共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Ronald Osinga Arjen J. Kop Gerard C. A. Duineveld Rudolf A. Prins Fleur C. Van Duyl 《Journal of Sea Research》1996,36(3-4)
Benthic oxygen uptake, sulphate reduction and benthic bacterial production were measured at two contrasting locations in the southern North Sea: the shallow and turbulent Broad Fourteens area in the Southern Bight, and the deeper Oyster Grounds, a deposition area, where thermohaline stratification occurs during summer. Oxygen uptake and sulphate reduction showed a clear seasonal pattern in the Broad Fourteens area, indicating a supply of carbon to the benthic system that is closely related to the standing stock of carbon in the water column. This close benthic-pelagic coupling is probably due to the influence of the tide in this part of the North Sea, which keeps the water column permanently mixed. At the Oyster Grounds, no seasonal pattern was observed. Peaks in oxygen uptake and sulphate reduction were found in winter. Irregularly occurring events, such as storms and fishery-related activities, are likely to affect the benthic mineralization patterns in this area. Annual benthic carbon mineralization rates estimated from oxygen uptake rates were 44 gC·m−2 at the Broad Fourteens, and 131 gC·m−2 at the Oyster Grounds, of which 26 and 28%, respectively, could be attributed to sulphate reduction (assuming an annual sulphide reoxidation rate of 100%). Although sulphate reduction rates in the southern North Sea are higher than previously suggested, aerobic respiration is the most important pathway for benthic carbon mineralization at the stations visited. Production rates of benthic bacterial carbon measured with labelled leucine were much higher than carbon mineralization rates based on oxygen uptake or sulphate reduction. This may either imply a very high bacterial carbon conversion efficiency, or point to shortcomings in the accuracy of the techniques. A critical evaluation of the techniques is recommended. 相似文献
2.
Beppu Bay is a shallow basin located at the western end of the Seto Inland Sea with a sill depth ofca. 40 m. The bottom water (belowca. 65 m in summer andca. 70 m in winter) was anoxic and contained high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, phosphate and ammonium. Maximum concentrations of nitrate and nitrite appeared near the top of the thermocline, suggesting the occurrence of bacterial nitrification in this layer and of bacterial denitrification in the anoxic bottom water. Concentrations of particulate phosphorus and particulate iron were highest near the bottom of the thermocline. The distribution of phosphorus in this bay is probably controlled by a dissolution-diffusion-precipitation cycle of iron or its hydrous oxides. 相似文献
3.
C. F. Jago S. E. Jones R. J. Latter R. R. McCandliss M. R. Hearn M. J. Howarth 《Journal of Sea Research》2002,48(4)
Suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration and properties (particle size and settling velocity), water column and boundary layer dynamics were measured during a 60-d period at a site in 110 m water depth in the northern North Sea. The site was in stratified waters and measurements were made during September–November as the seasonal thermocline was progressively weakening. SPM concentration was low, c. 1 mg dm−3 in the surface mixed layer and maximum values of 2 mg dm−3 in the bottom mixed layer. The bottom layer was characterised by larger mean particle size. SPM signals in the two layers were decoupled at the start of the period, when the thermocline was strong, but were increasingly coupled as the thermocline progressively weakened. A spring-neap cycle of resuspension and deposition of SPM was observed in the bottom mixed layer. Bed shear stresses were too small to entrain the bottom sediment (a fine sand) but were competent to resuspend benthic fluff: threshold bed shear stress and threshold current velocity at 10 mab were 0.02–0.03 Pa. and 0.18 m s−1, respectively. Maximum SPM concentration in the bottom layer preceded peak spring tide currents by 3 d. Simulation of fluff resupension by the PROWQM model confirms that this was due to a finite supply of benthic fluff: the fluff layer was stripped from the seabed so that fluff supply was zero by the time of peak spring flow. SPM was redeposited over neap tides. Fluff resuspension must have been enhanced by intermittent inertial currents in the bottom layer but unequivocal evidence for this was not seen. There was some resuspension due to wave activity. Settling velocity spectra were unimodal or bimodal with modal values of 2×10−4–2×10−3 mm s−1 (long-term suspension component) and 0.2–5.7 mm s−1 (resuspension component). The slowest settling particles remained in suspension at peak spring tides after the fluff layer had been exhausted. There was evidence of particle disaggregation during springs and aggregation during neaps. 相似文献
4.
根据珠江口及其附近海域2006年冬季(2006年12月至2007年1月)航次的CTD调查资料发现,由于表层水体冷却而产生的对流作用,以及东北季风、浪、流等强动力条件下,冬季陆架水体垂向混合均匀,但粤东近岸海域却存在显著的温跃层及逆盐跃层,其原因在于:东北季风的Ekman效应引起了陆架表层高温、高盐海水向岸输送,东北季风还驱动了西南向沿岸流,其底边界层的Ekman效应引起了沿岸底层低温、低盐海水离岸输送,这样就形成了陆架方向的次生环流,在沿岸海域则为下降流,并表现为沿岸海域的逆盐跃层及温跃层现象。在下降流显著的区域,溶解氧垂向分布均匀且浓度较高,这应归因于下降流将溶解氧浓度较高的表层水带入深层所致。 相似文献
5.
2011年春、夏季黄、东海水团与水文结构分布特征 总被引：7，自引：5，他引：2
根据2011年春季(4月)夏季(8月)两个航次调查的CTD温盐资料,获得观测期间黄、东海主要水团特征:(1)夏季黄海冷水团10℃等温线在黄海海域中部30m以深,影响范围西至122°E南至34°N,最低温度为6.2℃,比气候态平均冷水团温度低约2℃;(2)夏季冲淡水以长江口为中心,呈半圆形向外扩展,并无明显NE转向,30.00等盐线在32°N断面上东至124°E,南至29.5°N,扩展范围与往年相比偏西1°左右,而在SE方向较往年有明显延伸扩展。水文结构特征为:(1)春季,温跃层主要在南黄海中部以西,跃层强度仅为0.10—0.40℃/m;密跃层主要在长江口以东,跃层强度0.20—0.30kg/m4;(2)夏季,温跃层强度最高值在长江口东北,跃层强度达到2.41℃/m,上界深度5.5m,厚度2.5m;黄海温跃层强度普遍强于东海,主要是冷水团区域表底显著的温度差异造成;密跃层强度高值区在33°N断面西侧海区,强度达到1.38kg/m4,上界深度5.5m,厚度约为1.5m;沿长江冲淡水舌轴方向的密跃层强度为0.30—0.60kg/m4,自西向东逐渐减弱。 相似文献
6.
Walker O. Smith Jr. 《Marine Chemistry》1991,35(1-4)
Polar regions are poorly understood components of global biogeochemical cycles. This paper discusses the influences of nitrate and ammonium concentrations on nitrate uptake (and hence new production), particularly with regard to data collected within marginal ice zones in the Arctic and Antarctic. Subsurface ammonium maxima in waters over 150 m are frequently encountered in the Arctic and occasionally in the Antarctic. Such maxima result from the heterotrophic remineralization of organic matter, and because stratified environments occur more frequently in the Arctic, significant concentrations of ammonium accumulate as a result of lower diffusive losses. Causal agents (bacteria vs. Zooplankton) may also be different in the Arctic from those in the Antarctic. Elevated ammonium concentrations significantly reduce nitrate uptake, and it is suggested that this nutrient interaction may play a significant role in controlling new production, particularly in open water regions. The new production of the Southern Ocean is estimated, and it is suggested that the production and flux from the surface layer is significant relative to the world's oceans. 相似文献
7.
The Soya Warm Current (SWC), which is the coastal current along the northeastern part of Hokkaido, Japan, has a notable baroclinic jet structure during summer. This study addresses the formation mechanism of the baroclinic jet by analyzing a realistic numerical model and conducting its sensitivity experiment. The key process is the interaction between the seasonal thermocline and the bottom Ekman layer on the slope off the northeastern coast of Hokkaido; the bottom Ekman transport causes subduction of the warm seasonal thermocline water below the cold lower-layer water, so the bottom mixed layer develops with a remarkable cross-isobath density gradient. Consequently, the buoyancy transport vanishes as a result of the thermal wind balance in the mixed layer. The SWC area is divided into two regions during summer: upstream, the adjustment toward the buoyancy shutdown is in progress; downstream, the buoyancy shutdown occurs. The buoyancy shutdown theory assesses the bottom-mixed-layer thickness to be 50 m, consistent with observations and our numerical results. The seasonal thermocline from June to September is strong enough to establish the dominance of the buoyancy shutdown process over the frictional spindown. 相似文献
8.
数值模拟结果表明: 冬季长江口及其邻近海区温度分布为近岸低, 外海高; 近岸和海底地形变化缓慢区温度呈垂直均匀分布, 海底地形变化显著的陡坡区生成温度锋; 外海深水区的中上层温度低且呈垂直均匀分布, 底层温度高并形成弱的分层。春季, 近岸温度高、外海低; 近岸温度大致呈垂直均匀分布, 外海出现明显分层; 长江口以北温度表层低、底层高; 长江口及其以南表层和底层温度低, 而中层高; 陡坡区至外海生成温度锋, 随着温度锋自陡坡至外海的下移,锋面以上温度逐渐变为垂直均匀分布, 而锋面以下温度却大致呈水平均匀分布。夏季, 海区的温度分布和春季一样, 为近岸高、外海低; 长江口及其以南近岸浅水区温度呈垂直均匀分布; 长江口以北和长江口及其以南的外海温度自表层至底层由高变低且大致呈水平均匀分布, 并在表层至次表层生成强温跃层, 跃层强度随水深增加迅速减弱, 深底层温度几乎呈均匀分布且保持低温特征。秋季, 海区的温度分布与冬季相同, 也为近岸低, 外海高; 在长江口以北, 近岸温度为表层高, 底层低; 外海底层温度低且大致呈水平均匀分布, 而底层以上温度高且大致呈垂直均匀分布; 长江口及其以南, 近岸温度呈垂直均匀分布, 陡坡至外海的表层至底层生成弱的温度锋,随温度锋自陡坡至外海的下移, 锋面以上温度逐渐变为垂直均匀分布, 长江口以南陡坡区的底层温度几乎呈均匀分布。 相似文献
9.
东、黄海典型海域叶绿素a含量的垂向变化与周日波动 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
2000年10月21至11月5日对东海与黄海典型海区进行了叶绿素a浓度的现场周日观测，地理环境和水文状况的差异使各海区的垂向变化与日波动表现各自的特征：东海观测站位在垂向上的分布比较单一，多数呈上混合层均匀分布型并在跃层以上递减；长江口受潮流影响大，偶而在底层峰值，而南黄海观测站位垂向布出现了均匀分布型与次表层双峰型两种，受潮流等影响，叶绿素a浓度的日变化在各海区间及各自的垂向上都有所差异；出现层化的测站，跃层以上日波动层以下明显；在E7测站的表层和长江口测站的底层都以半日周期为，而南黄海测站以全日周期为主。 相似文献
10.
渤海、黄海热结构分析 总被引：14，自引：4，他引：14
在多年观测资料基础上,以月平均风应力和周平均海表水温(SST)作为外强迫,对黄海、渤海热结构进行了数值模拟.模拟结果显示渤海的热结构特征自10月至翌年3月为水温垂直均一的冬季型;5～8月为分层结构(由上混合层、跃层、潮混合层组成)的夏季型.4月和9月为两型的过渡期,最低水温出现在2月,最高水温表层出现在8月,底层则在9～10月.黄海沿岸浅水区与渤海有相似的热结构,黄海冷水团和黄海暖流对其中央槽深水区的热结构有重要影响.对底层水的影响而言,前者夏季显著而后者冬季显著,从而导致黄海(槽)的底层水与环境相比呈现夏季冷而冬季暖的特征,底层水温基本上与表面水温的年变化反相;深水区的热结构与渤海相比,均一型结构(1～3月)变短,分层型结构(5～11月)变长,底温年变幅(5℃以内)变小,跃层强度增强.模拟结果还表明,黄海暖流的动力仍然是季风环流,而对黄海冷水团的形成和发展有无动力影响提出质疑. 相似文献
11.
Distribution of the anoxic water mass in the eastern part of Hiuchi-Nada was investigated from 1981 to 1983. A cold water mass was found on the bottom of the area concerned in summer, and a second (i.e. lower) thermocline appeared just above the cold water mass. The anoxic water was observed below a second thermocline. The horizontal distribution of the cold water mass coincided with that of the anoxic water mass, and also with a region of high concentration of organic matter in the sediment. These results suggest two important effects of the second thermocline on the generation of the anoxic water mass. Firstly, it prevents supply of dissolved oxygen from the upper to bottom layer of the water column. Secondly, it accelerates settling of particulate material resulting in a large accumulation of organic matter in the bottom water and the sediment which leads to an increase in the rate of oxygen consumption. The net oxygen consumption rate in the bottom layer in this sea was much smaller than that in Mikawa Bay where anoxia occurs at almost the same level as in Hiuchi-Nada. This finding also suggests the important role of the second thermocline. 相似文献
12.
Nitrogen isotope patterns in the oxygen-deficient waters of the Eastern Tropical North Pacific Ocean
《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2001,48(8):1905-1921
We analyzed the stable nitrogen isotope composition of an extensive set of samples of particulate matter (PM) and seawater nitrate collected during October/November 1997 along the Mexican coastline from 24° to 11.5°N. At the northern and southern end of our study area, the δ15N of PM ranged between 5 and 7‰ in the upper 200 m of the water column with higher values at intermediate depths. These data are very similar to those reported from other parts of the open ocean. In the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), we found significantly higher δ15N values for suspended particles. Furthermore, the δ15N of nitrate (NO3) was elevated within the OMZ and we found a strong relationship between the oxygen concentration, nitrate deficit and the 15N content of the nitrate. The core of the OMZ between 22°N, 105°W and 15°N, 110°W coincided with higher nitrate deficits and δ15N values relative to the stations near the boundaries. The δ15N of nitrate was highest, with values up to 18.7‰, where oxygen concentrations were below 1–2 μmol/l. This pattern is consistent with an overall nitrogen isotopic enrichment factor of 22.5‰ for denitrification in the core of the OMZ using the Rayleigh equation (closed-system approach). Results from a diffusion model (open-system approach), however, gave a fractionation factor of 30±7.5‰, implying that the Rayleigh formula only gives a lower estimate of the fractionation factor ε. The vertical flux of particles collected in short-term deployments (ca. 35 h) of a drifting sediment trap was not significantly correlated with the water column nitrate deficit. The isotopic signature of the nitrate within the gradient is very similar to the δ15N value of sedimenting particles, suggesting that there might be a strong link between the production and sedimentation of particles. Upward flux of nitrate across the thermocline can account for less than half of the particle flux leaving the mixed layer. Mixing and transport of nitrate across the lower boundary of the OMZ can lead to significant enrichment in the 15N content of deep waters, and our isotopic data imply that at least 14% of the nitrate in the waters below the OMZ originates from this source. 相似文献
13.
Synoptic distributions of thermal surface mixed layer and thermocline were identified using four airborne expendable bathythermograph
(AXBT) surveys (September 1992 and February, May, and September 1993) in the southern Yellow and East China Seas. Seasonality
and a dominant driving mechanism of the surface mixed layer were examined. The dominant driving mechanisms differ between
seasons and between on-shelf and off-shelf regimes. Currents, eddies, and migration of bottom cold waters (on the shelf) also
affect the surface mixed layer. Thermocline thickness, temperature difference from thermocline top to bottom, and thermocline
intensity in warm seasons were measured, and their synoptic features were also discussed. 相似文献
14.
Isao Kudo Takeshi Yoshimura Choon-Weng Lee Mitsuru Yanada Yoshiaki Maita 《Journal of Oceanography》2007,63(5):791-801
Nutrient regeneration and oxygen consumption after a spring bloom in Funka Bay were studied on monthly survey cruises from
February to November 1998 and from March to December 1999. A high concentration of ammonium (more than 4 μmol l−1) was observed near the bottom (80–90 m) after April. Phosphate and silicate gradually accumulated and dissolved oxygen decreased
in the same layer. Salinity near the bottom did not change until summer, leading to the presumption that the system in this
layer is semi-closed, so regenerated nutrients were preserved until September. Nitrification due to the oxidation of ammonium
to nitrate was observed after June. Nitrite, an intermediate product, was detected at 4–7 μmol L−1 in June and July 1999. Assuming that decomposition is a first order reaction, the rate constant for decomposition of organic
nitrogen was determined to be 0.014 and 0.008 d−1 in 1998 and 1999, respectively. The ammonium oxidation rate increased rapidly when the ambient ammonium concentration exceeded
5 μmol L−1. We also performed a budget calculation for the regeneration process. The total amount of N regenerated in the whole water
column was 287.4 mmol N m−2 in 4 months, which is equal to 22.8 gC m−2, assuming the Redfield C to N ratio. This is 34% of the primary production during the spring bloom and is comparable to the
export production of 25 gC m−2 measured by a sediment trap at 60 m (Miyake et al., 1998). 相似文献
15.
Michio Kawamiya Michio J. Kishi Yasuhiro Yamanaka Nobuo Suginohara 《Journal of Oceanography》1995,51(6):635-664
A vertical one-dimensional ecosystem model was constructed and applied to Station Papa. The model has seven compartments (phytoplankton, nitrate, ammonium, zooplankton, particulate organic matters, dissolved organic matters, dissolved oxygen) and was coupled with a mixed layer model for calculating diffusion coefficient which appears in the governing equations. The mixed layer model was driven by SST, SSS data observed at Station Papa in 1980 and ECMWF wind data for 1980, and the ecosystem model was driven by fixing nitrate concentration in deep layer to an observational value. The phytoplankton maximum in March was reproduced by the model although the maximum in fall-winter could not be reproduced. The model also suggests the importance of studying nitrification. As a whole, the model could reproduce characteristic features at Station Papa such as the summer ammonium maximum at 50 m depth, the summer dissolved oxygen maximum at 70 m depth and the absence of remarkable phytoplankton bloom. 相似文献
16.
Stphane L'Helguen Christian Madec Pierre Le Corre 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1996,42(6):803-818
Uptake rates of ammonium, nitrate, urea and nitrite were measured for 1 year (1988) at a coastal station in the well-mixed waters of the western English Channel. Ammonium was the major form of nitrogen (N) utilized (48%) by phytoplankton, followed by nitrate (32%), urea (13%) and nitrite (7%). Seasonal changes of uptake of ammonium, nitrate and urea showed a broad, intense summer maximum. Nitrite uptake was low throughout the year except for a peak value in June. Uptake rates of ammonium and nitrate were independent of substrate concentrations, whereas those of urea and nitrite were not. The summer maxima of ammonium, nitrate and total N uptake, and the significant relationships of N-uptake index to ambient light, and of chlorophyll-a-specific N uptake to surface-incident light, indicate that light is the major factor controlling N uptake in these waters. This is due to the permanent vertical mixing which reduces the mean light available for N uptake to <15% of the incident light. Mixing also injects regenerated N continuously into the euphotic zone, thus alleviating nitrogen limitation and accounting for the larger proportion of regenerated N uptake in total N uptake. 相似文献
17.
18.
Tomoharu Senjyu Hidekazu Yasuda Shigehiko Sugihara Masato Kamizono 《Journal of Oceanography》2001,57(1):15-27
A hydrographic survey and a 25-hour stationary observation were carried out in the western part of Suo-Nada in the summer of 1998 to elucidate the formation mechanism of the oxygen-deficient water mass. A steep thermocline and halocline separated the upper layer water from the bottom water over the observational area except for near the Kanmon Strait. The bottom water, in comparison with the upper layer water, indicated lower temperature, higher salinity, lower dissolved oxygen, higher turbidity, and higher chlorophyll a. Turbidity in the upper layer water changed with semi-diurnal period while the bottom water turbidity showed a quarter-diurnal variation, though the M2 tidal current prevailed in both waters. From the turbidity distribution and the current variation, it is revealed that the turbidity in the upper layer water is controlled by the advection due to the M2 tidal current. On the other hand, the quarter-diurnal variation in the bottom water turbidity is caused by the resuspension of bottom sediments due to the M2 tidal current. The steep thermocline and halocline were maintained throughout the observation period in spite of the rather strong tidal currents. This implies an active intrusion of the low temperature and high salinity water from the east to the bottom of Suo-Nada. Based on the observational results, a hypothesis on the oxygen-deficient water mass formation was proposed; the periodical turbidity variation in the bottom water quickly modifies the oxygen-rich water in the east to the oxygen-deficient bottom water in Suo-Nada in a course of circulation. 相似文献
19.
北黄海冷水团环流结构探讨──潮混合锋对环流结构的影响 总被引：10，自引：4，他引：10
简述北黄海冷水团环流结构研究现状，指出已有研究成果中的主要问题，然后用一个诊断模型给出了冷水团环流结构，得到冷水团环向主要存在于海洋上层接近冷水团边界处，径向运动也主要存在于断面两端，上层为离岸流，下层为向岸流；冷水团中心的上升流极为微弱，且仅存在于海洋上层，温跃层下的冷水团中心区域的流动极为微弱，几乎为“死水”一般，上述环流结构对冷水团中心部分的温、盐度长期保持不变及跃层底部溶解氧最大值的形成和 相似文献
20.
Lewis S. Incze Peter Aas Terri Ainaire 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》1996,43(7-8)
The vertical distributions of copecod nauplii and water properties were sampled at well-mixed and stratified sites on Georges Bank using a pumping system, CTD and in vivo fluorometer during a four day period in late May 1992. At each stratified station at least one sample was taken within the thermocline and the fluorescence maximum, which usually co-occurred. Well-mixed sites had low average concentrations of nauplii, ca 41−1, and showed little variation of abundance with depth. Stratified sites had from 4 to 16 times the integrated (0–50 m) abundance of nauplii compared to well-mixed sites and showed strong vertical patterns of distribution. Maximum concentrations of nauplii, up to 1601−1, were associated with the thermocline at 7 of the 9 stratified stations. At the two remaining stratified sites the naupliar maximum was in the upper mixed layer, sampled at 5 m depth. The encounter rate between early feeding cod (Gadus morhua) larvae and their naupliar prey was calculated with and without turbulence. Turbulence was estimated from two sources: wind stress in the upper layer (calculated from wind observations during our cruise) and tidal shear in the lower layer (estimated initially from a tidal mixing equation). We ultimately replaced the lower layer estimates with turbulence data from a series of measurements made in 1995. The latter are more robust and had the advantage of providing dissipation rates for the pycnocline as well as the lower layer. Theory predicts an increase in encounters between a predator and its prey with the addition of turbulence parameters into standard models of encounter. We combined turbulence profiles with the vertical distribution of nauplii to examine the potential contribution of turbulent kinetic energy to predator-prey encounter rates at various depths in stratified and mixed water columns. Our calculations suggest the following increases due to turbulence at stratified sites on Georges Bank during our cruise: from 34 to 219% in the upper mixed layer, depending on wind speed and depth; approximately 8% in the pycnocline; and approximately 110% below the pycnocline. Mixed sites experience increases of at least 110% (tide only), but greater increases (118–192% in this study) occur when the wind blows because of the combined (spatially overlapped) effects of wind and tidal mixing at these sites. The absolute values for encounter rates and their modification by turbulence are sensitive to a number of assumptions in the models. We used a series of stated assumptions to generate estimates that range from 0.6 to 26.5 prey h−1, depending on geographical location, physical forcing and depth. 相似文献