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1.
Water and sediment samples were collected from the Waitemata Harbour, Opua Inlet, and Tutukaka Harbour, and analysed for tributyl tin (TBT) using a hydride generation atomic absorption method. Specimens of oysters (Crassostrea gigas, Saccostrea glomerata, Ostrea heffordi) and oyster borer, Lepsiella scobina, were collected from the Tamaki Estuary and surrounding areas. These specimens were analysed for TBT using graphite furnace atomic absorption, and the oyster shell valves were examined for thickening. Concentrations of TBT in the water column were as high as 0.32 μg TBT‐Sn H. Marina sediments contained up to 0.240 μg TBT‐Sn g‐1. Shell thickening was found to occur in C. gigas where its incidence was correlated with the TBT body burden. Concentrations up to 2.24 μg TBT‐Sn gr‐1 (on a dry weight basis) were observed for C. gigas. This survey provides evidence for the toxic influence of TBT on non‐target organisms in New Zealand. 相似文献
2.
The success of biological invaders is often attributed to escape from specialist enemies in their natural range, such as predators and parasites. For enemy escape to have direct consequences in competitive interactions, invaders need to be less vulnerable to enemies than native competitors in the region they invade, but first the presence of these enemies must be established. We investigated the macroparasite and ectosymbiont fauna of the recently introduced portunid crab Charybdis japonica, and compared it with sympatric and allopatric populations of the native New Zealand portunid, Ovalipes catharus. A total of 468 crabs (350 O. catharus and 118 C. japonica) were collected from six harbours throughout New Zealand (Whangarei, Waitemata, Nelson, Lyttelton, Dunedin, and Bluff) and the identity, incidence and prevalence of ectosymbionts and parasites were compared among the different populations. Charybdis japonica and O. catharus harboured different ectosymbionts. Serpulid polychaete tubes occurred on the exoskeleton of 85.4% of C. japonica examined, but were absent from O. catharus. The bryozoan, Triticella capsularis occurred on 97.4% of O. catharus but was not found on C. japonica. Few endoparasites were present in either species. An unidentified juvenile ascaridoid nematode occurred in the hindgut of 5.9% of C. japonica, but was not found in sympatric populations of O. catharus. A second, unidentified species of ascaridoid nematode occurred in 7.1% of O. catharus from Nelson, but was not present in specimens from the five other harbours sampled. Melanised lesions were observed in the muscle tissue of almost half (46.6%) of the C. japonica examined. Histological examination showed these to be of two types: (1) spherical bodies resembling melanised trematode metacercariae; and (2) lesions consistent with wound repair. Lesions were not observed in O. catharus. Although the identity of parasites and epibionts carried by each species differed, both C. japonica and O. catharus had relatively low parasite species richness. We could not test whether the introduced portunid, C. japonica, is any less vulnerable to parasite enemies than the New Zealand portunid, O. catharus. 相似文献
3.
Peter J. Smith Mike Page Sean J. Handley S. Margaret McVeagh Merrick Ekins 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):347-355
A colonial ascidian was first reported by marine farmers in Houhora Harbour, Northland, New Zealand in early 2005 and subsequently found on oyster racks in Parengarenga Harbour and the Bay of Islands. The Northland ascidian was identified with a combination of morphological characters and DNA cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequence data, as Eudistoma elongatum, a species native to Australia, where it is found from northern New South Wales to Northern Queensland, and distinguished from Eudistoma circumvallatum, the only reported species in this genus from New Zealand. Ascidian larvae are weak dispersers and long distance dispersal of E. elongatum is likely to be enhanced by vectors such as oyster barges and/or movement of cultured oysters. In its native range, E. elongatum is restricted to areas with a minimum winter sea temperature of 16°C. Assuming similar biological limitations apply in New Zealand, the spread of E. elongatum might be restricted to northern New Zealand (north of latitude 37°S). 相似文献
4.
J. L. McKoy 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):403-409
In Tauranga Harbour, Lyrodus medilobatus was found in greatest numbers on test‐blocks placed near the bottom, while Bankia australis, B. neztalia, and Nototeredo edax had a more uniform vertical distribution. Shipworms occurred in the intertidal zone up to about mean sea level. In Wellington Harbour, B. neztalia was found in test‐blocks up to mean sea level, but was most abundant in blocks near the bottom. In the Bay of Islands, shipworms settled in the intertidal on test‐blocks as high as 30 cm below mean sea level. B. australis was the most abundant species in mangrove wood in northern New Zealand, and L. medilobatus occurred occasionally. No evidence was found for shipworms settling on living mangrove wood, although they frequently tunnelled from dead wood into living wood. 相似文献
5.
Axiothella serrata n. sp. (Polychaeta: Maldanidae) is described and illustrated from intertidal sands of Porirua Harbour, New Zealand (41° 6′ S, 174° 52′ E). It has 22 setigerous segments, and lacks asetigerous preanal segments; the mid‐ventral anal cirrus is conspicuously lengthened. The species is compared with other Axiothella species. A. catalinia Hartman, 1969 is herein transferred to Maldanella. 相似文献
6.
Abstract Concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were measured in adult barnacles (Elminius modestus Darwin) from Waitemata and Manukau Harbours in the Auckland area, New Zealand. As in studies on sediments reported in the literature, it was possible to identify areas of likely anthropogenic influence, e.g., around the Auckland Harbour Bridge for Pb, Cu, and Zn. Groups of individuals with highest concentrations for these metals showed 19.8–23.8 mg Pb kg?1, 198–266 mg Cu kg?1, and 4460–6530 mg Zn kg?1 (95% confidence limits, dry weight basis). Cd concentrations found for all barnacles from the Auckland area ranged from 0.8 to 3.1 mg kg?1. Two samples from Omaha Beach, 60 km north of Auckland, were used as a reference. Accordingly, groups of individuals with lowest concentrations for Pb, Cu, and Zn could be allocated to this site using the Student‐Newman‐Keuls Multiple Range Test (0.5–1.3 mg Pb kg?1, 8–10 mg Cu kg?1, and 144–214 mg Zn kg?1 ; 95% confidence limits). Only Cd concentrations were highest at Omaha Beach (8.6–12.1 mg Cd kg?1 ). This result may have arisen from “naturally” increased bio‐availabilities of certain metals in mangrove systems which are reported in the literature. Generally, metal concentrations in barnacles from the Auckland Harbour area and from Omaha Beach were within the wider range for E. modestus as well as other barnacle species reported in the international literature. 相似文献
7.
Geoffrey B Read 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):83-100
Shells of commercially valued bivalves in New Zealand, Crassostrea gigas, Perna canaliculus and Pecten novaezelandiae, are damaged by blister-causing Polydora polychaete species known to be close in morphology to the widely recorded oyster pest Polydora websteri Hartman. Recent New Zealand occurrences are here confirmed to relate to two species, P. websteri, and a second similar species, Polydora haswelli Blake & Kudenov, a new record for New Zealand, previously known only from Australia; the two species are described and compared. The worms have limited distributions, with P. websteri confirmed only for Pacific oysters (C. gigas) in northern New Zealand, although prior reports indicate it may also occur on scallops and have reached the northern South Island. Polydora haswelli has been found only in northern New Zealand, occurring on subtidal mussels and scallops and native oysters (Perna canaliculus, Pecten novaezelandiae, Ostrea chilensis), as well as co-existing with intertidal P. websteri on Pacific oysters. The worms are not present in Foveaux Strait O. chilensis beds, a major source of past oyster exports to Australia. The history of mud-blister worm outbreaks in Australasia is examined. While trans-Tasman exports of live oysters from New Zealand were commonplace during the nineteenth century, there is no evidence that mud-blister worms were present in New Zealand then. The earliest reports only date from the early 1970s and only from northern New Zealand, whereas a century earlier in the 1870s at least one of these pest worms had become widespread along eastern Australian coasts. 相似文献
8.
K. R. Grange 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(1):203-216
Adults of three species of common intertidal gastropods, Melagraphia aethiops, Zediloma atrovirens, and Lunella smaragda, were collected from Waitemata Harbour, Auckland (36° 51 S, 174° 47 E) and brought to the laboratory, where several methods of artificial spawning were attempted throughout the year. The one successful method, involving vigorous water movement around ripe adults, induced them to release gametes during their respective spawning seasons, and was equally effective in the natural habitat. Larval stages were found in the plankton only during periods of on‐shore wind speeds greater than 10 knots, with which their presence was correlated, rather than with tides, lunar cycles, or sea temperatures. 相似文献
9.
The dispersion patterns and feeding behaviour of intertidal whelks were investigated in north‐eastern New Zealand. Aggregations of whelks feeding on clams occurred regularly, with an average of 15–20 individuals per aggregation. Death of clams was attributable to predation in up to 50% of the aggregations, although scavenging of dead and moribund animals was the main activity of whelks. Laboratory and field studies showed that Lepsiella scobina (generally not considered a soft shore species) was the main whelk predator at Lews Bay, Whangateau Harbour, drilling a small neat hole through the clam shell. The distinction between Cominella spp. as predators or scavengers is not so clear. Reseeding of intertidal clams, Austrovenus stutchburyi, has been proposed as a technique for reestablishing populations in some degraded New Zealand estuaries. The impact of whelk predation has many implications for A. stutchburyi reseeding. Both L. scobina and Cominella adspersa may potentially prey on newly reseeded clams as they preferentially attacked small clams in the laboratory. On‐growing to a larger size before reseeding may be advantageous although large size was not found to protect prey from predation. Additionally, no seasonal trend in whelk activity was found. 相似文献
10.
Jong-Hyeob Kim Seung Hyeon Kim Young Kyun Kim Kun-Seop Lee 《Ocean Science Journal》2016,51(4):635-645
Seagrasses require a large amount of nutrient assimilation to support high levels of production, and thus nutrient limitation for growth often occurs in seagrass habitats. Seagrasses can take up nutrients from both the water column and sediments. However, since seagrasses inhabiting in the intertidal zones are exposed to the air during low tide, the intertidal species may exhibit significantly different carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics compared to the subtidal species. To examine C and N dynamics of the intertidal seagrass, Zostera japonica, C and N content and stable isotope ratios of above- and below-ground tissues were measured monthly at the three intertidal zones in Koje Bay on the southern coast of Korea. The C and N content and stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) ratios of seagrass tissues exhibited significant seasonal variations. Both leaf and rhizome C content were not significantly correlated with productivity. Leaf δ13C values usually exhibited negative correlations with leaf productivity. These results of tissue C content and δ13C values suggest that photosynthesis of Z. japonica in the study site was not limited by inorganic C supply, and sufficient inorganic C was provided from the atmosphere. The tissue N content usually exhibited negative correlations with leaf productivity except at the upper intertidal zone, suggesting that Z. japonica growth was probably limited by N availability during high growing season. In the upper intertidal zone, no correlations between leaf productivity and tissue elemental content and stable isotope ratios were observed due to the severely suppressed growth caused by strong desiccation stress. 相似文献
11.
J. B. Jones 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):255-273
Samples of simple ascidians of the genera Asterocarpa, Cnemidocarpa, Corella, and Pyura were collected from Wellington Harbour, New Zealand (41°16'S, 174° 51'E) and three species of the crustacean family Notodelphyidae were recovered, all from the branchial baskets of the ascidians. Pygodelphys novaeseelandiae (Schellenberg), and two new species of Doropygus, are described and illustrated. 相似文献
12.
湛江港浮游植物与赤潮植物的初步研究 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12
于1987年8月在湛江港设13个点采样。鉴定表明，共有浮游植物37属94种和变种；优势种类有中肋骨条藻、日本星杆藻、佛氏海毛藻等。湛江港浮游植物密度较高，港内外平均达1．3×104cell／L和7．3×105cell／L。经单项营养指数和营养状态结合指数分析表明，除两个点无机氮浓度略超标外，所有站位均未达到富营养化水平。调查期间，共发现赤潮生物31种，其中主要有中肋骨条藻、日本星杯藻、佛氏海毛藻、尖刺菱形藻和夜光藻等，中肋骨条漠和日本星杆藻曾形成水华。 相似文献
13.
Anne‐Maree Schwarz 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(5):809-818
Photosynthetic characteristics of intertidal Zostera capricorni were measured under different tidal conditions in Whangapoua Harbour on the eastern Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand, and compared with permanently submerged seagrass beds. Photosynthetic characteristics were measured using pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorom‐etry and oxygen (O2) electrode techniques. Gross light saturated photosynthesis measured as oxygen exchange averaged 5.74 and 5.36 mg O2 g–1 dry weight (DW) h–1 and leaf respiration rates averaged 1.22 and 1.38 mg O2 g–1 DW h–1, for intertidal and subtidal plants respectively. Photosynthesis of both intertidal and shallow subtidal plants was light saturated at between 195 and 242 μmol photons m –2 s–1, suggestive of acclimation to a high light environment. Despite the period of exposure at low tide clearly being an important time for photosynthetic gains for intertidal plants, when water clarity was sufficiently high, maximum rates of photosynthesis were also possible when the beds were submerged. If average water clarity was at the clearer end of a range measured for this site (Kd = 0.85 m–1) then it was calculated that for intertidal seagrass beds growing at mean sea level in Whangapoua, c. 50% of above‐ground production could occur while plants were submerged. 相似文献
14.
The morphology, swimming behaviour, settlement preferences and behaviour of five species of Demospongiae are described. The sponges, Haliclona sp., Microciona coccinea, Ophlitaspongia seriata, Mycale macilenta, and Halichondria moorei, are all common in the intertidal region in the north of New Zealand. The view is put forward that larval behaviour must be interpreted in terms of the known ecological situation of the adult sponge. 相似文献
15.
I. N. Estcourt 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):371-394
The distributions of 19 species of polychaetes burrowing in the intertidal sand and mudbanks of the Heathcote Estuary, New Zealand, are related to salinity, sediment grade, and length of time of exposure at low tide. Only Nicon aestuariensis Knox and Scotecolepides benhami Ehlers appear to be truly estuarine species reaching their greatest population densities in low salinities. Incidental observations of feeding and reproduction are reported. 相似文献
16.
Five bryozoan species were encountered in a 15‐day survey of freshwater habitats in New Zealand. Listed in order of decreasing frequency these were: Fredericella sultana, Plumatella repens, P. emarginata, Paludicella articulata, and one plumatellid species not previously described. Micro‐structural features of the floatoblast annulus separate the P. repens specimens into two distinct varieties, named here P. repens typica and P. repens rugosa. Paludicella, reported almost 100 years ago from the City of Dunedin waterworks, was still found only in a single reservoir of that city. Species distribution did not correlate significantly with water temperature, current velocity, pH, or total dissolved solids. Two additional species believed to occur in New Zealand, Fredericella australiensis and Plumatella fungosa, were not seen in this brief survey. An identification key is provided for New Zealand bryozoans. 相似文献
17.
Twelve species of barnacles were identified from the fouling community on the parts of the ‘Maui’ oil platform that were submerged during its tow from Japan in 1975 and after its arrival in New Zealand. The stalked barnacles Lepas anatifera L. var. (a) Darwin, L. anserifera L., Conchoderma auritum (L.), and C. virgatum (Spengler) probably settled during the tow across the tropical Pacific, and have been recorded in New Zealand waters before from ships (the Lepas spp.) and vertebrates (the Conchoderma spp.). The acorn barnacles were small, and probably settled in Japanese waters; Balanus variegatus Darwin and B. amphitrite Darwin already occur in northern New Zealand waters. The other six species—B. improvisus Darwin, B. albicostatus Pilsbry, B. reticulatus Utinomi, Megabalanus volcano (Pilsbry), M. rosa (Pilsbry), and Tetraclita squamosa japonica Pilsbry—have not been recorded from New Zealand before. 相似文献
18.
We examined the phylogeographic structure of two congeneric, direct-developing, intertidal whelks endemic to New Zealand, Cominella virgata and C. maculosa. A total of 855 specimens were collected from 23 rocky shore locations and we used them to determine the level of DNA sequence variation at the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. Cominella virgata and C. maculosa have relatively high levels of haplotype diversity but low levels of nucleotide diversity. Sample sites formed regional groups that were composed of genetically differentiated populations, a finding consistent with their limited dispersal abilities. Cominella virgata showed higher levels of regional differentiation than C. maculosa, and there were also species-specific differences in genetic patterns within some regions. Both species exhibited genetic homogenisation among proximate sites within groups, suggesting some dispersal does occur between areas that are not connected by contiguous rocky shore habitat. 相似文献
19.
The reproductive cycle of the abundant intertidal limpet Cellana ornata (Dillwyn 1817) was examined over 19 months, covering two breeding periods, on a rocky intertidal platform in southern New Zealand. A gonad index was calculated, and histological sections were used to count the numbers of mature and immature eggs present. Fecundity was estimated using counts of eggs before and after spawning. To determine any variation between sites, the gonad index of limpets at a second site dominated by boulders was examined over 6 months during the second breeding period. C. ornata had a single spawning period annually during summer, with greatest gonad sizes in January‐February. There were significant differences in peak gonad indices between two breeding seasons on the platform. Within the second breeding period, both the timing and magnitude of peak gonad development differed between sites, with lower reproductive output at the boulder site. Fecundity increased with increasing size, but individuals are probably capable of reproducing after their first year on the shore. The life history of this species is discussed in comparison to other limpets in New Zealand. 相似文献
20.