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1.
浅论我国船舶污染防治立法的完善 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着形势的变化和法律法规本身存在的缺陷逐渐显露等原因，在某些方面它已经不能适应我国海洋事业可持续发展、防治船舶污染、保护海洋环境的需要了，尤其是关于防治船舶污染的一些法律法规至今没有制定出来，不少问题尚感无法可依、无章可循。而已经制定的法规由于在内容和形式上均有不足，缺乏严格的规范性，亦需要修订和完善。因此，加强我国船舶污染防治立法，建立和完善我国的海洋环境法规体系，仍是一项迫切而重要的任务。３完善我国船舶污染防治立法的设想１完善我国船舶污染防治立法应当遵循和体现的原则。这一问题应当包括两… 相似文献
2.
随着我国经济与社会的飞速发展，我国持续不断地开发和利用海洋资源，不可避免地导致资源的过度开发，使海洋环境遭受污染损害。在海洋环境污染物中，陆源污染物约占80%，是最主要的污染物，因此防治陆源污染是保护海洋环境的关键步骤。目前我国防治陆源污染的法律制度有所发展，但仍存在一些问题，须对防治陆源污染物对海洋环境污染损害的法律制度进行分析，并针对其中的问题加以完善。文章论述陆源污染物的概念和种类，分析目前我国防治陆源污染物对海洋环境污染损害法律制度的不足之处，并提出改进建议，主要包括修订或重新制定相关法律法规、完善有关法律责任、完善公众参与制度。 相似文献
3.
船舶污染,无论是事故性、还是排放性的,都会给海洋环境造成重大危害。为此,国际社会已经形成了控制船舶污染的国际条约体系。 船舶污染是海洋环境污染的主要类型之一,据有关资料统计,海洋环境污染中有３５％的污染为船舶污染。自２０世纪５０年代以来,船舶污染已逐渐成为当代危害沿海各国居民身体健康、损害财产和资源、危害海洋环境、破坏海洋生态系统、威胁整个人类的主要危险源之一;为此,自６０年代以来,国际上逐步建立了一套控制船舶污染的条约体系和较为完善的法律规则,它包括全球框架性公约。专项国际公约和其他相关的海洋… 相似文献
4.
《渔业法》颁布实施20年来,我国海洋和渔业法治建设已取得很大成就,但这一法规体系尚存在多方面问题。文章从海洋环境保护和渔业资源养护立法、海洋与渔业自然保护区立法、渔业保险立法、渔船管理立法、《防治海洋工程建设项目污染损害海洋环境管理条例》配套法规等五个方面,提出了进一步完善我国海洋和渔业法规的建议。 相似文献
5.
舟山海域是我国近海重要的渔场。随着扩大对外开放,国内外船舶往来增加,有不少船舶无视法规,将生活污水和机舱废水肆意排放;尤其近年来大小油库、加油站、船舶修理厂业务的增加及拆船、洗舱行业的开办,更加剧了舟山海域海洋环境的污染,海水水质每况愈下,生态和资源濒临垂危边缘。 相似文献
6.
近年来海洋工程建设项目随着海洋经济的繁荣日益增多,在带动海洋经济发展的同时也增加了危害海洋环境的可能性,过度的海洋开发活动加重了对海洋环境的污染及生态系统的破坏程度。我国虽在立法上制定了一系列法规政策、专门条例为海洋工程污染防治保驾护航,但是目前海洋工程污染防治并未引起法学界的过多关注和深入研究。在我国海洋工程污染防治中仍然存在如下问题亟待解决：海洋工程环境影响评价制度的程序及责任设定问题、海洋工程听证制度公众参与度不足、海洋工程环境高风险领域责任保险制度不够完善、监管力度不足、公民对海洋工程污染防治知情权的缺失等。通过对以上问题进行法律分析及原因分析,对相关条例、法律及政策进行总结评析,提出解决对策。通过完善环境影响评价制度,健全听证制度相关规定,加强环境污染责任保险制度建设,提升对海洋工程污染防治的监管力度,明确公民知情权等方式来解决所提出的问题,为海洋工程污染防治提供更多的法律助推力量。 相似文献
7.
为有效应对海洋环境污染和保护海洋生态环境,文章在明确海洋环境污染突发事件基本概念、分类和特征的基础上,分析我国海洋环境污染突发事件应急处置的立法现状和存在的不足,并提出对策建议。研究结果表明：海洋环境污染突发事件是突发环境事件的种类之一,成因可归为自然因素和人为因素,具有污染源复杂、突然性和不确定性、危害后果严重以及应急处置艰难等特征;目前我国宪法和法律针对突发环境事件有相关规定,而专门规制海洋环境污染突发事件应急处置的法律规范多见于行政法规和规章;以问题为导向,构建我国海洋环境污染突发事件应急处置法律体系应进一步完善应急预案制度、完善风险信息收集途经、明确执法主体职能职责和建立应急联动机制、健全公众参与制度、建立企业信息通报问责制度以及完善后续调查评估制度和相关补偿制度。 相似文献
8.
海洋环境与人类生存发展密切相关,世界许多沿海国家把它列入当今海洋科学研究重点之一。我国对海洋环境极为重视,1982年8月,国家颁布《海洋环境保护法》,到了90年代,在短短的十多年时间内共制定了近十项有关海洋环境保护方面的法律和法规,内容已包括海洋石油勘探开发以及海洋倾废、船舶、拆船、陆源、海岸工程建设项目等污染防止的各个方面,并建立了海洋环境监测、监视机构,实施有效的保护办法,涉及海洋环境的开发活动正朝着规范、有序展开,海洋环境保护工作走上了法制轨道。但沿海各省市的海洋环境保护工作由于起步不一,故发展很不平衡。那么,广西海洋环境现状如何,存在哪些问题? 相似文献
9.
当代,随着对海洋开发的深度。广度不断扩展,人类对海洋的依存性也越来越大。然而,全球的海洋环境质量每况愈下,海洋环境保护问题日益成为国际社会普遍关注的热点。我国政府对海洋环境保护给予了高度重视。从70年代末至今已制定了《环境保护法》（1989年）、《海洋环境保护法》（198年）及《防止船舶污染海域管理条例》（1983年）、《海洋石油勘探开发环境保护条例》（1983年）、《海洋倾废管理条例》（1985年）、《防治海岸工程建设项目污染损害海洋环境管理条例》（1990年）。《防治陆源污染物污染损害海洋环境管理条例》（1990年）等… 相似文献
10.
文章从船舶对海洋环境造成污染的主要物质:石油及其制品、散装有毒液体物质、包装有害物质、生活污水、船舶垃圾和有害排气等方面分析了船舶对海洋环境造成污染的途径,有针对性地提出了船舶防污染管理措施,以限制船舶污染物排放,保护海洋环境。 相似文献
11.
The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level. 相似文献
12.
We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances
using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium
partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and
in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority
accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative
abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability. 相似文献
13.
We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the
Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of
rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the
transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic
regime of the sea.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
14.
V. A. Ivanov S. P. Lyubartseva N. Mikhailova N. B. Shapiro 《Physical Oceanography》2001,11(6):509-524
We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an
ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics
is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of
a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic
elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as
a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water
area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the
shelf zone and open sea.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
15.
Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry
dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly
goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with
the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then
passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state. 相似文献
16.
Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m3 from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m3 on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area. 相似文献
17.
The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene. 相似文献
18.
E. L. Vinogradova 《Oceanology》2008,48(4):483-492
The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers. 相似文献
19.
I. E. Timchenko A. A. Primalenny V. D. Yarin E. F. Vasechkina E. M. Igumnova 《Physical Oceanography》2001,11(4):367-378
We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of
the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption
(fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by
the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with
application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem,
which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge,
water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.).
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
20.
Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1... 相似文献