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中国海兔科的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
海兔科(Aplysiidae)是一类有经济价值的后鳃软体动物。人们很早就了解了它的食用价值,许多地方的渔民都有食用这类动物的习惯,如南太平洋博腊博腊岛(Borabora I.)的居民常以Dolabella teremidi Rang作食品;社会群岛(Society Is.)和友爱羣岛(Friendly Is.)的居民喜爱生食海兔;在朝鲜也有熟食这类动物的习惯。
我国福建(厦门、东山)也有个别渔民捕食蓝斑背肛海兔Notarchus (Bursatella)leachii cirrosus Stimpson , 但如食用过多则易引起头痛、眼睛失明等,严重时,甚至引起死亡。海兔卵群的干制品俗称“海粉”,在日本俗称“海素面＂。除供食用外,据说还可做医药用。福建厦门渔民养殖蓝斑背肛海兔已有上百年的历史;广东沿海渔民近年来也养殖黑斑海兔Aplysia (Varria) kurodai (Baba)生产“海粉”,销售于国内外各地。
对于我国海兔科的种类以往仅有一些零星记载,据我们所掌握的文献统计,记载分布我国的种类有：朱仲嘉报告1种;李国藩报导1种;张玺报告1种;张玺、齐钟彦报告了4种;蔡英亚报导1种;Sowerby报告的2个新种;Stimpson报告1个新种; Pilsbry报导4种;高桥定卫(Takahashi)报告1种;马场菊太郎(Baba)报告5种;Eales报告5种。在上述文献中,李国藩的Aplysia kuropdei (Baba)是Aplysia (Varria) kurodai Baba之误,Takahashi的Aplysia punctata (Cuvier)是Aplysia ( Varria) kurodai Baba的同物异名。Baba的Aplysia hirasei (Baba)是Aplysia ( Varria) oculifera Adams & Reeve 的同物异名。Baba 的Aplysia sibogae Bergh是Aplysia (Aplysia) juliana Quoy & Gaimard 的同物异名。Stimpson 的Notarchus cirrosus Stimpson,朱仲嘉的Notarchus (Bursatella) leachii leachii Blainvelle var. freeri (Griffin),蔡英亚、张玺、齐钟彦等的Notarchus (Bursatella) leachii freeri(Griffin),都是Notarchus (Bursatella) leachii cirrosus Stimpson的同物异名。Sowerby的Aplysia orientalis是Aplysia (Pruvotaplysia) parvula M?rch的同物异名。总结上述情况,报告过分布在我国的海兔种类实有5属、9种和1亚种。 相似文献
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陈宽智 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》1980,(3)
1、东方对虾的脑神经节由两对神经节合并组成,由它发出二对触角脑神经,一对视神经和一对皮肤神经。 2、东方对虾的食道下神经节由五对神经节合并组成,由它发出五对附肢神经。 3、东方对虾的腹神经链共有十一对神经节,其中除第五对由两对神经节合并组成并发出两对附肢神经外,余者各自发出一对附肢神经。 4、东方对虾的胸动脉孔位于腹神经链的第四与第五对神经节之间的神经干上。 5、三疣梭子蟹脑神经节结构与东方对虾相似。 6、三疣梭子蟹的胸神经团由食道下神经节和腹神经链的所有神经节合并组成,所有口部、胸部、及腹部附肢神经,均由它发出。 7、十足目动物腹神经链的演化,表现在神经节的不断合并上。其趋向是:首先胸部神经节逐渐与食道下神经节合并,形成胸神经团,其次腹部神经节逐渐前移并与胸神经团合并,最后食道下神经节与腹神经链所有神经节合并,形成完整神经团。 相似文献
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陈宽智 《山东海洋学院学报》1980,10(3):91-99
1、东方对虾的脑神经节由两对神经节合并组成，由它发出二对触角脑神经，一对视神经和一对皮肤神经。2、东方对虾的食道下神经节由五对神经节合并组成，由它发出五对附肢神经。3、东方对虾的腹神经链共有十一对神经节，其中除第五对由两对神经节合并组成并发出两对附肢神经外，余者各自发出一对附肢神经。4、东方对虾的胸动脉孔位手腹神经链的第四与第五对神经节之间的神经干上．5、三疣梭子蟹脑神经节结构与东方对虾相似。6、三疣梭子蟹的胸神经团由食道下神经节和腹神经链的所有神经节合并组成，所有口部、胸部、及腹部附肢神经，均由它发出。7、十足目动物腹神经链的演化，表现在神经节的不断合并上。其趋向是：首先胸部神经节逐渐与食道下神经节合并，形成胸神经团，其次腹部神经节逐渐前移并与胸神经团合并，最后食道下神经节与腹神经链所有神经节合并，形成完整神经团。 相似文献
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基于2011年5月至2012年4月(12月和翌年1—2月冰期除外)在渤海莱州湾逐月网采的数据资料,进行了莱州湾浮游桡足类胸刺水蚤(Centropages)种类组成、生态分布和生产力估算的研究。结果显示:莱州湾最为常见的胸刺水蚤是腹胸刺水蚤(Centropages abdominalis)和背针胸刺水蚤(C.dorsispinatus)。腹胸刺水蚤主要出现在冬、春季,该种5月丰度最高,月均丰度为435ind./m~3;背针胸刺水蚤主要出现夏、秋季(7—11月),该种9月丰度最高,月均丰度(76ind./m~3)明显低于腹胸刺水蚤相应值。成体中,两种胸刺水蚤的雌/雄比介于1—2。水温较高时,两种胸刺水蚤的桡足幼体和成体的前体长较小。腹胸刺水蚤密集区(100ind./m~3)主要分布于莱州湾湾口外东北侧,该水域水温多低于20°C;而背针胸刺水蚤密集区主要分布于水温介于21—25°C的湾内西侧近岸水域。粗略估算得到腹胸刺水蚤和背针胸刺水蚤桡足幼体和成体的月均生物量值分别为471μg C/m~3和50μg C/m~3,日生产力分别为89μg C/(m~3·d)和15μg C/(m~3·d)。两种胸刺水蚤具有明显季节更替和丰度空间分布互补性。背针胸刺水蚤已取代了2000年以前的优势种瘦尾胸刺水蚤(C.tenuiremis),成为莱州湾夏、秋季主要的胸刺水蚤。 相似文献
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1999年12月~2000年2月对厦门滨海湿地12个样区冬季鸟类的种类和数量进行调查。并选取调查地的7个参数定量分析滨海湿地鸟类群落多样性的主要影响因子。结果显示,厦门冬季滨海湿地鸟类共有15科45种。其中,风头潜鸭(Aythya fuligula)、红嘴鸥(Larus ridibundus)、黑腹滨鹬(Calidris alpina)和白鹭(Egretta garzetta)为优势种,其数量之和占总数量的76%。白鹭为厦门湿地的广布种,在12个样区均有分布。厦门冬季湿地鸟类群落的相似性与其滩涂底质的相似性之间存在一定的相关。湿地鸟类群落多样性的主要影响因素包括湿地周边建筑物、交通干扰、人工水产养殖场和周边陆地植被覆盖状况等。湿地鸟类的种群密度则受水域含盐量、交通干扰的显著影响。 相似文献
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在对东海的自由生活海洋线虫进行分类和多样性研究中,发现2个我国新纪录种并进行了描述。深海螺旋球咽线虫Spirobolbolaimus bathyalis Soetaert&Vincx,1988的主要鉴别特征为:体表具显著的环纹,头感觉器呈乳突状,化感器螺旋形,口腔中部具有一个背齿以及一对亚腹齿,咽前后各有一个咽球;具有两条弧形的交接刺,引带呈板状,无肛前辅器,具两个反向排列的直伸精巢。伸长丝瘤线虫Filoncholaimus prolatus Hopper,1967的主要鉴别特征为:体表光滑,内唇感觉器乳突状,十根头刚毛,口腔具一背齿及两个等大的亚腹齿,尾锥状,渐变为长丝状,锥状部分具尾刚毛;交接刺呈弧形,引带简单,板状,无引带突,具两个乳突状的肛前辅器和两个反向排列的直伸精巢。 相似文献
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鳍缨虫属Branchiomma物种隶属于缨鳃虫科(多毛纲、缨鳃虫目)。除斑鳍缨虫B.cingulatum(Grube,1870)和锯鳃鳍缨虫B.serratibranchis(Grube,1878)外,黑斑鳍缨虫B.nigromaculata(Baird,1865)和珠鳍缨虫B.pereraide Silva,1965为我国首次记录。鳍缨虫属Branchiomma K lliker,1858Type speciesAmphitrite bombyxDalyella,1853鳃冠两鳃叶的鳃丝呈螺旋状或半圆形排列。鳃丝近基部有鳃膜相连。鳃丝外侧具成对分布的外突起(external stylode),鳃丝上具成对的复眼。具背、腹唇,背唇锥状具背附属物和平行叶。领发达,领的背叶窄且背中央具宽的裂隙… 相似文献
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综述了对虾免疫防御中扮演重要角色的几种抗菌肽的研究进展。人们首先从对虾中分离到阳离子抗菌肽，即对虾肽（penaeidin），对其性质、抗菌谱和分布与合成部位等进行了研究。并克隆到了该类抗菌肽的基因。最近又在两种对虾的血淋巴中分离到了3种独特的具有抗真菌活性的肽类。与已发现的抗菌肽不同的是这3种肽带负电荷，与血蓝蛋白C－端序列的一致性达95％－100％，由此表明它来自对虾呼吸作用蛋白－血蓝蛋白的裂解片断。免疫检测表明，这种由血蓝蛋白限制性水解产生的抗菌肽与对虾的免疫反应有关。 相似文献
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海洋生物功能肽是从海洋生物中获得的一类具有多种生理活性、在体内担负着重要调节功能的肽类化合物。目前已经从海洋生物中分离出两千多种功能肽，这些功能肽具有抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗氧化、降血压等多种生理活性，且来源广泛、毒性小、特异性强。海洋生物功能肽现已成为医药、食品、化妆品等领域研究的热点，国内外有许多公司和机构致力于海洋生物功能肽类新型药物的研究，大批海洋生物功能肽已经进入医药市场或临床研究阶段。功能肽的结构是其活性的基础，研究它们的构效关系有利于对海洋生物功能肽进行结构改造和修饰，对推进海洋生物资源的开发具有重要意义。本文对近年来国内外在海洋生物功能肽构效关系研究中所取得的主要进展进行综述，为海洋活性物质的开发和应用提供参考。 相似文献
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厦门海区潮间带海洋动植物共附生微生物的抗菌活性 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
从厦门海区潮间带石纯、浒苔、江蓠、海兔、海葵及鲨鱼肠道分离得２８９株共附生微生物,以８种敏感菌为指示菌,从中获得拮抗活性的幼苗２８株,放线菌１７株,真菌８株。拮抗细菌以假单胞菌（３９％）、弧菌（２５％）和芽直菌（１４％）为主,主要为抗革兰氏阳性细菌,抗真菌的菌株比例较低。拮抗放线菌分属于链霉菌和小单孢菌,其抗革兰氏阳性菌、阴性菌和真菌的菌株比例分别为６５％、４７％和２３％。拮抗真菌分青霉属和芽枝霉 相似文献
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In vertebrates, neurotoxicants are chemicals whose primary toxic effect is on the nervous system, either the central nervous system (CNS {brain and spinal cord}) or the peripheral nervous system (PNS {spinal roots, sensory ganglia, peripheral nerves}). Pathological aspects of neurotoxicity are well documented in experimental mammals. We illustrate the neurotoxicity of two chemicals, which both produce lesions in selective regions of the rat brain, a thiocarbamate herbicide (cycloate) and an industrial chemical, chloropropionic acid (L-CPA). Cycloate exposure results in neuronal cell death by apoptosis in specific areas of the forebrain, whereas L-CPA produces granule cell necrosis in the cerebellum. Our studies in rodents demonstrate the discriminative power of neuropathological tools for neurotoxicity. Many agrochemicals/industrial chemical products enter the aquatic environment, some with the potential for neurotoxicity. The teleost CNS is the most primitive among the vertebrates but has features in common with the CNS of more advanced forms. Even allowing for differences in phylogenetic organisation, neuropathological tools should have the potential to identify neurotoxicants that affect teleosts. 相似文献
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Penaeidin from Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) has proved to be one of the most important antimicrobial peptides in the bodies of animals. The relative quantitative real-time PCR method is developed to study through time, the mRNA expression profile of penaeidin in the muscle and haemoeyte tissue of Chinese shrimp infected with vibrio (Vibrio anguillarum) and WSSV (white spot syndrome virus). Research results showed that the same pathogens infection experiments produced similar gene expression profile in different tissues while different expression profiles appeared in the same tissues infected by different exterior pathogens. In vibrio infection experiments, a “U” like expression profile resulted. Expression levels of ponaeidin increased and surpassed the non-stimulated level, indicating that penaeidin from Chinese shrimp has noticeable antimierobial activities. In WSSV infection experiments, the expression profile appeared as an inverse ““““U““““ with the expression ofpenaeidin gradually decreasing to below baseline level after 24 h.The expression of antimierobial peptides gene in mRNA level in response to virus infection in shrimp showed that international mechanisms ofvirns to haemoeytes and microbial to haemoeytes are completely different. Decline of ponaeidins expression levels may be due to haemoeytes being destroyed by WSSV or that the virus can inhibit the expression ofponaeidins by yet undiscovered modes. The expression profiles of penaeidin in response to exterior pathogen and the difference of expression profiles between vibrio and WSSV infection provided some clues to further understanding the complex innate immune mechanism in shrimp. 相似文献
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采用凝胶层析技术从泥蚶血细胞裂解物中纯化得到两种血红蛋白Tg-HbⅡ(异源四聚体)和TgHbⅠ(同源二聚体),回收率分别为48.15%和24.91%。胰蛋白酶酶解Tg-HbⅡ,酶解液经反相C-18色谱柱分离纯化得7种血红蛋白源多肽F1~F7。通过琼脂扩散法检测酶解多肽抑菌活性,结果发现7种多肽对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、恶臭假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和坚强芽孢杆菌均无抑菌作用,但多肽F2~F7对副溶血弧菌、溶藻弧菌和哈维氏弧菌具有明显抗菌活性,且多肽F2~F7对副溶血弧菌、溶藻弧菌和哈维氏弧菌的MIC值在0.012~0.200mg/mL范围内。荧光显微镜观察酶解多肽杀菌效果发现多肽杀菌迅速,5min内弧菌细胞几乎全部死亡。利用透射电子显微镜观察正常的和经抗菌肽处理后的溶藻弧菌和哈维氏弧菌细胞的超微结构,结果显示,对照组正常细胞内部结构完整,而经抗菌肽处理过的细胞其细胞壁完整,但因缺乏细胞内容物支持导致局部区域内陷,细胞质膜明显收缩,细胞内物质外流形成许多空泡从而导致细胞死亡。研究结果表明血红蛋白源抗菌肽对泥蚶致病菌弧菌有明显的抗菌活性,其通过破坏细胞内部结构而起到杀菌作用,这些发现为血红蛋白抗菌机制的研究奠定了基础。 相似文献
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对重组表达的海洋生物抗菌肽对虾素3-2进行亲和层析纯化,以海藻酸钠为壁材,采用凝聚法制备了重组抗菌肽海藻酸钠微囊,以微囊的形态和包封率为指标优化制备工艺,对制备的微囊进行体外释放特征的初步研究。结果显示,在氯化钙浓度为1.5%,海藻酸钠浓度为2.0%时,制备的微囊为完整的球形,冷冻干燥后的直径约为1.1 mm,包封率为83.87%。微囊在模拟胃液(pH 2.0)中2 h左右释放量趋于稳定,释放量低于14%;微囊在模拟肠液(pH 7.8)中不断释放,5 h时释放量达98%,表明微囊具有良好的肠溶性而可以抵抗胃液的破坏,可以用作重组抗菌肽缓释/控释制剂,为抗菌肽在水产病害防治过程的口服给药提供实验基础。 相似文献
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Sediment-starved sand ridges on a mixed carbonate/siliciclastic inner shelf off west-central Florida
S. E. Harrison S. D. Locker A. C. Hine J. H. Edwards D. F. Naar D. C. Twichell D. J. Mallinson 《Marine Geology》2003,200(1-4):171-194
High-resolution side-scan mosaics, sediment analyses, and physical process data have revealed that the mixed carbonate/siliciclastic, inner shelf of west-central Florida supports a highly complex field of active sand ridges mantled by a hierarchy of bedforms. The sand ridges, mostly oriented obliquely to the shoreline trend, extend from 2 km to over 25 km offshore. They show many similarities to their well-known counterparts situated along the US Atlantic margin in that both increase in relief with increasing water depth, both are oriented obliquely to the coast, and both respond to modern shelf dynamics. There are significant differences in that the sand ridges on the west-central Florida shelf are smaller in all dimensions, have a relatively high carbonate content, and are separated by exposed rock surfaces. They are also shoreface-detached and are sediment-starved, thus stunting their development. Morphological details are highly distinctive and apparent in side-scan imagery due to the high acoustic contrast. The seafloor is active and not a relict system as indicated by: (1) relatively young AMS 14C dates (<1600 yr BP) from forams in the shallow subsurface (1.6 meters below seafloor), (2) apparent shifts in sharply distinctive grayscale boundaries seen in time-series side-scan mosaics, (3) maintenance of these sharp acoustic boundaries and development of small bedforms in an area of constant and extensive bioturbation, (4) sediment textural asymmetry indicative of selective transport across bedform topography, (5) morphological asymmetry of sand ridges and 2D dunes, and (6) current-meter data indicating that the critical threshold velocity for sediment transport is frequently exceeded. Although larger sand ridges are found along other portions of the west-central Florida inner shelf, these smaller sand ridges are best developed seaward of a major coastal headland, suggesting some genetic relationship. The headland may focus and accelerate the N–S reversing currents. An elevated rock terrace extending from the headland supports these ridges in a shallower water environment than the surrounding shelf, allowing them to be more easily influenced by currents and surface gravity waves. Tidal currents, storm-generated flows, and seasonally developed flows are shore-parallel and oriented obliquely to the NW–SE trending ridges, indicating that they have developed as described by the Huthnance model. Although inner shelf sand ridges have been extensively examined elsewhere, this study is the first to describe them in a low-energy, sediment-starved, dominantly mixed siliciclastic/carbonate sedimentary environment situated on a former limestone platform. 相似文献