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1.
采用实证研究方法，对近年来公布的海洋统计数字进行了分析，总结出中国涉海职业变动呈现的新特点：传统捕捞业萎缩，渔民大批转产；新兴涉海职业增长迅速；涉海职业变动存在年龄和地区性差异；涉海职业随着产业结构调整而变动。进一步分析了促成涉海职业变动的原因主要在于：海洋开发促进人口流动，使人们有了选择新职业的可能；海洋产业规模扩大，吸收大量劳动力；新兴海洋产业不断涌现，促进了新兴海洋职业产生，并使海洋职业向专业化方向发展。指出海洋开发对涉海职业变动产生了深刻的影响，这种职业变动使沿海社会更加充满活力，是海洋开发社会效益的具体体现。 相似文献
2.
据《中国海洋报》消息，为更好地履行作为《南极条约》和《关于环境保护的南极条约议定书》缔约国义务，规范我国公民在南极的活动，我国有关部门正在加紧制定规范管理南极活动的行政法规。[第一段] 相似文献
3.
A Wind stress–Current Coupled System (WCCS) consisting of the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and an improved wind stress algorithm based on Donelan et al. [Donelan, W.M., Drennan, Katsaros, K.B., 1997. The air–sea momentum flux in mixed wind sea and swell conditions. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27, 2087–2099] is developed by using the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF). The WCCS is applied to the global ocean to study the interactions between the wind stress and the ocean surface currents. In this study, the ocean surface current velocity is taken into consideration in the wind stress calculation and air–sea heat flux calculation. The wind stress that contains the effect of ocean surface current velocity will be used to force the HYCOM. The results indicate that the ocean surface velocity exerts an important influence on the wind stress, which, in turn, significantly affects the global ocean surface currents, air–sea heat fluxes, and the thickness of ocean surface boundary layer. Comparison with the TOGA TAO buoy data, the sea surface temperature from the wind–current coupled simulation showed noticeable improvement over the stand-alone HYCOM simulation. 相似文献
5.
为研究海洋环境信号在OBS(Ocean Bottom Seismograph)原始数据中的规律及应用,根据OBS原始数据的波形及频谱特征,将研究区划分为5个时间段,依次为旧涌浪阶段、风浪渐强阶段、风浪全盛阶段、风浪消退阶段和新涌浪阶段。结合海洋天气预报,认为上述现象是由偏南风风浪对海流的影响造成的。参考野外地震数据采集记录班报,得到各阶段的时长和距离,计算风浪渐强、全盛和消退阶段OBS附近海流的平均速度。结果表明:OBS原始资料中浅海海洋环境噪音增强的主要因素是风浪,且风浪引起的噪音信号的波形变化特征是渐进式的;OBS可用于接收某种特殊阶段(如台风、海啸等)的噪音信号,并根据噪音信号的波形特征、频谱变化规律和持续时间估算该阶段的海流速度变化。 相似文献
6.
Ａｂｏｕｔｏｃｅａｎｌｉｔｈｏｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓ￥Ｖ．Ｖ．ＬｏｎｇｉｎｏｖａｎｄＲ．Ｄ．Ｋｏｓ＇ｙａｎ（ＲｅｃｅｉｖｅｄＦｅｂｒｕａｒｙ２３,１９９３;ａｃｃｅｐｔｅｄＡｕｇｕｓｔ１,１９９３）（ＴｈｅＰ．Ｐ．ＳｈｉｒｓｈｏｖｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＯｃ... 相似文献
7.
Significant effort has been invested in understanding the role of iron in marine ecosystems over the past few decades. What began as shipboard amendment experiments quickly grew into a succession of in situ, mesoscale ocean iron fertilization (OIF) experiments carried out in all three high nutrient low chlorophyll (HNLC) regions of the world ocean. Dedicated process studies have also looked at regions of the ocean that are seasonally exposed to iron-replete conditions as natural OIF experiments. However, one problem common to many OIF experiments is determination of biological response beyond the duration of the experiment (typically<1 month). Satellite-derived products have been used to address this shortcoming with some success, but thus far, have been limited snapshots of a single parameter, chlorophyll. Here, we investigate phytoplankton responses to OIF in both purposeful and naturally iron enriched systems using estimates of chlorophyll (Chl), phytoplankton carbon biomass (C phyto), their ratio (Chl:C phyto) and two fluorescence indices, fluorescence per unit chlorophyll (FLH:Chl) and the chlorophyll fluorescence efficiency ( ϕf). These quantities allow partitioning of the biological response to OIF into that due to changes in biomass and that due to phytoplankton physiology. We find that relative increases in Chl (∼10–20 x) following OIF far exceed increases in C phyto (<4–5 x), suggesting that a significant fraction of the observed Chl increase is associated with physiological adjustment to increased growth rates, photoacclimation, and floristic shifts in the phytoplankton community. Further, a consistent pattern of decreased satellite fluorescence efficiency (FLH:Chl or ϕf) following OIF is observed that is in agreement with current understanding of phytoplankton physiological responses to relief from iron stress. The current study extends our ability to retrieve phytoplankton physiology from space-based sensors, strengthens the link between satellite fluorescence and iron availability, and shows that satellite ocean color analyses provide a unique tool for monitoring OIF experiments. 相似文献
8.
To examine the effects of the deep ocean circulation on the characteristics of the ocean as a reservoir, age distributions
of the material whose source and sink are at the ocean surface are calculated using an idealized vertical two-dimensional
model of the ocean. The results show that the large-scale vertical circulation of the deep water accelerates the renewal of
deep water and reduces the average age of the material. It is also shown that the multi-layered structures of the deep circulation
are more realistic than the one-layered structure and promote the renewal of the deep water. 相似文献
9.
Being a littoral state, Malaysian maritime sectors provide the basis for the growth and development of marine-related activities. As the country enters the new millennium along with the ‘2020 Vision’ which serves as the basic template against which the economic performance of these sectors should be judged, it poses a new challenge for Malaysia in developing these sectors. This paper attempts to address three basic issues: Firstly, is there any national ocean policy in place? Secondly, are the maritime sectors adequately organized to play an important role in achieving the objectives? Thirdly, what are the opportunities available in developing the ocean?It can be seen that existing policies to develop comprehensive ocean governance have not received the full attention they deserve. Organizational structures governing the ocean for implementing national policies are well in place but in a fragmented and uncoordinated fashion. As a result, sectoral and intersectoral management problems were created such as multiple-use conflicts, overlapping of jurisdiction and duplication of efforts. Environmental problems have also not been properly addressed. A few sectors have been identified as offering opportunities to further develop the Malaysian maritime areas. Among these are marine education and human resources development, marine tourism and the seafood industry. 相似文献
10.
Essentially, this paper aims at considering how the ocean regionalisation may be implemented focusing on the principle of sustainable development, on the subsequent criteria designed by the inter-governmental organisation framework, and on the approaches from the scientific literature. In this respect, a model is proposed, according to which two main stages are identified: (i) the stage of the modern approach to the ocean, which was operated by the modern society and was supported by the culture of modernity; (ii) the stage of the post-modern approach, which has been triggered by the converging inputs from the changes in society and nature. The watershed between these two stages may be located in the 1970s. The investigation may be carried out considering a triangular relationship between (i) the changing ocean reality ( ontological dimension), (ii) the representation of this reality ( semiological dimension), and (iii) the building up of signified, consisting in theories, meta-theories and values ( epistemological and ethical dimensions). In this framework, special relevance is attributed to the interaction between science and policy.Moving from this basis, how ocean regionalisation had been conceived by oceanography, geography and law is considered focusing on the implications that have arisen in terms of ocean management. Analysis is essentially focused on three questions: (i) how much the conceptual implications of the approach to the ocean regional scale have been underestimated, and how ample the political consequences have been; (ii) why the political designs referring to this spatial scale of the ocean, which have been carrying out since the 1970s, have been marked by a lack of consistency of the legal framework with the prospect of operating sustainable management programmes; (iii) whether, and what kind of, discrepancy has solidified between the legal framework, provided by the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and the ecosystem-oriented approach to the ocean, designed by the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).These considerations lead to identify three cardinal needs. First, the need to try lessons from the Regional Seas Programme of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) by carrying out a critical analysis of the conceptual background and methodological endowment which it was based on, and of the subsequent political outcomes. Secondly, an increasing need for scientific approaches supported by the consideration of the ocean as a bi-modular system consisting in ecosystems and organisational patterns, being both modules subject to the impacts from global change and globalisation. Thirdly, a need to design and operate a more effective interaction between science and policy, and, as far as science in itself is concerned, the need to design a more epistemologically-sound interaction between natural and social disciplines.Moving from this discussion, it is proposed to distinguish the mere ocean area, where the organisational patterns have not yet created a real ocean system, from the ocean region, which differently has acquired the features of an ocean system. These two kinds of spaces may be found in the coastal milieu, extending up to the outer edge of the continental margin, in the deep-ocean, extending seawards from the continental margin, or they may extend across the continental margin and the deep-ocean. Where it is agreed that ocean reality may evolve on the basis of these two reference patterns, the following sequence of conceptual mises-au-point and statements may be considered. - • The ocean area—This kind of ocean space may solidify in those areas where the ocean is frequented and used in the traditional ways without benefiting from a well-designed organisational pattern. Human presence and resource uses have brought about spatial differentiation but not such a real cohesion which may be only achieved by adopting an organisational plan.
- • The ocean region—This occurs only where an ocean area is endowed with such an organisational framework that allows the pursuit of clearly pre-determined objectives in terms of environmental, resource management, and economic development. This is the product of an extensive human interaction with the ocean ecosystem, and of a substantial political approach to the ocean milieu.
Where it is agreed that ocean reality may evolve on the basis of these two reference patterns, the following sequence of conceptual mises-au-point and statements may be considered: - • The ocean region and regional strategy—At the present time, ocean regions may be found only in quite limited parts of the ocean world.
- • The final objective—Where the decision-making centres conform their programmes and actions to the principles and guidelines from UNCED, the objective of each ocean region should be the pursuit of sustainable development on the regional scale.
- • Sustainable region—This occurs where the regional organisation is primarily based on the protection of the ecosystem integrity, where economic development operates through the optimisation of resource usage, and where social equity, including the access to the natural and cultural heritage of the ocean environment, is guaranteed.
- • Ocean regionalisation—When an individual ocean is subject to the organisational forces that lead to the creation of regions, it can be stated that an ocean regionalisation has occurred.
- • Global change—Ocean regionalisation should be viewed as one of the most important consequences of the global, environmental and social change that characterises the present phase of society.
- • Globalisation—The setting up of a transport and communication global network, together with the associated establishment of global production and consume patterns, of market strategies and social behaviour, may be regarded as the cardinal set of socio-economic factors, which ocean regionalisation is going to increasingly depend on.
- • Enlargement of the geographical approach—The development of ocean regions encourages to set up effective inter-disciplinary approaches, that primarily should focus on: (i) the consistency of the regional organisation with the regional objectives; (ii) the consistency of the ocean resource use with the protection of the ecosystem, primarily the safeguard of its biodiversity, productivity and resilience; and (iii) the configuration and functions of the decision-making system in guiding regional organisation.
- • Ocean region and ecosystem—The most desirable conditions in terms of optimal ocean organisation on the regional scale occur where the spatial extent of the ocean, which is encompassed by an individual regional management programme, fully coincides with the spatial extent of an ocean ecosystem, or with a set of contiguous ecosystems.
- • Decision-making systems—The more the co-operative process between decision-making systems operating in contiguous ocean regions develops, the greater the potential for a holistic political approach to the oceans becomes. The spatial consequences deriving from the interaction between the decision-making centres are of peculiar interest.
Article Outline- 1. A background issue
- 1.1. The legal reason
- 1.2. The scientific reason
- 2. The modern ocean regionalisation
- 2.1. The initial approach
- 2.2. The mature approach
- 2.2.1. Complication of surface regionalisation
- 2.2.2. Rise of seabed regionalisation
- 2.2.3. Interaction between ocean and atmosphere regionalisation
- 3. The post-modern ocean regionalisation
- 3.1. Interaction between policy and law
- 3.1.1. First pattern, wide holistic approach
- 3.1.2. Second pattern, limited holistic approach
- 3.2. The coastal perspective
- 3.2.1. The 200 m isobath
- 3.2.2. The outer edge of the continental margin
- 3.3. The ocean region designs
- 3.4. Signifiers, signs and signified in the post-modern context
- 3.5. Newly designed ocean regions
- 3.6. In the search for a conceptual track
- 4. A post-modern forum
- 4.1. Ocean reality
- 4.2. Language and representation
- 4.3. Policy and ethics
- 4.4. Tracing lines and zoning
- Acronyms
- Acknowledgements
- References
There is an African proverb that says: ‘The earth is not ours, it is a treasure we hold in trust for our children and their children.’ And I hope my generation and yours will be worthy of this trust.Kofi AnnanKey note speech to the 97th Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers, New York, March 1st, 2001 1. A background issueA palpable gap may be found in the present political approach to the ocean, and in the relevant scientific backgrounds. It has taken shape between the conceptual sense of the ocean sustainable development, on the one hand, and the approach to the ocean on the regional scale, on the other. The sustainable development concept leads to pursuing three goals contextually: (i) ecological integrity, specifically referring to the genetic, species and ecosystem diversity; (ii) economic efficiency, basically implying the replacement of the conventional concept of economic growth with that of human development; (iii) social equity, essentially meant as the safeguard of the cultural values and the preserving of rights of future generations. This broad objective design assumes ecological diversity as the prerequisite to pursue any other goal, namely economic efficiency and social equity [1]. As a result, where the regionalisation of the ocean is set up for management purposes, the ecological features and processes should be considered as the attributes to be considered first. Nevertheless, apart from some specific cases, which have not influenced the ocean governance as a whole, this approach has not been operated.This is due to two concurrent reasons. First, a reason rooted on the legal approach to the ocean. As is well known, at the present time, any approach to the regional scale of ocean management is based on the legal frameworks provided by the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Nevertheless, is should be wondered whether the Convention background design had been marked by some basic lack, and whether and how policy has been influenced. Secondly, a reason rooted in a lack of scientific approach to ocean regionalisation. It should be wondered whether science had been able to provide adequate conceptual frameworks, and empirical approaches, to the ocean governance on the regional scale (Fig. 1). 相似文献
12.
以SeaWinds散射计为例,利用其L2A卫星测量数据和相应的海面浮标测量数据,以温度作为独立变量,借助人工神经网络首次尝试建立了包含温度因子的海水地球物理模型函数。建模实验结果表明,在3—15m.s-1风速范围内,对于两种极化方式,后向散射系数先随温度的升高而增大,当风速大于某一数值后,又随温度的升高而减小,但两种极化方式的转折风速存在差异。该研究结果为海面微波散射机理认识的进一步深入和模型函数精度的进一步提高展示了潜在的可能途径。 相似文献
13.
To understand the physics and dynamics of the ocean circulation, techniques of numerical bifurcation theory such as continuation methods have proved to be useful. Up to now these techniques have been applied to models with relatively few degrees of freedom such as multi-layer quasi-geostrophic and shallow-water models and relatively low-resolution (e.g., 4° horizontal resolution) primitive equation models. In this paper, we present a new approach in which continuation methods are combined with parallel numerical linear system solvers. With this implementation, we show that it is possible to compute steady states versus parameters (and perform fully implicit time integration) of primitive equation ocean models with up to a few million degrees of freedom. 相似文献
15.
The state of Oregon has instituted an ocean resources management program within state government. The program, enacted by the state legislature in 1987 and amended in 1991, is a component of the statewide land-use planning program and coastal management program developed in the early 1970s. Politically the ocean program has roots in strong public interest in protecting coastal resources from destruction or degradation. This paper reviews the history of the development of the program, describes key elements, highlights some distinguishing program characteristics, sketches the ocean governance relationships that now exist off Oregon and lists some practical examples of what the program has accomplished. Finally, the paper includes some observations that may provide perspective for others contemplating a state ocean management program. 相似文献
16.
Radar remote sensing of the ocean has been the subject of research for about 20 years. Spaceborne radar altimetry and scatterometry are approaching maturity, and synthetic-aperture radars (SAR) show great promise. The principles of radar scattering from the sea are outlined here, along with some recently discovered questions. For wind-vector scatterometry, the principle is presented, and remaining uncertainties are outlined. Principles of SAR imaging of moving targets, and particularly the ocean surface, are outlined. The theory of SAR wave imaging is the subject of considerable controversy, and some principles that can be used in evaluating the various theories are presented, along with brief outlines of the major conflicting theories. Other uses of SAR images are discussed briefly, with a theory to explain the bathymetric expression outlined. 相似文献
18.
Satellite remote sensing offers new means of quantifying particulate organic carbon, POC, concentration over large oceanic areas. From SeaWiFS ocean color, we derived 10-year data of POC concentration in the surface waters of the global ocean. The 10-year time series of the global and basin scale average surface POC concentration do not display any significant long-term trends. The annual mean surface POC concentration and its seasonal amplitude are highest in the North Atlantic and lowest in the South Pacific, when compared to other ocean basins. POC anomalies in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and global concentrations seem to be inversely correlated with El Niño index, but longer time series are needed to confirm this relationship. Quantitative estimates of POC reservoir in the oceanic surface layer depend on the choice of what should represent this layer. Global average POC biomass is 1.34 g m ?2 if integrated over one optical depth, 3.62 g m ?2 if integrated over mixed layer depth, and up to 6.41 g m ?2 if integrated over 200-m layer depth (when assumed POC concentration below MLD is 20 mg m ?3). The global estimate of total POC reservoir in the surface 200-m layer of the ocean is 228.61×10 13 g. We expect that future estimates of POC reservoir may be even larger, when more precise calculations account for deep-water organic-matter maxima in oligotrophic regions, and POC biomass located just below the seasonal mixed layer in spring and summer in the temperate regions. 相似文献
20.
介绍一种多功能海洋考察与观测用浮标的结构、性能。浮标带有短波无线电遥控和数据传输功能、可外挂多种传感器;该浮标采用小水线结构,在较高海况下,具有较好的安定性。浮标配置了差分型全球定位（DGPS）接收机和短波电台,可对浮标的位置和工作状况实施实时监测,对浮标的工作程式实时遥控并进行必要的数据传输。浮标电子舱内具有大容量多通道数据采集记录系统,DGPS的lpps（1 pulse per second）信号被用于多浮标数据采集的精确同步。浮标可用于海洋监测、考察;也可用于水下目标高精度大地坐标测量等海洋工程。 相似文献
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