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1.
Protein expression signatures identified in Mytilus edulis exposed to PCBs, copper and salinity stress. 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Applied to environmental toxicology, proteome analysis may be used to isolate chemical-specific protein expression signatures (PES). In this project specific PES were isolated in mussels, Mytilus edulis, from the Baltic Sea subjected in the laboratory to treatment with copper (70 ppb), Aroclor 1248 (1 ppb), and to lowered salinity. Four mussels in each treatment group were acclimated in the laboratory for 24 h before beginning the 7-day exposure. Whole body tissue was homogenized and separated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The protein gels were scanned to TIFF files and compared using MELANIE II 2D gel analysis software (BioRad). Protein expression signatures including proteins induced and repressed by exposure were isolated for each treatment group. The specificity of PES due to environmental changes shows promise in bioindication, toxicity testing and in helping identify possible toxicity mechanisms. 相似文献
2.
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have long been advocated as effective management vehicles for promoting long-term conservation of marine resources and biodiversity. However MPAs are failing in their conservation goals, impeded by insufficient funds and a heavy reliance by low-income populations on natural resources.Investigation into a potential payment for environmental services (PES) program for marine protection was conducted in La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Surveys elicited tourists' willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce fishing pressure in Espíritu Santo Marine Park. Interviews with local fishermen investigated necessary levels of compensation in order to cease fishing, by proxy of required salaries in alternative employment outside of the fishing sector.Results indicated that required compensation values outweighed WTP by the tourist sector. Median WTP per trip amounted to US$12.50 and US$30, additional to pre-existing price, for day excursions and longer trips respectively. Median willingness to accept of fishermen was approximately US$135 per week, at time of survey, and required compensation was US$60 per week. Aggregated median WTP was able to cover annual compensation costs for approximately half of the fishing population. That fish stocks were not in collapse, thereby not creating sufficient scarcity and decreasing opportunity costs, and potential high transaction costs were identified as constraints of the proposed PES scheme.However, PES for marine protection should not be dismissed entirely; sites which are less productive and where fishermen's opportunity costs are low will be more suited to such a compensation scheme. Furthermore PES can work alongside existing markets. 相似文献
3.
The purpose of this research was to demonstrate a concentration effect of zinc exposure at organismal, cellular and sub-cellular levels in the eastern oyster and to find associated protein expression signatures (PES) for each concentration of zinc. Oysters were exposed to six concentrations of zinc for 48 h in a controlled environment. At the organismal level, fecal material was observed as a measure of physiological health during metal exposures. At the cellular level, lysosomal destabilization was measured using hemolymph. This cellular response was significant only at the highest concentration, when the fecal index was lowest. Protein responses were monitored in the oyster following exposure to zinc. Gill tissue was excised and homogenized, and then analyzed using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and digital image analysis. Protein expression signatures were found to be specific to each concentration. The protein responses were linked to the other biological parameters measured, each of which followed a concentration gradient of zinc. 相似文献
4.
Kinder A Sierts-Herrmann A Biselli S Heinzel N Hühnerfuss H Kammann U Reineke N Theobald N Steinhart H 《Marine environmental research》2007,63(5):506-515
Heat shock proteins 70 (hsp70) are known to be induced by a great variety of chemical stressors. The effects of different environmental contaminants, which were identified in sediments of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea as main contaminants or as contaminants of special toxicological interest, on the extent of expression of hsp70 in a permanent cell line Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) were investigated. Concentrations of the single contaminants leading to elevated hsp70 levels were compared to the respective concentrations of these contaminants encountered in the sediment extracts thus allowing an assessment of their contribution to the toxicity of these sediments. Analysis of hsp70 was performed using western blotting techniques with subsequent comparative quantification by densitometry. Eleven of thirteen contaminants have shown a dose-dependent increase in hsp70 levels. An expression of hsp70 was observed in most cases between 0.1 and 10 microg/mL test solution. Some of the investigated stressors led to extremely high hsp70 contents even at low concentrations. However, in most cases contaminant concentrations in sediments were too low to cause an effect. For this reason, effects of the tested sediments are attributed to other contaminants or rather to mixtures of stressors. 相似文献
5.
Physiological function emerges from complex biomolecular interactions (e.g., protein–protein) and control mechanisms that enable animals to respond and adapt to changes in their environment. Cell injury and pathology induced by pollutants and other stressors appears to involve the gradual and progressive dysfunction of complex biomolecular interactions, resulting in loss of integrated physiological interactions and homeostasis leading to a reduced capacity to respond effectively to stress. In order to determine whether complexity can be used as an indicator of health, the hypothesis that pathology involves a loss of biological complexity has been tested using a generic physiological interaction network. System complexity was evaluated using Eulerian cycles and connectedness (connectance%) for estimating topological complexity and application of network theory (i.e., analysis of scale-free networks and network diameter). The complexity of the whole system increases when sub-systems, such as detoxication and anti-oxidant protective processes, augmented autophagy, protein degradation and induction of stress proteins, are up-regulated and start to interact significantly as part of a response to low-level stress (i.e., biphasic or hormetic response). However, with increasing severity of stress, cell injury and higher-level functional impairment lead to physiological dysfunction and breakdown of the whole interaction network with consequent loss of complexity. In summary for the model described here, network and graph theory appear to provide a mathematical formalism that can facilitate the system-level interpretation of health and dysfunction in living cells. 相似文献
6.
To establish whether osmotic stress can be separated from possible toxicant stress in Eurytemora affinis, protein synthesis was analyzed under various conditions of temperature and osmotic stress. Individual adult copepods raised at 10 ppt and 15 °C were exposed for 5 h to different temperature and salinity regimes. Newly synthesized proteins were separated and identified using SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Copepods exposed to lower (2 and 5 ppt) and higher (15 and 20 ppt) salinities showed differences in the up- and down-regulation of specific proteins. Concurrent heat stress changed these protein patterns. These results suggest that protein profiles might be used to distinguish the effect of toxicants in a salinity gradient such as the Chesapeake Bay or in the Baltic region. 相似文献
7.
水产养殖中的环境胁迫及其预防--营养学途径 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
环境胁迫强弱程度的不同对养殖动物的生理功能、免疫力、生长和繁殖有不同程度的负面影响。本文综述近10多年来关于水产养殖环境胁迫的最新研究成果,重点介绍如何通过营养调控提高养殖动物的抗胁迫能力,以缓解或减轻环境胁迫所带来的负面效应。并指出未来的重要研究方向是探讨提高养殖动物抗胁迫能力的途径和作用机制。 相似文献
8.
《Marine Policy》2016
Bangladesh's hilsa shad (Tenulosa ilisha) comprises the largest single-species fishery in the country, constituting 11 per cent of the total catch and employing 2.5 million people directly or indirectly. Since 2003, following a sharp decline in catch figures, the hilsa fish has been the subject of a government conservation programme offering fishers economic incentives or payments for ecosystem services (PES). While PES schemes are widely used to conserve natural resources such as forests and watersheds, Bangladesh's programme is a rare example of PES for sustainable fishery management. Catch figures have improved since the programme was introduced; but concerns remain about fishers’ socioeconomic conditions and the long-term sustainability of Bangladesh's hilsa fishery. This paper analyses the conservation scheme's legal and institutional frameworks, identifying challenges to its design and implementation, and makes recommendations to overcome them. 相似文献
9.
Paul K.S. Lam 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2009,52(7):348-354
Using specific examples, this paper discusses several key issues associated with the use of biomarkers, which could influence their effectiveness and usefulness. First, there are few biomarkers that are specific enough to allow an identification of the precise nature of environmental stressors. Second, biomarker studies conducted at molecular or subcellular levels tend to be more repeatable and predictable, but their ability to predict significant biological effects is limited. In contrast, biomarkers at physiological, organismic or higher levels are usually more ecologically relevant, but slower to respond and more difficult to detect. Third, some organisms have the ability to repair damage induced by initial toxic insults and make adjustments to their biological responses, thus increasing the chance of false negatives. Therefore, the selection of an appropriate biomarker for use under specific ecological circumstances will be a compromise that is determined by the precise question(s) asked and cost-benefit considerations. 相似文献
11.
Avianna F. Zhukovskaya Nina N. Belcheva Valentina S. Slobodskova Viktor P. Chelomin 《Ocean Science Journal》2012,47(3):189-195
Organisms have evolved a cellular response called stress protein response that increases their tolerance in adverse environmental conditions. Well known stress proteins that bind essential and toxic metals are metallothionein (MT). The scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis is the most interesting organism because it is able to accumulate toxic cadmium in its digestive gland. However, in the tissue of the digestive gland of Mizuhopecten yessoensis MT (metallothioneins) have not been found. Eastern scallops, Mizuhopecten yessoensis, were collected from two locations ?? one clean and one polluted site. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were measured in the digestive gland. There was a significant increase in Cd concentrations in this studied tissue. We found that in the presence of cadmium Mizuhopecten yessoensis can induce high molecular proteins. The results of experiments have shown that Cd-binding ligands have a number of properties similar to MT: acetone and temperature stability; the ability to bind some metals, including Cd, Cu and Zn. Protein chromatography (FPLC, Superosa 12) from the digestive gland of scallop M. yessoensis has shown that cadmium is associated with high molecular weight Cd-binding proteins (72 kDa and 43 kDa). The major cadmium-binding protein 72 kDa is glycoprotein. In experiments we have demonstrated that Cd-binding proteins can be induced when there is cadmium exposure. The results of this study strongly suggest that the far eastern scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis has a unique and well-developed system for the detoxification of heavy metals and it allows for biochemical systems to be maintained in a relatively stable manner in the presence of heavy metals. 相似文献
12.
Suze Chora Brian McDonagh David Sheehan Mireille Starita-Geribaldi Michèle Roméo Maria J Bebianno 《Marine environmental research》2008,66(1):95-97
Environmental pollutants, such as metals, are widespread in aquatic environments and can lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are highly toxic in marine species since they can cause serious reversible and irreversible changes in proteins including ubiquitination and modifications such as carbonylation. This study aimed to confirm the potential of ubiquitination and carbonylation as markers of oxidative stress in the clam Ruditapes decussatus (Veneroida, Veneridae) exposed to cadmium (40 microg/L). After 21 days of exposure clams were dissected into gills and digestive gland. Cytosolic proteins of both tissues were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-D SDS-PAGE) and analysed by immunobloting. Higher ubiquitination and carbonylation levels were in digestive gland of contaminated organisms. These results confirm the potential of ubiquitination and carbonylation as a sensitive and specific marker of oxidative stress in marine bivalves. In this approach, changes in protein structure provide options for affinity selection of sub-proteomes for 2D SDS-PAGE, simplifying the detection of protein biomarkers using proteomic approach. 相似文献
13.
《Marine Policy》2017
The aim of this paper is to understand the extent to which the start-up motives can influence social-ecological resilience in community-based entrepreneurship setting. The case study approach was used to study five coastal communities in northwestern Sri Lanka. Shrimp farmers’ start-up motives include both the desire to capitalize on opportunities to utilize their resources and skills (opportunity-driven) and the need to establish satisfactory sources of income (necessity-driven). They have come up with diverse entrepreneurial responses to face various stressors and shocks by using their existing capital types and their willingness for collaboration. Farmers’ coping capacity is demonstrated through their individual responses whereas adaptive and transformative capacities are demonstrated mostly through their community cooperative work. Findings also reveal that the start-up motives of small-scale shrimp farmers are less influential on their social-ecological resilience in the community setting. Instead, the key to social-ecological resilience lies with the understanding of the nature of stressors and their commitment for collective action. 相似文献
14.
Climate change is a threat to marine biota because increased atmospheric CO2 is causing ocean warming, acidification, hypercapnia and decreased carbonate saturation. These stressors have toxic effects on invertebrate development. The persistence and success of populations requires all ontogenetic stages be completed successfully and, due to their sensitivity to environmental stressors, developmental stages may be a population bottleneck in a changing ocean. Global change ecotoxicology is being used to identify the marine invertebrate developmental stages vulnerable to climate change. This overview of research, and the methodologies used, shows that most studies focus on acidification, with few studies on ocean warming, despite a long history of research on developmental thermotolerance. The interactive effects of stressors are poorly studied. Experimental approaches differ among studies. Fertilization in many species exhibits a broad tolerance to warming and/or acidification, although different methodologies confound inter-study comparisons. Early development is susceptible to warming and most calcifying larvae are sensitive to acidification/increased pCO2. In multistressor studies moderate warming diminishes the negative impact of acidification on calcification in some species. Development of non-calcifying larvae appears resilient to near-future ocean change. Although differences in species sensitivities to ocean change stressors undoubtedly reflect different tolerance levels, inconsistent handling of gametes, embryos and larvae probably influences different research outcomes. Due to the integrative ‘developmental domino effect’, life history responses will be influenced by the ontogenetic stage at which experimental incubations are initiated. Exposure to climate change stressors from early development (fertilization where possible) in multistressor experiments is needed to identify ontogenetic sensitivities and this will be facilitated by more consistent methodologies. 相似文献
15.
《Marine Policy》2017
Commitments for sustainable growth often look good on paper but are messy in the practice. The Government of Bangladesh shows huge initiative towards SDG 14 (conservation and sustainable use of marine resources) by establishing measures to improve the stock of hilsa fish in the country, thus ensuring the supply of a valuable and charismatic fish species. Initial reports of the measures are optimistic, suggesting larger sizes of fish caught across the seasons. Bigger hilsa fetches better prices – as high as US$25 per kilo in niche markets. It is conservation business with profits. Yet the costs of these regulations are falling squarely on the shoulders of small fishermen who are poor, uneducated and in permanent debt. The government offers a small in-kind payment for ecosystem service (PES) in the form of rice, which is good but does not compensate for the loss of revenues and household protein during bans. These small fishers have no bargaining power and no voice in the design of policies that affect them. A common problem in policy design is the lack of clarity of the markets they affect, especially if they are informal. This study uses value chain models to unpick the hilsa value chain. It study provides hard data and evidence on processes, power, and profit creation. This consultation can help policy makers design better strategies to re-govern markets in more inclusive ways and help to achieve Sustainable Development Goals commitments. 相似文献
16.
Multi-year investigations in northern San Francisco Bay by United States Geological Survey have linked reduced condition indices in populations of Asian clam (Potamocorbula amurensis) with elevated cadmium tissue concentrations. Our study seeks to determine whether levels of hsp70 proteins in P. amurensis can be correlated with these findings, and/or are related to histopathologic alterations and concentrations of metallothionein-like proteins. Here we present our results on stress proteins in clams collected monthly from four field stations between July 1996 and January 1998. In addition, animals were exposed in the laboratory to a range of salinities. Stress proteins were analyzed by Western blotting using monoclonal antibodies. Hsp70 protein levels in field-collected clams were significantly higher at the seaward (high salinity/low cadmium) stations (12.5, 8.1) than at the landward (low salinity/high cadmium) stations (6.1, 4.1). Laboratory studies showed that clams exposed to 0.1 ppt salinity had markedly lower hsp70 levels than clams exposed to higher salinities. In view of our previous laboratory studies showing that cadmium induces hsp70 in P. amurensis, our present results indicate that reduced hsp70 protein levels in field-collected clams may be linked to salinity effects rather than cadmium tissue concentrations. 相似文献
17.
Marine proteomics: generation of sequence tags for dissolved proteins in seawater using tandem mass spectrometry 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
Matthew J. Powell Jennifer N. Sutton Carlos E. Del Castillo Aaron T. Timperman 《Marine Chemistry》2005,95(3-4):183-198
Dissolved proteins in seawater samples from the Gulf of Mexico were concentrated using tangential flow ultrafiltration and methanol/chloroform/water precipitation. Following concentration and purification, two different separation methods were employed. In one method, intact proteins were separated by SDS–PAGE and digested enzymatically in-gel. In the second method, the peptides resulting from a solution proteolytic digest of the whole protein pellet mixture were separated by capillary HPLC. In both methods, the final chromatographic separation was coupled on-line with a mass spectrometer using an electrospray interface, and peptide CID spectra were collected using tandem mass spectrometry (MS). De novo sequencing of the peptide tandem mass spectra generated short amino acid sequences (peptide tags) that were used to search databases for protein class and source information. Trends of conserved sequences for two specific classes of proteins were observed: membrane/envelope proteins and enzymes. Similarity searching of peptide tags produced identification of conserved sequences from several protein homologues originating from many different species, including: long chain fatty acyl CoA synthetase, anthranilate synthase, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, and luminal binding protein. These results provide new insight into the sources and production mechanisms for dissolved organic matter (DOM), as there is direct evidence for dissolved proteins other than the bacterial outer membrane proteins reported by Tanoue et al. Furthermore, the data presented herein support the idea that physical protection and selective preservation are not mutually exclusive survival mechanisms, but rather these two models are dependent upon one another for explaining the survival of refractory dissolved proteins in seawater. 相似文献
18.
Phosphorus(P) is one of the key nutrients for the growth of phytoplankton. In this study, we used a method coupling label-free quantitation with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry(LFQ–LC–MS/MS) to track the change of relative protein abundance between P-replete and P-deficient treatments in a non-model diatom, Thalassiosira weissflogii. Out of the 631 proteins identified, 132 were found to have significant changes in abundance(1.5 folds) between the two treatments, especially those proteins involved in macromolecular biosynthesis pathways. For example, the up-regulation of sulfolipid biosynthesis protein in the P-deficient culture suggested a switch from using phospholipids to sulfolipids. In addition, the ribosome subunits and tRNA synthetases were down-regulated, which might explain the decrease in protein content in the P-deficient culture. A vacuolar sorting receptor homologous protein was found to be 9.2-folds up-regulated under P-deficiency, indicating an enhancement in the vacuolar sorting pathway for protein degradation. Our results show that T. weissflogii has sophisticated responses in multiple macromolecular metabolism pathways under P-deficiency, a mechanism which can be critical for this species to survive under various levels of P availability in the environment. 相似文献
19.
Navigation at sea is based on Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) that allow for the use of a limited number of projections. As navigation in the Arctic region becomes a reality due to the progressive melting of the polar ice cap, a re-examination of the most suitable projections for navigation in the Arctic becomes timely. Several projections are proposed in the literature for this area. In our approach, the selection is based on an analytical study utilizing three criteria: the control of the magnitude of distortions within acceptable limits, the shape of great circles (GCs) and rhumb lines/loxodromes, and the shape of the graticule lines portrayed on the chart. The analysis carried out shows that to fulfill the set criteria, the arctic area should be divided into Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. More specifically, for the Arctic region the Azimuthal Polar Equidistant projection and the Azimuthal Polar Stereographic projection are the most suitable ones. For the sub-Arctic region, the Lambert Conformal Conic and the Conic Equidistant projection are considered more appropriate. All four projections proposed can be used for both the traditional nautical chart and the ECDIS, and both are considered as the starting point for further study of specific ECDIS requirements. 相似文献
20.
We performed a comprehensive metaproteomic analysis of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) in Japanese coastal waters using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and demonstrated that these proteomes were characterized by proteins with various functions, including metabolic enzymes, membranes, and photosynthetic proteins. The protein sources included cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, and eukaryotic phytoplankton. Most of the components were similar among samples and also similar to pelagic components. We also observed differences in the compositions of the microbial communities of origin among the different dissolved protein samples and differences in the relative abundance of specific dissolved protein types (e.g., cytoskeletal proteins), possibly indicating potential dynamics in the coastal DOM pool. 相似文献