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1.
热带西太平洋海－气热量交换研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文根据ＴＯＧＡ研究计划第１、２、３、８共４个航次考察结果，对热带西太平洋海－气热量交换进行了分析。结果表明，１９８６－１９８７年埃尔尼诺事件发生前，热带西太平洋海－气热量交换非常强烈，埃尔尼诺事件发生后，海－气热量交换反而减弱；在台风环流内，海－气热量交换也非常强烈。热带西太平洋对大气加热场的变化与海表面温度的变化并不一致；１９８６－１９８７年埃尔尼诺事件发生时，不但中太平洋水温异常增暖，同时西太平洋西部洋域表层水也在增暖；热带太平洋信风的加强对热带西太平洋暖池的建立和热带太平洋西风的爆发导致１９８６－１９８７年埃尔尼诺事件的发生似乎是至关重要的，西风爆发首先出现在中太平洋热带海域，然后逐渐往西扩展；西太平洋热带海域主要以潜热的方式把热量输送给大气。潜热加热效应在低纬度热带海洋上的极大值均与热带天气系统的活动有紧密联系。大气主要是从热带西太平洋洋域获得热量。 相似文献
2.
冬季风期(11月—翌年3月)南海显著的气候特点是盛行东北季风并频繁地发生冷涌天气过程。使用2008年10月到2009年4月在西沙群岛永兴岛近海进行的海-气通量观测试验资料,分析了西沙海域冬季风期,尤其是冷涌时段的海-气通量交换和热量收支特征。结果表明:冬季风前期由于海-气温差增大,感热通量比西南季风期稍增加;潜热通量平均值与西南季风期接近;太阳总辐射明显降低,大气长波辐射减小,海洋热量净收入成为负值,使得秋季之后海面温度不断降低。冷涌期间海-气之间的感热通量高于冬季风期平均值,潜热通量大部分(1月份之前)也高于冬季风期平均值;由于潜热通量增大和太阳短波辐射减小,1月份之前的冷涌过程海洋热量净收支普遍出现较大负值,海洋失热量强于冬季风期,甚至强于2008年台风过程平均值。到了冬季后期太阳总辐射增强,海洋热量净收入转为正值,海水温度又逐渐升高。季节之间比较,观测区感热通量以冬季风期间最大,秋季次之,春季最小;而潜热通量夏季风期出现最大值,冬季次之,秋季最小。 相似文献
3.
《海洋技术学报》2023,(2)
辽东半岛南部地区及周边海域在特定的季节、天气形势和条件下可能会造成灾害性的冷流降雪天气， 提高冷流降雪预报准确性， 对沿海地区防灾减灾具有重要意义。本文利用1981—2021 年辽宁地区各气象站逐日降水资料及ERA5 再分析资料， 运用统计学和物理量诊断方法对辽东半岛南部地区冷流降雪的气候特征、发生规律及成因进行了分析。研究结果表明：辽东半岛南部地区冷流降雪强度弱， 主要以小雪为主； 降雪次数和降雪量均呈现南多北少的特点， 前者年际变化趋势平稳而后者较大； 12 月是冷流降雪发生的主要月份， 而11 月和2 月是降雪强度较强的月份。冷流降雪的产生和较大的海洋表面与大气温差、低层不稳定层结、海陆地形作用有密切关系； 当500 hPa 和850 hPa 影响系统为冷涡或低槽、辽东半岛南部及周边海域低层为偏北风且相对湿度条件较好、1 000 hPa 对应正相对涡度等条件时， 可以预测辽东半岛南部可能出现冷流降雪； 海表温度（Sea Surface Temperature， SST） 与850 hPa 温度之差直接决定了地面冷流降雪量的大小。 相似文献
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根据执行ＴＯＧＡ／ＣＯＡＲＥ研究计划在热带西太平洋进行考察的结果，对调查海区海－气界面热量交换进行了分析。结果表明：冬季在热带扰动的影响下，调查海区海－气热量交换非常强烈；在风速较小、天气情况良好的情况下，调查海区海水得到的热量远大于失去的热量，调查海区海水对大气加热的变化与表层海水温度的变化并不一致；热带太平洋信风的加强对暖池的建立似乎是至关重要的。 相似文献
7.
一次典型大范围冷流暴雪个例的诊断分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用常规天气图和WRF模式模拟的数据,对2010年12月30日发生在山东半岛的一次冷流暴雪过程进行了天气学诊断分析。结果表明:(1)这是一次典型的大范围冷流暴雪过程,500hPa低涡位置偏南(43°N以南)、850hPa西北冷平流范围广,强度强是造成本次暴雪范围大的主要原因,为强冷流降雪的产生提供了有利条件。(2)降雪的水汽来自渤海,由西北风向山东半岛输送,并在半岛北部辐合;高湿区集中在850hPa以下,湿层较为浅薄。(3)降雪落区与高相当位温脊的位置存在着对应关系,强降雪通常发生在脊线附近;θe等值线向上凸起的高能区集中在750hPa以下,大气不稳定层结较低。(4)强烈的上升运动集中在对流层低层750hPa以下,上升运动越强,降雪量越大。⑸受地形影响,西北风吹向辽东半岛时转为东北风,西北风与东北风在渤海中东部至山东半岛形成切变线,切变线的方向和位置决定了降雪的强度与落区;风速在半岛北部低山丘陵前辐合,有利于产生上升运动,使得降雪加强。 相似文献
8.
1983 El Nino盛期洋面的热量平衡 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
本文利用1983年1月份(1982/83年埃尔尼诺最强时期)的海、气资料,对35°N-35°S、45°E-75°W的印度洋、太平洋海域获得的净辐射、海洋向大气传输的潜热、感热通量及获得的净热量作了计算,计算结果表明,冬半球的潜热、感热向上输送大于夏半球,南半球热带中太平洋感热由大气传给海洋,但数值较小;东太平洋大气获得的潜热通量比常年平均值小.净辐射基本上呈纬向分布,云量对其影响很大,海表面温度(SST)和净辐射有很好相关关系,高SST区与净辐射低值区对应,E1 Nino期间的SST异常使得中太平洋海域洋面获得的净辐射减少,而该处洋面上大气获得的潜热通量则较多,故海洋净获得热量减少.净热量平衡,冬半球海洋一般为大气的能源,夏半球为大气的能汇. 相似文献
9.
用1958—1967年海上调查和船舶报水文气象资料,计算了渤、黄、东海海面热量平衡各分量及其总和的年平均状况;分析了各热量分量的平面分布;估算了各分量的量级;讨论了海面热量平衡与水团分布和海洋环流的关系。结果表明,在海、气界面上,海洋获得的热量主要来自太阳辐射;失去的热量主要是由于海水的蒸发;暖流区海洋失热最多,尤其在黑潮主干区明显。同时还指出,年平均各热量分量的总和基本上反映了海洋环流的形势,而海洋内部的平流热输送为本海区带来大量的热量,从而弥补了通过海、气界面海洋释放给大气的热量。 相似文献
10.
本文利用1983年1月份(1982/83年埃尔尼诺最强时期)的海、气资料,对35°N—35°S、45°E—75°W的印度洋、太平洋海域获得的净辐射、海洋向大气传输的潜热、感热通量及获得的净热量作了计算,计算结果表明,冬半球的潜热、感热向上输送大于夏半球,南半球热带中太平洋感热由大气传给海洋,但数值较小;东太平洋大气获得的潜热通量比常年平均值小.净辐射基本上呈纬向分布,云量对其影响很大,海表面温度(SST)和净辐射有很好相关关系,高SST区与净辐射低值区对应,E1 Nino期间的SST异常使得中太平洋海域洋面获得的净辐射减少,而该处洋面上大气获得的潜热通量则较多,故海洋净获得热量减少.净热量平衡,冬半球海洋一般为大气的能源,夏半球为大气的能汇. 相似文献
11.
Coastal inundation associated with extreme sea levels is the main factor which leads to the loss of life and property whenever a severe tropical cyclonic storm hits the Indian coasts. The Andhra and Orissa coasts are most vulnerable for coastal inundation due to extreme rise in sea levels associated with tropical cyclones. Loss of life may be minimized if extreme sea levels and associated coastal flooding is predicted well in advance. Keeping this in view, location specific coastal inundation models are developed and applied for the Andhra and Orissa coasts of India. Several numerical experiments are carried out using the data of past severe cyclones that struck these regions. The simulated inland inundation distances are found to be in general agreement with the reported flooding. 相似文献
12.
Hoi-Soo Jung Kap-Sik Jeong Yong-Shik Chu Sung-Hyun Park Ki-Hyune Kim 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(3):181-195
Grain size and water content in box-core sediments from the Clarion-Clipperton fracture zone (C-C zone) in the northeast equatorial Pacific were analyzed in detail to understand the downcore variations across a hiatus between Quaternary and Tertiary layers. Grain-size distributions in the topmost core sediments show two modes: a coarse mode (peaked at 50 μm) and a fine mode (at 2-25 μm). The coarse mode disappears gradually with depth accompanied by the dissolution of siliceous fossil tests, whereas the fine mode coarsens due to the formation of authigenic minerals. Water content increases abruptly across a color boundary between an upper pale brown layer and a lower dark brown layer that is the hiatus between Quaternary and Tertiary layers. Abundant smectites and microvoid molds, which are created by the prolonged fossil dissolution in the underlying sediment, are attributed for the abrupt downcore variation of water content. Overall variations in grain size and water content in the topmost core sediments in the western C-C zone are possibly constrained by the dissolution of biogenic siliceous fossils. Variations in geotechnical properties related to these changes must be considered in the design of nodule collectors. 相似文献
13.
Shigehisa Nakamura 《Marine Geodesy》2001,24(1):27-33
This article concerns an interrelation between the sea levels and the western boundary flow near a tectonic boundary in a local zone in the Northwestern Pacific. In this zone, sea level variations at stations located on the coast facing the Pacific are studied to find the interrelation between variations of the Kurosio flow as an index of the distance of the flow axis off a specific coast. The result is discussed after data processing of the monthly means of the sea levels, and a notice is taken of variations caused by active crustal upheavals during a seismic event, a local earthquake. 相似文献
14.
This study tests the hypothesis that the in situ void ratio of surficial marine sediments may be predicted from shear wave velocity-depth data with a reliability equal to that of other methods currently available. Shear wave velocity is fundamentally controlled by the number of grain-to-grain contacts per unit volume of material and by the effective stress across those contacts. In this study, three previously established empirical formulae are used to predict void ratio from velocity-depth data. Field data were acquired along a transect off the northern Californian coast across which water depth increased from 35 to 70 m and seafloor sediment type varied from sand to silty-sand, respectively. A towed seafloor sled device was used to collect shear wave refraction data, and a marked, systematic decrease in velocity was observed along the line, ranging from 35-70 m/s for the coarse, near-shore material to 25-40 m/s for the finer, offshore deposits. Void ratios predicted from these velocities were compared with data measured directly from box-core samples. Of the formulae used for prediction, two agree remarkably well with the control data. Both predicted and control values increase from 0.6-0.8 for the sandy material to 1.1-1.5 for the silty-sand. Thus, this study does not disprove the hypothesis set and demonstrates the potential of field shear wave velocity-depth data as a means of delineating spatial variation in void ratio for surficial marine sediments in a remote, nondestructive manner. 相似文献
15.
Particulate samples were collected from the Changjiang river system during a flood period, in May 1997, and POC, stable isotope and lipids associated with particles were examined. Results showed the decrease (0.84% ～ 1.88%) of organic carbon content from the upper reaches to the estuary.δ13C values of particulate organic carbon was in the range of -24.9×10-3 to -26.6×10-3, which were close to the isotopic signature of continental C3 vegetation. Total particulate n-alkanes concentrations varied from 1.4 to 10.1μg/dm3,or from 23.7 to 107μg/g of total suspended matter. Fatty acids were present in all the samples, from 1.4 to 5.4μg/dm3, with saturated and unsaturated straight-chain and branched compounds in the carbon number range from C12 to C30. Both δ13C and the ratio of carbon content to nitrogen content indicate the predominance of terrestrial inputs (soil organic matter) among the particles. The biomarker approach has been used to identify the relative portion of terrigenous and autochthonous fraction in the particulate samples. The distribution of fatty acids suggests a striking phytoplanktonic and microbial signal in most particle samples. The terrestrial alkanes are used to estimate the contribution of terrestrial inputs along the mainstream. 相似文献
16.
Andrzej Chybicki 《Marine Geodesy》2018,41(1):1-23
Current trends of development of satellite derived bathymetry (SDB) models rely on applying calibration techniques including analytical approaches, neuro-fuzzy systems, regression optimization and others. In most of the cases, the SDB models are calibrated and verified for test sites, that provide favorable conditions for the remote derivation of bathymetry such as high water clarity, homogenous bottom type, low amount of sediment in the water and other factors. In this paper, a novel 3-dimensional geographical weighted regression (3GWR) SDB technique is presented, it binds together methods already presented in other studies, the geographically weighted local regression (GWR) model, with depth dependent inverse optimization. The proposed SDB model was calibrated and verified on a relatively difficult test site of the South Baltic near-shore areas with the use of multispectral observations acquired by a recently launched Sentinel-2 satellite observation system. By conducted experiments, it was shown that the proposed SDB model is capable of obtaining satisfactory results of RMSE ranging from 0.88 to 1.23[m] depending on the observation and can derive bathymetry for depths up to 12m. It was also shown, that the proposed approach may be used operationally, for instance, in the continuous assessment of temporal bathymetry changes, for areas important in the context of ensuring local maritime safety. 相似文献
17.
N. H. Khadge 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):251-258
As a part of the environmental impact assessment studies, geotechnical properties of sediments were determined in the Central Indian Basin. The undrained shear strength and index properties of the siliceous sediments were determined on 20 box cores of uniform dimension collected from various locations in five preselected sites. The maximum core length encountered was 41 cm and most of the sediments were siliceous oozes consisting of radiolarian or diatomaceous tests. The shear strength measurements revealed that surface sediments deposited in recent times (0-10 cm) have a shear strength of 0-1 kPa; this value increases with depth, reaching 10 kPa at 40 cm deep. Older sediments have greater strength because of compaction. Water content varies in the wide range of 312-577% and decreases with depth. The clay minerals such as smectite and illite are dominant and show some control over water content. Wet density, specific gravity, and porosity do not indicate any notable variation with depth, thereby indicating a uniform, slow rate of sedimentation. The average porosity of sediments is 90.2%, specific gravity 2.18, and wet bulk density 1.12 g/cm 3 . Sediments exhibit medium to high plasticity characteristics, with the average plasticity index varying between 105% and 136%. Preliminary studies on postdisturbance samples showed an increase in natural water content and a decrease in undrained shear strength of sediments in the top 10- to 15-cm layer. 相似文献
18.
Extreme sea levels associated with severe cyclonic storms are common occurrences along the east coast of India. The coastal districts of Orissa have experienced major surges in the past. The recent Paradip super cyclone is one of the most severe cyclones, causing extensive damage to property and loss of lives. Extreme sea levels are major causes for coastal flooding in this region. Damages can be minimized if the extreme sea levels are forecast well in advance. In the present study, we develop a location specific, fine resolution model for the Orissa coast on the lines similar to that of IIT-D storm surge model (Dube et al. 1994). The model runs on a personal computer. The bathymetry for the model is extracted from very fine resolution naval hydrographic charts for the region extending from the south of Orissa to south of West Bengal. A simple drying scheme has also been included in the model in order to avoid the exposure of land near the coast due to strong negative sea surface elevations. An attempt was made in this study to simulate extreme sea levels along the Orissa coast using the data of past severe cyclones. The model results reported in the present study are in good agreement with available observations or estimates. 相似文献
19.
An Improved Calibration of Satellite Altimetric Heights Using Tide Gauge Sea Levels with Adjustment for Land Motion 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Gary T. Mitchum 《Marine Geodesy》2000,23(3):145-166
Several major improvements to an existing method for calibrating satellite altimeters using tide gauge data are described. The calibration is in the sense of monitoring and correcting temporal drift in the altimetric time series, which is essential in efforts to use the altimetric data for especially demanding applications. Examples include the determination of the rate of change of global mean sea level and the study of the relatively subtle, but climatically important, decadal variations in basin scale sea levels. The improvements are to the method described by Mitchum (1998a), and the modifications are of two basic types. First, since the method depends on the cancellation of true ocean signals by differencing the altimetric data from the tide gauge sea level time series, improvements are made that produce a more complete removal of the ocean signals that comprise the noise for the altimetric drift estimation problem. Second, a major error source in the tide gauge data, namely land motion, is explicitly addressed and corrections are developed that incorporate space-based geodetic data (continuous GPS and DORIS measurements). The long-term solution, having such geodetic measurements available at all the tide gauges, is not yet a reality, so an interim solution is developed. The improved method is applied to the TOPEX altimetric data. The Side A data (August 1992?February 1999) are found to have a linear drift component of 0.55 + / 0.39 mm/yr, but there is also a significant quadratic component to the drift that is presently unexplained. The TOPEX Side B altimeter is estimated to be biased by 7.0 + / 0.7 mm relative to the Side A altimeter based on an analysis of the first 350 days of Side B data. 相似文献
20.
J. N. Pattan Ch. M. Rao A. A. Migdisov S. Colley N. C. Higgs L. Demidenko 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(3):155-165
The rare earth element (REE) distribution in nine deep-sea ferromanganese nodules and their associated siliceous sediments from the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) have been studied to elucidate the REE relationship among them. Total REE concentration varies from 398-928 ppm in the nodules and 137-235 ppm in the associated sediments, suggesting two- to four-fold enrichment in the nodules compared to associated sediments. REE of nodules and their associated sediments show a positive correlation, suggesting REE are supplied from a common source such as seawater. The positive correlation between REE of nodules and sediments from the CIOB is contrary to the competitive scavenging of REE between nodules and sediment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. REEs in the nodules are carried by Fe, P, and Ti, whereas in the sediment they are carried by P and Mn phases. A similar REE fractionation pattern with middle REE enrichment over heavy and light REE in both the nodules and their associated sediment suggest fractionation is independent of REE abundance and their carrier phases. 相似文献