共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 281 毫秒
1.
二甲基硫(DMS)是海水中一种最重要的、含量最丰富的还原态挥发性生源有机硫化物,前体β-二甲基巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)的降解过程受各种因素影响。其中主要包括温度、DMSP的浓度、氧气、盐度、酸度、颗粒粒度、藻类生长期、季节变化、氧化压力、抑制剂等。它们均与DMSP降解速率呈一定的函数关系,并对DMSP的降解产物产生影响。藻类是DMSP的主要来源,因此着重讨论了温度、盐度、酸度等对不同浮游植物细胞内DMSP与DMS生物生产和转化过程的影响。结合海洋硫循环的研究现状和海洋化学发展的趋势,探究了用颗粒态DMSP与Chla的比率来量化碳和硫通量的方法及DMSP裂解酶活性的检验技术。大气中CO2压力持续增加导致的海洋酸化对藻类中DMSP降解过程的影响也是进一步研究的重点。 相似文献
2.
挥发性卤代烃(Volatile halocarbons,VHCs)是大气中一类重要的痕量温室气体和主要的臭氧层破坏者,在全球气候变化中起着十分重要的作用。大量研究表明海洋是大气中VHCs的重要源汇区,研究海洋中VHCs的生物地球化学循环,对于进一步了解海洋中的VHCs对未来全球气候的影响具有重要意义。本文针对国内、外有关海洋中VHCs生物地球化学循环研究的进展进行了综述,介绍了VHCs在海洋中的来源和产生机制、它的分布规律及其影响因素,从而归纳了VHCs在海洋中的迁移转化过程。针对目前缺乏对于海洋中VHCs的生物、非生物形成机制及其在海洋中迁移转化机制的具体过程的深入研究,以及有限航次的海洋中VHCs的浓度监测数据和源汇收支不平衡的问题,提出未来的研究需要加强海洋中VHCs的来源、生成机制、迁移转化机制及其影响因素的深入探究,开展更系统的长时间尺度和空间维度上的全球海域中VHCs大数据监测,并完善海-气通量的计算方法,准确估算海洋中VHCs的源汇。 相似文献
3.
海洋生物对二甲基硫生产的控制作用研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
二甲基硫(DMS)是参与全球硫循环的最主要的海洋生源硫化物,对全球气候变化和环境酸化产生重要影响.海洋中DMS的产生是一个极为复杂的生物学和生态学过程,主要涉及的生物过程包括浮游植物病毒感染、浮游动物摄食和DMSP裂解酶的活动.根据海洋生物活动在二甲基硫的全球生物地球化学循环中所起着的重要作用,作者综述了国际海洋科学工作者十几年来在DMS生物生产过程研究方面的进展. 相似文献
4.
5.
工业革命以来,大气CO_2浓度呈现快速增加的趋势,随之而来的问题是海洋酸化的程度越来越明显。与工业革命前相比,目前海洋表层海水pH降低了0.1个单位,到本世纪末估计会降低0.4个pH单位。本文综述了海洋酸化对碳、氮和硫循环的影响,包括碳循环中的溶解度泵、碳酸盐泵、软组织泵和微型生物碳泵,海洋酸化对氮循环中氮的固定、硝化作用、反硝化作用、N_2O的产生的影响,海洋酸化与硫循环中二甲基硫(DMS)的产生及其与食物网结构之间的关系。海洋酸化无论是以直接或间接方式均会在一定程度上对碳、氮和硫的生物地球化学循环产生影响,最终改变海洋系统的结构与功能。在自然界中,海洋酸化不是一个独立的过程,而是与其他物理、化学、生物变化因素相偶联共同作用于碳、氮和硫的生物地球化学循环。 相似文献
6.
硫代甜菜碱(DMSP)对大气环境的影响及其对水产动物营养的促进作用 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
一种二甲基硫化合物硫代甜菜碱（DMSP）成为环境科学和水产科学共同关注的热点之一。研究表明，DMSP是海洋植物产生的渗透调节物质，大量存在于海藻和盐生高等植物体内。含有DMSP的生物体死亡之后，DMSP被海洋细菌的二甲硫醚生成酶降解，生成二甲硫醚（DMS）和丙烯酸。DMS从海洋水面逾出，进入大气形成酸雨；由于DMS能形成云，所以有降低温室效应的作用。DMSP本身则对哺乳动物、禽类及水产动物（鱼和虾）的营养代谢有促进作用。酶学研究表明，动物肝脏中的两种硫甲基转移酶能把DMSP分子中硫原子上的甲基转换出来，提供给机体代谢所需。作为海洋植物渗透调节物质的主要成分，DMSP来源于植物体内的蛋氨酸。研究DMSP的生成变化规律，对进一步了解海洋气候和开发使用新的水产动物饲料添加剂有重要价值。 相似文献
7.
一氧化氮(NO)是影响全球气候和环境的重要污染气体之一,同时也是影响生物生长的重要调控因子。本文综述了海水中NO的测定方法,海洋中NO的来源和分布、迁移和转化,NO在海洋生态系中的作用,以及NO在大气中的转化和作用,并对海洋中NO的进一步研究提出了展望。目前围绕海洋中NO的研究刚刚起步,本文有助于了解海洋中NO的生物地球化学循环及在海洋生态系统中起到的重要作用。 相似文献
8.
细菌降解有机物又由小型浮游动物摄食回到主食物链的微食物循环被认为是海洋生态系统稳定的重要因素,是主食物链的必要补充,而对该作用的认识需要模型量化。本研究在已有黄海浮游生态系统模型基础上,增加微食物环过程(打开已有模型中营养物质转化的隐形参数关系,建立异养细菌与有机物和浮游动物之间的能量流动联系),考虑黄海营养状况,建立了1个基于磷、硅循环,包括细菌、浮游植物(小型和大型)、浮游动物(小型、大型和捕食性)生物量、磷营养盐浓度(磷酸盐、溶解态有机磷和颗粒态有机磷)及硅营养盐浓度(硅酸和生物硅)共11个生态变量的二维微食物环生态模型。在普林斯顿海洋模型模拟的黄海气候态天平均二维温度场和流场的驱动下,以该模型模拟了生态系统各营养级生物量分布的季节变化,分析了食物网能量流动关系,其结果符合黄海生态系统变化规律;模拟的溶解有机磷浓度、颗粒有机磷浓度、细菌生物量等与相关文献观测中结果相比在合理范围内或变化一致,证明模型是可信的,可为进一步研究陆架海微食物环作用提供依据。 相似文献
9.
海洋中DMSP的研究进展 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6
DMSP(dimethylsulfoniopropionate，β-二甲基巯基丙酸内盐)作为DMS(dimethylsulfide,二甲基硫)的前体，是1种重要的生源硫化物。根据其在海洋生态系统和生物地球化学循环中所起着的重要作用，作者综述了国内外海洋科学工作者十几年来在EMSP研究方面的进展。 相似文献
10.
海水中二甲基硫的光化学氧化研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
二甲基硫(DMS)是海洋中最重要的挥发性生源硫化物,其在大气中的氧化产物会对全球气候变化和酸雨的形成产生重要影响。海水中DMS的光化学氧化,作为一个重要的去除途径,是控制海水中DMS浓度的重要因素。这个复杂的动态过程会受到光照、深度、海水中的溶解无机和有机物这些物理、化学因素的影响。根据光化学降解在DMS的全球生物地球化学循环中的重要作用,作者综述了国际海洋科学工作者近20年来在海水中DMS光化学研究方面的最新进展。 相似文献
11.
New and important roles for DMSP in marine microbial communities 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The algal osmolyte dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is recognised as the major precursor of marine dimethylsulfide (DMS), a volatile sulfur compound that affects atmospheric chemistry and global climate. Recent studies, using 35S-DMSP tracer techniques, suggest that DMSP may play additional very important roles in the microbial ecology and biogeochemistry of the surface ocean. DMSP may serve as an intracellular osmolyte in bacteria that take up phytoplankton-derived DMSP from seawater. In addition, DMSP appears to support from 1 to 13% of the bacterial carbon demand in surface waters, making it one of the most significant single substrates for bacterioplankton so far identified. Furthermore, the sulfur from DMSP is efficiently incorporated into bacterial proteins (mostly into methionine) and DMSP appears to be a major source of sulfur for marine bacterioplankton. Assimilatory metabolism of DMSP is via methanethiol (MeSH) that is produced by a demethylation/demethiolation pathway which dominates DMSP degradation in situ. Based on the linkage between assimilatory metabolism of DMSP and bacterial growth, we offer a hypothesis whereby DMSP availability to bacteria controls the production of DMS by the competing DMSP lyase pathway. Also linked with the assimilatory metabolism of DMSP is the production of excess MeSH which, if not assimilated into protein, reacts to form dissolved non-volatile compounds. These include sulfate and DOM–metal–MeSH complexes, both of which represent major short-term end-products of DMSP degradation. Because production rates of MeSH in seawater are high (3–90 nM d−1), reaction of MeSH with trace metals could affect metal availability and chemistry in seawater. Overall, results of recent studies provide evidence that DMSP plays important roles in the carbon, sulfur and perhaps metal and DOM cycles in marine microbial communities. These findings, coupled with the fact that the small fraction of DMSP converted to DMS may influence atmospheric chemistry and climate dynamics, draws attention to DMSP as a molecule of central importance to marine biogeochemical and ecological processes. 相似文献
12.
Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in aquatic environments 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
13.
Data on the distribution of dimethylsulphide (DMS) and dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) in relation to phytoplankton abundance in different oceanic environments is important to understand the biogeochemistry of DMS, which plays an important role in the radiation balance of the earth. During the summer monsoon of 2001 measurements were made for DMS and DMSPt (total DMSP) together with related biological parameters in the Bay of Bengal. Both DMS and DMSPt were restricted to the upper 40 m of the water column. Diatoms accounted for more than 95% of the phytoplankton and were the major contributors to the DMS and DMSPt pool. The mean concentration of DMS in the upper 40 m was observed to be around 1.8+/-1.9 nM in the study area, while DMSPt concentrations varied between 0.7 nM and 40.2 nM with a mean of 10.4+/-8.2 nM. The observed lower DMSPt in the northern Bay in spite of higher mean primary productivity, chlorophyll a and phytoplankton cell counts seemed to result from grazing. Though salinity divides the Bay into different biogeochemical provinces there is no relation between salinity and DMS or DMSPt. On the other hand DMS was linearly related to chlorophyll a:phaeopigments ratio. The results suggest the need for deeper insight into the role of diatoms in the biogeochemical cycling of DMS. 相似文献
14.
V. Rousseau S. Becquevort J. -Y. Parent S. Gasparini M. -H. Daro M. Tackx C. Lancelot 《Journal of Sea Research》2000,43(3-4)
The trophic efficiency of the planktonic food web in the Phaeocystis-dominated ecosystem of the Belgian coastal waters was inferred from the analysis of the carbon flow network of the planktonic system subdivided into its different trophodynamic groups. A carbon budget was constructed on the basis of process-level field experiments conducted during the spring bloom period of 1998. Biomass and major metabolic activities of auto- and heterotrophic planktonic communities (primary production, bacterial production, nanoproto-, micro- and mesozooplankton feeding activities) were determined in nine field assemblages collected during spring at reference station 330. In 1998, the phytoplankton spring flowering was characterised by a moderate diatom bloom followed by a massive Phaeocystis colony bloom. Phaeocystis colonies, contributing 70% to the net primary production, escaped the linear food chain while the early spring diatom production supplied 74% of the mesozooplankton carbon uptake. The rest of mesozooplankton food requirement was, at the time of the Phaeocystis colony bloom, partially fulfilled by microzooplankton. Only one-third of the microzooplankton production, however, was controlled by mesozooplankton grazing pressure. Ungrazed Phaeocystis colonies were stimulating the establishment of a very active microbial network. On the one hand, the release of free-living cells from ungrazed colonies has been shown to stimulate the growth of microzooplankton, which was controlling 97% of the nanophytoplankton production. On the other hand, the disruption of ungrazed Phaeocystis colonies supplied the water column with large amounts of dissolved organic matter available for planktonic bacteria. The budget calculation suggests that ungrazed colonies contributed up to 60% to the bacterial carbon demand, while alternative sources (exudation, zooplankton egestion and lysis of other organisms) provided some 30% of bacterial carbon requirements. This suggests that the spring carbon demand of planktonic bacteria was satisfied largely by autogenic production. The trophic efficiency was defined as the ratio between mesozooplankton grazing on a given source and food production. In spite of its major contribution to mesozooplankton feeding, the trophic efficiency of the linear food chain, restricted to the grazing on diatoms, represented only 5.6% of the available net primary production. The trophic efficiency of the microbial food chain, the ratio between mesozooplankton grazing on microzooplankton and the resource inflow (the bacterial carbon demand plus the nanophytoplankton production) amounted to only 1.6%. These low trophic efficiencies together with the potential contribution of ungrazed Phaeocystis-derived production to the bacterial carbon demand suggest that during spring 1998 most of the Phaeocystis-derived production in the Belgian coastal area was remineralised in the water column. 相似文献
15.
Gordon V. Wolfe Maurice Levasseur Guy Cantin Sonia Michaud 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2000,47(12):687
We adapted the dilution technique to study microzooplankton grazing of algal dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) vs. Chl a, and to estimate the impact of microzooplankton grazing on dimethyl sulfide (DMS) production in the Labrador Sea. Phytoplankton numbers were dominated by autotrophic nanoflagellates in the Labrador basin, but diatoms and colonial Phaeocystis pouchetii contributed significantly to phytomass at several high chlorophyll stations and on the Newfoundland and Greenland shelfs. Throughout the region, growth of algal Chl a and DMSP was generally high (0.2–1 d−1), but grazing rates were lower and more variable, characteristic of the early spring bloom period. Production and consumption of Chl a vs. DMSP followed no clear pattern, and sometimes diverged greatly, likely because of their differing distributions among algal prey taxa and size class. In several experiments where Phaeocystis was abundant, we observed DMS production proportional to grazing rate, and we found clear evidence of DMS production by this haptophyte following physical stress such as sparging or filtration. It is possible that grazing-activated DMSP cleavage by Phaeocystis contributes to grazer deterrence: protozoa and copepods apparently avoided healthy colonies (as judged by relative growth and grazing rates of Chl a and DMSP), and grazing of Phaeocystis was significant only at one station where cells were in poor condition. Although we hoped to examine selective grazing on or against DMSP-containing algal prey, the dilution technique cannot differentiate selective ingestion and varying digestion rates of Chl a and DMSP. We also found that the dilution method alone was poorly suited for assessing the impact of grazing on dissolved sulfur pools, because of rapid microbial consumption and the artifactual release of DMSP and DMS during filtration. Measuring and understanding the many processes affecting organosulfur cycling by the microbial food web in natural populations remain a technical challenge that will likely require a combination of techniques to address. 相似文献
16.
寄生性甲藻阿米巴藻Amoebophrya是一类广泛寄生于纤毛虫类、放射虫类、甲藻类等海水浮游生物的原生生物,在北大西洋、北太平洋和地中海等营养盐丰富、宿主密度较高的河口和近海水环境中普遍存在,是海洋浮游食物网的重要组成部分。这类寄生性甲藻能够特异性感染海洋浮游甲藻,在有害藻华(harmful algal bloom,HAB)的发生过程中起下行控制作用,将逃脱了浮游动物摄食的浮游植物补充到微食物环(microbial loop)中去。Amoebophrya在近海海洋生态系统中的独特作用日益受到国际上越来越多研究者的关注和重视,并逐渐成为国际上海洋微型生物研究的新热点之一。近年来,已有初步调查研究表明这类寄生性甲藻在我国近海海域广泛存在;然而,目前我国尚缺乏该类寄生性甲藻的相关研究。本文系统综述了国际上该类寄生性甲藻的研究进展,针对目前研究中存在的问题并结合我国有害藻华发生机制相关研究的现状做出了分析和展望,以期推动我国该类寄生性甲藻的相关研究,为进一步阐释寄生性甲藻等海洋微型生物在有害藻华消长过程和海洋微食物环中的作用奠定基础。 相似文献
17.
The planktonic food web structure in the subarctic coastal water off Usujiri south-western Hokkaido, Japan was investigated from June 1997 to June 1999, based on seasonal biomass data of pico- (<2 µm), nano- (2–10 µm), micro- (10–200 µm) and mesoplankton (>200 µm), and path analysis using the structural equation model (SEM). In spring, microphytoplankton predominated due to diatom bloom, while pico- and nanophytoplankton predominated in the other seasons, except November and December 1997. The seasonal change in size distribution of heterotrophic plankton was almost similar to that of phytoplankton, and mesozooplankton biomass was high in spring. The path analyses suggest that the main channel in the microbial food web could vary according to phytoplankton size composition, indicating not only the classical food chain (microphytoplankton - copepods) but also the indirect route (microphytoplankton - naked dinoflagellates - copepods). 相似文献
18.
二甲基巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)是地球上最丰富的有机硫分子之一,在全球硫循环和气候调节中具有重要的作用。DMSP是“冷室气体”二甲基硫(DMS)最主要的前体物质;在海洋中,DMSP可被多种途径降解,微生物降解是其最重要的途径之一。珊瑚礁是海洋DMS重要的来源之一,珊瑚共附生DMSP降解菌在DMS生产过程中发挥着重要的作用。本研究从多孔鹿角珊瑚(Acropora millepora)、美丽鹿角珊瑚(Acropora formosa)、多棘鹿角珊瑚(Acropora echinata)、指状鹿角珊瑚(Acropora digitifera)、鹿角杯形珊瑚(Pocillopora damicornis)和丛生盔形珊瑚(Galaxea fascicularis) 6种造礁石珊瑚中分离获得珊瑚共附生DMSP降解菌39株,基于16S rRNA基因序列对DMSP降解菌进行系统发育分析,39株DMSP降解菌株分别隶属于4个门、6个纲、19个属,优势属为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus);通过火焰光度检测器?气相色谱(GC-FPD)联用技术检测DMSP降解产物,分析DMSP降解菌的DMS生产能力,结果显示,9株菌具有高产DMS能力,高产DMS菌株对于珊瑚应对气候变暖的益生作用有待后续深入研究。 相似文献
19.
The biomass and size fraction of phytoplankton in terms of chlorophyll a(Chl a) was measured during four cruises conducted in April, July, October 2013 and January 2014 in mariculture area, the Sanggou Bay, China.Results show that total Chl a levels in the surface seawater of the Sanggou Bay generally range from 0.10 to 20.46μg/L, with an average value of 2.13 μg/L. Nano-phytoplankton was the most important size-fraction and accounted for about 65.1% of total Chl a. In order to evaluate the importance of the "protozoan trophic link" for energy transfer from the microbial loop to filter-feeding feeders, Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri was then offered a natural planktonic community as potential prey. Results show that scallops obtained carbon source from natural plankton with the rate of 11 033.05 μg/(g·d). Protists(nanoflagellates and ciliates) were the dominant source of carbon retained by scallop(48.78%). The microbial loop provided 58.45% of the carbon source for farmed scallops. These results indicate that the microbial loop represent a valuable trophic resource in mariculture system of the Sanggou Bay. 相似文献
20.
Isabel G. Teixeira Francisco G. Figueiras Bibiana G. CrespoSílvia Piedracoba 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011
The dilution technique, combined with identification and enumeration of pico-, nano- and micro-plankton by microscopy, was used to estimate microzooplankton impact on the microbial community in surface waters of a coastal embayment on the NW Iberian upwelling system. Microzooplankton were important consumers of autotrophic and heterotrophic plankton in this system, feeding up to 93% of standing stock and more than 100% of production of several groups. Heterotrophic bacteria and heterotrophic picoflagellates experienced the highest and constant impact, with 75–84% of their standing stocks and 85–102% of their production being channelled through the microbial food web. Pico- and nano-phytoplankton were also consumed, although maximum grazing occurred on diatoms during upwelling events, coinciding with highest primary production. Predation on pico-nano-heterotrophs was especially relevant under downwelling conditions, when consumption of total carbon and particularly autotrophic carbon was considerably lower than during upwelling. The results suggest that the existence of a multivorous food web, extending from the microbial loop to the herbivorous food web, could be a major feature in this coastal upwelling system. The microbial loop, which occurs as a permanent background in the system, would contribute to sustain the microbial food web during downwelling, whereas the herbivorous food web could coexist with a microbial food web based on large diatoms during upwelling. The multivorous food web would partially divert diatoms from sinking and hence favour the retention of organic matter in the water column. This could enhance the energy transfer to higher pelagic trophic levels in coastal upwelling systems. 相似文献