共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 125 毫秒
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粘性泥沙在盐水中冲刷和沉降特性的试验研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
本文根据絮凝电化学理论,探讨了淤积物浓度对粘性泥沙起动切应力的影响,获得起动切应力τc与淤积物浓度S的相关式τ_o=KS~(2·33) 该公式得到众多试验资料的证实。冲刷试验表明,具有均匀容重的底床在不同水流切力下,冲刷率随时间基本成直线变化,自养密实底床的冲刷率随时间呈指数曲线变化。试验结果还表明均匀容重底床的冲刷率与水流流速近似成四次方关系,论文运用了窦国仁博士从能量原理获得的床面泥沙动密实系数概念,获得冲刷率的表达式为 E=(K_0)/(C_0~2)-(γsγ)/(γs-γ)(V-V_c)V~3/gdω 相似文献
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波浪与水流共同作用下的底砂起动 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
研究波浪与水流共同作用下底砂的起动,对于研究和解决河口海岸地区的冲淤变化、沿海航道的变迁、堤岸工程和闸下淤积的疏(氵尤夂)等问题,以及从理论上和实践中分析泥沙回淤及输沙量都具有重要的现实意义。 本文通过理论推导和实验观测,对波浪、水流共同作用下的底砂起动进行了研究探讨。 相似文献
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河口海岸地区底床的冲淤变化是沉积动力学研究主要内容之一,而野外观测是准确获得现场底床冲淤变化信息的关键。本文利用观测近底边界层三维水动力信息的声学三维多普勒流速仪（Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry,ADV）对长江口南槽底床高度变化进行了野外测量,为验证野外现场实测数据的可靠性,设计了2个室内试验,并对ADV测量底床高度的可行性进行了验证：试验一对比了人工测量的ADV换能器实际距离底床高度H与ADV自身记录的其换能器距离底床高度h,确定了ADV测量底床高度的范围;试验二利用ADV测量静置的高浊度水体,确定了含沙量对ADV测量造成影响。试验结果表明：①由ADV内部存储的vhd数据文件可以直接获取换能器距离底床的高度,但是这一测量结果存在适用范围,换能器实际距离底床高度H需要满足150 mm≤H≤370 mm;②当换能器实际距离底床高度H <150 mm时,可通过提取pck数据文件获取换能器距离底床的高度;③当换能器实际距离底床高度H>370 mm时,仪器无法获取该数值;④当水体含沙量超过14.36 kg/m3时,ADV测量同样无法获取到换能器距离底床高度信息。 相似文献
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河口往复流中潮流不对称与推移质输沙的关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
潮流不对称现象是近岸潮波运动的基本特征之一,为了研究潮流不对称对推移质泥沙长期净输运的作用机制,首先在往复流情况下对Bagnold推移质输沙率公式(1966)由于不包含起动流速所可能导致的误差进行理论分析,进而由统计学中的"偏度"的概念出发,推导了河口潮流不对称与推移质输沙之间的定量关系。研究认为,虽然Bagnold推移质输沙率公式不包含泥沙起动流速,但是只要泥沙起动流速和最大流速的比值在一定范围内,则在理论上公式的计算误差是可以接受的。由偏度结合Bagnold公式导出了潮流不对称与推移质输沙之间的关系,表明推移质泥沙的长期净输运不仅与余流有关,而且与不同分潮组合之间、余流与分潮之间的相互作用紧密相关。该关系还给出了一个由潮流调和常数估算河口推移质输沙的简便方法。经对比,从潮流不对称出发估算推移质输沙与直接采用推移质输沙率公式结果一致。 相似文献
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根据流速剖面估计海底粗糙长度的研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
由于底床的摩擦作用,河口海岸近底层的水体流动与远离海底上层的水体流动产生很大的差别,形成重要的底边界层。在近底层由于水层与床面有频繁的物质交换,所以研究河口海岸边界层对水流、泥沙、温度、盐度垂向混合、底沙运动等物质过程有着重要的作用。底床粗糙度是研究河口海岸沉积物运移和水流结构的重要因素,它由颗粒粗糙度、底形粗糙度和推移质输沙粗糙度组成。目前还没有一个经验公式来计算底床粗糙度,但是在无波浪的情况下粗糙度可以通过拟合流速的对数分布(卡门-普朗特公式)来求得。利用对数拟合方法必须满足两个条件:一是必须测量近海底三个层面以上的流速,二是测得的流速剖面必须满足对数分布。 相似文献
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河口海岸底部边界层和细颗粒泥沙过程?? 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
水动力、细颗粒泥沙过程是淤泥质河口海岸变化的重要物理过程 ;并具有这样的特征 :强密度梯度、高度不稳定和非均匀流、高浓度泥沙、底床与流相互作用、难确定的底床／水界面。淤泥质河口海岸水动力、细颗粒泥沙过程的研究主要起因于：１）海洋科学的基础理论研究 ;２）港口航道的建设、维持（整治、疏浚）、海岸防护工程实践等需要。就淤泥质河口海岸水动力、细颗粒泥沙过程而言 ,水流最重要的部分是底部边界层。为计算河口海岸水流中的底床切应力 ,必需考虑边界层。在淤泥质河口海岸底部边界层内 ,强劲的潮流、波致流可以引起淤泥底床沉积… 相似文献
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河口底边界层湍流观测后处理技术方法分析 总被引：10，自引：5，他引：5
河口底边界层过程是河口海岸研究与工程应用中的重要内容。三维点式高频流速仪(ADV)已经成为湍流现场观测的最有效的工具之一,然而受测量状态、复杂的波流环境、底床几何结构等因素的影响,湍流观测的后处理目前还不成熟。在前人工作的基础上,提出了河口底边界层湍流观测后处理的综合技术方法,包括测量状态判断、数据质量检测、坐标系旋转、去除毛刺及滤波,探讨了这些处理方法中的某些步骤及处理顺序对湍流参数估算可能产生的影响,提出了综合后处理技术的准确性评估方法。该研究对于近岸海洋湍流混合、泥沙输运等重要问题的解决可以提供较为扎实的技术支持。 相似文献
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《Marine Geology》2005,216(3):169-189
Simultaneous high frequency field measurements of water depth, flow velocity and suspended sediment concentration were made at three fixed locations across the high tide swash and inner surf zones of a dissipative beach. The dominant period of the swash motion was 30–50 s and the results are representative of infragravity swash motion. Suspended sediment concentrations, loads and transport rates in the swash zone were almost one order of magnitude greater than in the inner surf zone. The vertical velocity gradient near the bed and the resulting bed shear stress at the start of the uprush was significantly larger than that at the end of the backwash, despite similar flow velocities. This suggests that the bed friction during the uprush was approximately twice that during the backwash.The suspended sediment profile in the swash zone can be described reasonably well by an exponential shape with a mixing length scale of 0.02–0.03 m. The suspended sediment transport flux measured in the swash zone was related to the bed shear stress through the Shields parameter. If the bed shear stress is derived from the vertical velocity gradient, the proportionality coefficient between shear stress and sediment transport rate is similar for the uprush and the backwash. If the bed shear stress is estimated using the free-stream flow velocity and a constant friction factor, the proportionality factor for the uprush is approximately twice that of the backwash. It is suggested that the uprush is a more efficient transporter of sediment than the backwash, because the larger friction factor during the uprush causes larger bed shear stresses for a given free-stream velocity. This increased transport competency of the uprush is necessary for maintaining the beach, otherwise the comparable strength and greater duration of the backwash would progressively remove sediment from the beach. 相似文献
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《Coastal Engineering》2006,53(11):897-913
For the general purposes of morphodynamic computations in coastal zones, simple formula-based models are usually employed to evaluate sediment transport. Sediment transport rates are computed as a function of the bottom shear stress or the near bed flow velocity and it is generally assumed that the sediment particles react immediately to changes in flow conditions. It has been recognized, through recent laboratory experiments in both rippled and plane bed sheet flow conditions that sediment reacts to the flow in a complex manner, involving non-steady processes resulting from memory and settling/entrainment delay effects. These processes may be important in the cross-shore direction, where sediment transport is mainly caused by the oscillatory motions induced by surface short gravity waves.The aim of the present work is to develop a semi-unsteady, practical model, to predict the total (bed load and suspended load) sediment transport rates in wave or combined wave-current flow conditions that are characteristic of the coastal zone. The unsteady effects are reproduced indirectly by taking into account the delayed settling of sediment particles. The net sediment transport rates are computed from the total bottom shear stress and the model takes into account the velocity and acceleration asymmetries of the waves as they propagate towards the shore.A comparison has been carried out between the computed net sediment transport rates with a large data set of experimental results for different flow conditions (wave-current flows, purely oscillatory flow, skewed waves and steady currents) in different regimes (plane bed and rippled bed) with fine, medium and coarse uniform sand. The numerical results obtained are reasonably accurate within a factor of 2. Based on this analysis, the limits and validity of the present formulation are discussed. 相似文献
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渤海海峡沉积物输运的参数化计算 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文以2018年冬季渤海海峡两个站位的定点连续观测数据为基础，使用一维参数化方案，计算了观测站位底边界层内的水平悬浮物输运通量以及推移质输运量。在参数化方案中，简化的一维对流扩散方程被用于计算底边界层内的垂向悬浮物浓度。为了验证参数化方案的可靠性，本文基于观测数据对比了两种底剪切应力计算模型、四种临界起动剪切应力计算方法和两种一维对流扩散方程解法。对比结果表明:(1)不同模型计算的底剪切应力结果相近；(2)临界起动剪切应力受到颗粒间黏性作用的影响；(3)一维对流扩散方程的求解过程需要考虑沉积物浓度的分层效应和不同粒级颗粒临界起动剪切应力的差异。基于上述对比结果确定的最优参数化方案，进一步计算了观测站位的沉积物输运量:(1)在有再悬浮的时段，距底5 m内的水平悬浮物通量占全水深悬浮物通量的比例(T01站约为21%，T02站约为17%)显著高于相同层位水通量的占比；(2)依据参数化方案估算的冬季平均的悬浮物通量比忽略底边界层悬浮物浓度垂向变化的传统方法结果高约16%；(3)推移质输运量比悬移质输运量约低两个数量级。 相似文献
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通过物理模型试验研究水流作用下轴线倾斜海底管道的三维局部冲刷问题。利用超声波探头监测管道下部冲刷沿管轴线方向的扩展过程，分析海底管道三维局部冲刷的动态发展机理。由模型沙的冲蚀试验，建立沙床面剪切应力与泥沙表观侵蚀速率之间的关系式，并引入经验公式对沙床面剪切应力放大系数、泥沙表观侵蚀速率以及远场床面剪切应力之间的关系进行表达。由倾斜管道模型试验，在分析冲刷扩展位置随时间变化数据的基础上，结合上述经验公式以及沙床面剪切应力放大系数与管道埋深的关系，建立轴线倾斜海底管道冲刷扩展速率的预测公式。 相似文献
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立波作用下的底沙运动关系到港口的规划和建筑物的安全。本文以实验为基础，综合前人研究成果，得到立波作用下床面形态及冲刷类型。对较粗颗粒底沙在立波作用上进行受力分析，得到了一周期内沙粒累计推移距离，净输沙率及冲刷强度。认为冲刷形态的不同与近底速度和加速度的分布密切相连。 相似文献
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Direct measurements of bed shear stresses (using a shear cell apparatus) generated by non-breaking solitary waves are presented. The measurements were carried out over a smooth bed in laminar and transitional flow regimes (~ 104 < Re < ~ 105). Measurements were carried out where the wave height to water depth (h/d) ratio varied between 0.12 and 0.68; maximum near bed velocity varied between 0.16 m/s and 0.51 m/s and the maximum total shear stress (sum of skin shear stress and Froude–Krylov force) varied between 0.386 Pa and 2.06 Pa. The total stress is important in determining the stability of submarine sediment and in sheet flow regimes. Analytical modeling was carried out to predict total and skin shear stresses using convolution integration methods forced with the free stream velocity and incorporating a range of eddy viscosity models. Wave friction factors were estimated from skin shear stress at different instances over the wave (viz., time of maximum positive total shear stress, maximum skin shear stress and at the time of maximum velocity) using both the maximum velocity and the instantaneous velocity at that phase of the wave cycle. Similarly, force coefficients obtained from total stress were estimated at time of maximum positive and negative total stress and at maximum velocity. Maximum positive total shear stress was approximately 1.5 times larger than minimum negative total stress. Modeled and measured positive bed shear stresses are well correlated using the best convolution model, but the model underestimates the data by about 4%. Friction factors are dependent on the choice of normalizing using the maximum velocity, as is conventional, or the instantaneous velocity. These differ because the stress is not in phase with the velocity in general. Friction factors are consistent with previous data for monochromatic waves, and vary inversely with the square-root of the Reynolds number. The total shear stress leads the free stream fluid velocity by approximately 50°, whereas the skin friction shear stress leads by about 30°, which is similar to that reported by earlier researchers. 相似文献
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A tidal entrance often acts as a source or a sink for sand in the littoral zone. At many entrances in biologically productive regions the bed in the vicinity of the throat section (minimum flow area) is composed of sediment containing coarse material including large shells, with sand occurring in the interstitial regions between the shell-defined roughness elements. A stochastic relationship giving the critical bed shear stress for the initiation of sand transport under these conditions is applied to hydraulic and sedimentary data obtained from two entrances in Florida. The results agree well with the critical bed shear stresses derived from data based on the observation of sand movement at the bed. The entrainment function based on observations is found to be approximately three times the value obtained from Shields' criterion. A practical implication is that the use of Shields' criterion in the computation of the rate of sand transport will in general overpredict the rate through the entrance. 相似文献
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A new model for the boundary layer development and associated skin friction coefficients and shear stress within the swash zone is presented. The model is developed within a Lagrangian reference frame, following fluid trajectories, and can be applied to both laminar flow and smooth turbulent flow. The model is based on the momentum integral approach for steady, flat-plate boundary layers, with appropriate modifications to account for the unsteady flow regime and flow history. The model results are consistent with previous measurements of bed shear stress and skin friction coefficients within the swash zone. These indicate strong temporal and spatial variation throughout the swash cycle, and a clear distinction between the uprush and backwash phase. This variation has been previously attributed the unsteady flow regime and flow history effects, both of which are accounted for in the new model. Fluid particle trajectories and velocity are computed using the non-linear shallow water wave equations and the boundary layer growth across the entire swash zone is estimated. Predictions of the bed shear stress and skin friction coefficients agree reasonably well with direct bed shear stress measurements reported by Barnes et al. (Barnes, M.P., O’Donaghue, T., Alsina, J.M., Baldock, T.E., 2009. Direct bed shear stress measurements in bore-driven swash. Coastal Engineering 56 (8), 853–867) and, for a given flow velocity, give stresses which are consistent with the bias toward uprush sediment transport which has consistently been observed in measurements. The data and modelling suggest that the backwash boundary layer is initially laminar, which results in the late development of significant bed shear during the backwash, with a transition to a turbulent boundary layer later in the backwash. A new conceptual model for the boundary layer structure at the leading edge of the swash is proposed, which accounts for both the no-slip condition at the bed and the moving wet–dry interface. However, further development of the Lagrangian Boundary Layer Model is required in order to include bore-generated turbulence and to account for variable roughness and mobile beds. 相似文献
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New laboratory experiments have produced detailed measurements of hydrodynamics within swash generated by bore collapse on a steep beach. The experiments are based on a dambreak rig producing a highly repeatable, large-scale swash event, enabling detailed measurements of depths and velocities at a number of locations across the swash zone. Experiments were conducted on two beaches, differentiated by roughness. Results are presented for uprush shoreline motion, flow depths, depth-averaged velocity, velocity profiles and turbulence intensity. Estimates of the time- and spatially-varying bed shear stress are obtained via log-law fitting to the velocity profiles and are compared with the shear plate measurements of Barnes et al. (2009) for similar experimental conditions. Experimental results are compared with model predictions based on a NLSWE model with momentum loss parameterised using the simple quadratic stress law in terms of the depth-averaged velocity. Predicted and measured flow depths and depth-averaged velocities agree reasonably well for much of the swash period, but agreement is not good at the time of bore arrival and towards the end of the backwash. The parameterisation of total momentum loss via the quadratic stress law cannot adequately model the swash bed shear stress at these critical times. 相似文献