelagic marine environment. Phytoplankton, with an equivalent spherical diameter ranging from 1 to 128 μm, occupy 21 size classes on the logarithmic scale. Two different size ranges are assumed for some commercial, pelagic fish species, equivalent to exploitation with two different purse-seine mesh sizes. A mesh of 12,7 mm would catch 8 size classes of pilchard, horse mackerel and anchovy whereas a mesh of 32 mm would catch only 3,3 size classes of pilchard and horse mackerel. From the model, the potential biomass of these commercial pelagic fish is estimated, after allowing for the presence of other commercial and non-commercial fish and other taxa in the exploited size range. Total pelagic fish production is estimated by assuming constant turnover rates of 1·y?1 and 1,5·y?1 when exploited with 32 and 12,7 mm mesh nets respectively. Consideration of the maximum and mean reported catches in the exploited areas indicates that only some 25 per cent of pelagic fish production is exploitable by man. On this basis, the unexploited Agulhas Bank region may yield some 400 000 metric tons (wet) of pelagic fish of the species considered, and the East Coast region some 90 000 tons. Exploitation in these regions cannot be recommended, because the Agulhas Bank is an important spawning ground for many pelagic species, and the fish in both regions probably act as a reserve buffer for the heavily exploited pelagic resource of the Western Cape.  相似文献   

15.
The decomposition rates of Phragmites australis and Fucus vesiculosus were experimentally determined in an estuarine system using the leaf-bag technique. The study was conducted in fifteen sites arranged in five areas, extending from freshwater, outside the tidal range, to the marine environment, near the mouth of the estuary. The leaf-bags (5 mm mesh), were set up with 3.0 g of dried substrate, submerged in the experimental sites at day 0 and collected at days 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60, to follow biomass loss. The biomass loss through the leaching phase (day 3) was about 16% for Phragmites australis and 33% for Fucus vesiculosus and was independent of salinity for both substrates. The difference in the remaining biomass between the two species increased with time and the decomposition rates differed along the salinity gradient. For F. vesiculosus, the decomposition rate was highest near the mouth of the estuary, corresponding to the preferential distribution area of the algae, and decreased towards freshwater. For Phragmites australis, the fastest decay was observed in the mid estuary, where Phragmites australis occurs naturally, confirming previous studies. The decomposition rates measured at different time intervals (0–15, 0–30 and 0–60 days) were always higher for the algae and decreased with time for both species. These results indicate that the use of decomposition rates as a measure of ecosystem integrity or quality status in transitional waters will not be straightforward and must take into account, among others, the test species, the study area positioning along the estuarine gradient, and the time interval for the calculation of the decomposition rate.  相似文献   

16.
宋超  侯俊利  赵峰  张涛  杨刚  庄平 《海洋科学》2017,41(6):34-40
为探明工程建设后东海大桥风电场水域鱼类群落结构特征,作者利用等级聚类和多元统计等方法对该水域鱼类种类组成、优势种及群落结构进行分析。春、秋季共发现18种鱼类,隶属6目9科15属;鲈形目鱼类所占比例最高(50%),其中又以虾虎鱼科鱼类最高(44.4%)。春季优势种为短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyneri)、棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)、矛尾虾虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)和孔虾虎鱼(Trypauchen vagina),秋季优势种为棘头梅童鱼、龙头鱼(Harpadon nehereus)和凤鲚(Coilia mystus);棘头梅童鱼为春、秋季共同优势种。等级聚类和非度量多维标序排序表明,东海大桥风电场水域鱼类群落可分为春季和秋季2个组群,相似性检验(ANOSIM)显示2个组群差异极显著(R=0.851,P0.01)。生物与环境相关分析(BIOENV)表明温度和盐度是影响东海大桥风电场水域鱼类群落结构的最主要环境因子,两者结合因子与鱼类群落的相关系数为0.791。本研究发现,东海大桥风电场水域是棘头梅童鱼、凤鲚、龙头鱼等多种鱼类的育幼和索饵场所,群落结构具有典型的季节特征。  相似文献   

17.
Landing site and market surveys of sharks landed along the Arabian Gulf coast of the United Arab Emirates were undertaken between October 2010 and September 2012 to obtain biological data from this artisanal fishery. Data were collected on the size and sex of 12 482 individuals representing 30 species. Maximum sizes of Carcharhinus sorrah, C. amblyrhynchoides and Hemipristis elongata were extended by at least 300?mm total length (TL) compared with published global maxima. The size at 50% maturity was determined for males of five species and this indicated that the males of smaller shark species (<1 000 mm maximum TL) in the fishery were largely mature. For many species, including Loxodon macrorhinus and Mustelus mosis, overall sex ratios were male-biased, indicating that sexual segregation is likely in those species. Furthermore, sex ratios for several species, such as Rhizoprionodon acutus, showed differences across seasons. Overall, the landings contained a high proportion of juveniles, causing concerns about the sustainability of this fishery. Biological parameters of a number of species differed from those recorded earlier for the region, demonstrating a need for additional local data collection to support the development of management measures.  相似文献   

18.
This study compared the mortality and metabolic response of the Senegal seabream, Diplodus bellottii, an African species recently reported in Southern Europe and the white seabream Diplodus sargus, a native species, across a range of temperatures. The temperatures tested were 18, 26, 28 and 30 °C. Mortality was zero at 18 °C and very low at all other temperatures for both species, with the exception of D. bellottii, which experienced 32% mortality at 30 °C. Metabolic rates increased steadily with increasing temperatures, with a steep increase at 30 °C for D. bellottii. Thermal sensitivity ranged between 2 and 3 for both species and for all thermal intervals, with the exception of the thermal sensitivity between 28 and 30 °C for D. bellottii, which was 7. It was concluded that D. bellottii is under thermal stress at 30 °C. Diplodus bellottii may have expanded its distribution northwards due to an increase in sea surface temperatures. However, further warming may result in habitat loss for the juveniles, since Southern European estuarine systems will reach temperatures that may lead to lower fitness in juveniles of this species.  相似文献   

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