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1.
Measurements of nitrate and ammonium in precipitation and associated with aerosols were conducted at Rutgers University Marine Field Station in Tuckerton, New Jersey from March 2004 to March 2005 to characterize atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary. The arithmetic means of nitrate and ammonium concentrations for precipitation samples were 2.3 mg L−1 and 0.42 mg L−1, respectively. Nitrate and ammonium concentrations in aerosol samples averaged 3.7 μg m−3 and 1.6 μg m−3, respectively. Wet deposition rates appeared to vary with season; the highest rate of inorganic nitrogen deposition (nitrate + ammonium) occurred in the spring with an average value of 1.33 kg-N ha−2 month−1. On an annual basis, the total (wet and dry) direct atmospheric deposition fluxes into the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary were 7.08 kg-N ha−2 year−1 for nitrate and 4.44 kg-N ha−2 year−1 for ammonium. The total atmospheric inorganic nitrogen directly deposited to the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary was estimated to be 4.79 × 104 kg-N year−1, and the total atmospheric inorganic nitrogen deposited to the Mullica River watershed was estimated to be 1.69 × 106 kg-N year−1. Only a fraction of the nitrogen deposited on the watershed will actually reach the estuary; most of the nitrogen will be retained in the watershed due to utilization and denitrification during transport. The amount of N reaching the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary indirectly is estimated to be 5.07 × 104 kg-N year−1, approximately 97% is retained within the watershed. This atmospheric nitrogen deposition may stimulate phytoplankton productivity in the Mullica River-Great Bay ecosystem.  相似文献   

2.
Direct deposition of atmospheric nitrogen to shallow coastal embayments is usually estimated, since insufficient field measurements are available. Using Waquoit Bay (Cape Cod, MA. USA) as a case study, and a recent review of literature, we determined reasonable bounds on wet and dry inputs of inorganic and organic N. Since precipitation and wind vary daily, we explored the potential of episodic events to stimulate phytoplankton blooms. Many coastal waterbodies like Waquoit Bay are small relative to their watersheds. Nevertheless, direct deposition of NH(3), NO(3)(-), and HNO(3) is significant in the loading budget. For Waquoit Bay, direct deposition was calculated to be 7-15.5 kg total N ha(-1)yr(-1), representing 70-150% of the atmospheric N reported to reach the bay via the watershed, and 20-45% of the total N reaching the bay from all land-based sources. Episodic events were estimated to deliver up to 65 mg N m(-2)day(-1), representing a phytoplankton stock of 12.3 mg Chl m(-2), an amount unlikely to stimulate dense blooms in shallow coastal waters in the northeastern United States.  相似文献   

3.
珠江口横门大气氮、磷干湿沉降的初步研究   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9       下载免费PDF全文
通过对2006年12月至2007年11月中山横门的大气沉降采样分析, 初步探讨了珠江口大气氮、磷干湿沉降的特征。结果表明, 观测期间铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)降雨量加权平均浓度分别为0.82、0.52、2.14、0.039mg.L-1, 干湿总沉降通量分别为1.584、1.142、4.295和0.055g.m-2.a-1。NH4+-N、NO3--N和TN干、湿沉降通量相当, 而TP以湿沉降为主。TN大气沉降通量春、夏、秋三季相当, 均明显高于冬季, TP则以夏季最大, 秋季次之, 而冬季最小。  相似文献   

4.
近50 a来杭州湾冲淤变化规律与机制研究   总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2  
使用杭州湾1959-2010年的水下地形图, 结合过去数十年来长江入海水沙量和钱塘江河口段冲淤变化状况, 分析了近50 a来杭州湾在长江入海泥沙量锐减和治江围涂等人类活动作用下的冲淤变化规律及其物理机理。结果表明, 乍浦以上区域近50 a来处于较显著的淤积状态, 且有自上向下发展的趋势, 这种淤积主要是由于钱塘江河口治江缩窄工程所引起的;湾内地形发生了局部调整, 部分小型潮流槽脊系统趋于消亡, 地形趋于平坦化, 湾口北部2003年以后有转淤为冲的趋势, 这与长江入海泥沙量锐减和该区域围垦工程等因素有关;1959-2003和2003-2010年两个时段, 湾内泥沙淤积的年平均值分别为0.91×108和1.66×108 m3。对于整个钱塘江河口系统而言, 即自杭州湾湾口至钱塘江河口段的闸口断面, 长江入海泥沙量减少所产生的影响尚不明显, 2003年以后泥沙淤积速率甚至有所上升。杭州湾近50 a的冲淤变化是人为强烈干预下的大流域-河口系统响应与中小流域-河口系统响应的调整结果。  相似文献   

5.
Seasonal variations in freshwater, salt, phosphorus and nitrogen budgets of Hakata Bay, Japan were investigated from April 1993 until March 1994. The internal sink of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and nitrogen (DIN), and the internal source of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) and nitrogen (DON) predominate in the bay. This means that the production of organic matter is larger than respiration, and atmospheric CO2 is absorbed in the water column of Hakata Bay. Denitrification is more dominant than nitrogen fixation in the bay. Compared to Tokyo and Mikawa Bays, Hakata Bay is harder to eutrophicate, mainly due to the shorter residence time of freshwater.  相似文献   

6.
The coastal upwelling has profound influence on the surrounding ecosystem by supplying the nutrient-replete water to the euphotic zone. Nutrient biogeochemistry was investigated in coastal waters of the eastern Hainan Island in summer 2015 and autumn 2016. From perspectives of nutrient dynamics and physical transport, the nutrient fluxes entered the upper 50 m water depth（between the mixed layer and the euphotic zone） arisen from the upwelling were estimated to be 2.5-5.4 mmol/（m2·d）,...  相似文献   

7.
珠江口海域春季富营养化现状与影响分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
随着珠江三角洲经济圈的迅速发展,珠江口海域环境污染日趋严重,于2014年春季对珠江口邻近海域进行环境现状调查,并通过因子分析法和聚类分析法就珠江口调查海域管辖城市和邻近区域的环境现状对珠江口海域环境污染的贡献率进行排序和分类.结果表明:珠江口调查海域营养盐污染较为严重,无机氮含量范围为0.213~1.963 mg/dm~3,平均值为0.888 mg/dm~3;活性磷酸盐含量范围为0.009~0.063 mg/dm~3,平均值为0.033 mg/dm~3.无机氮和活性磷酸盐在珠江口上游和中游均超过海水水质第四类标准,珠江口下游无机氮含量符合海水水质第四类标准,活性磷酸盐含量符合海水水质第二类标准.无机氮以硝氮为主,氨氮次之,亚硝氮含量最低.珠江口调查海域DIN/P变化范围为8.5~168.0,平均值为31.8;富营养化指数E变化范围为0.3~45.1,平均值为8.2,富营养化较为严重.来自广州、东莞、佛山、中山的四大口门排入的污染物对珠江口海域环境影响最大,其次是深圳西部海域沿岸和前海湾、深圳湾排入的污染物,最后是珠海、澳门和香港带入的污染物.从珠江口邻近海域环境现状对珠江口海域环境影响进行较为深入地分析和探讨,为珠江口海域环境的治理和修复提供一些意见和建议.  相似文献   

8.
1IntroductionEstuaries are the main channels linking bothland and coastal seas,through which pass matterleached from land into rivers,together with anthro-pogenic matter discharged directly into the estuaries.During the past few decades,increasing concern…  相似文献   

9.
Physical and biological processes controlling spatial and temporal variations in material concentration and exchange between the Southern Everglades wetlands and Florida Bay were studied for 2.5 years in three of the five major creek systems draining the watershed. Daily total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) fluxes were measured for 2 years in Taylor River, and ten 10-day intensive studies were conducted in this creek to estimate the seasonal flux of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), total organic carbon (TOC), and suspended matter. Four 10-day studies were conducted simultaneously in Taylor, McCormick, and Trout Creeks to study the spatial variation in concentration and flux. The annual fluxes of TOC, TN, and TP from the Southern Everglades were estimated from regression equations. The Southern Everglades watershed, a 460-km2 area that includes Taylor Slough and the area south of the C-111 canal, exported 7.1 g C m−2, 0.46 g N m−2, and 0.007 g P m−2, annually. Everglades P flux is three to four orders of magnitude lower than published flux estimates from wetlands influenced by terrigenous sedimentary inputs. These low P flux values reflect both the inherently low P content of Everglades surface water and the efficiency of Everglades carbonate sediments and biota in conserving and recycling this limiting nutrient. The seasonal variation of freshwater input to the watershed was responsible for major temporal variations in N, P, and C export to Florida Bay; approximately 99% of the export occurred during the rainy season. Wind-driven forcing was most important during the later stages of the dry season when low freshwater head coincided with southerly winds, resulting in a net import of water and materials into the wetlands. We also observed an east to west decrease in TN:TP ratio from 212:1 to 127:1. Major spatial gradients in N:P ratios and nutrient concentration and flux among the creek were consistent with the westward decrease in surface water runoff from the P-limited Everglades and increased advection of relatively P-rich Gulf of Mexico (GOM) waters into Florida Bay. Comparison of measured nutrient flux from Everglades surface water inputs from this study with published estimates of other sources of nutrients to Florida Bay (i.e. atmospheric deposition, anthropogenic inputs from the Florida Keys, advection from the GOM) show that Everglades runoff represents only 2% of N inputs and 0.5% of P input to Florida Bay.  相似文献   

10.
珠江口海域营养盐比及与浮游植物的关系   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
根据2004-2006年珠江口海域的调查资料,对营养盐含量和比值与浮游植物群落结构的关系进行分析.结果显示,调查海域维持丰富的氮、磷、硅,其中氮、硅以东宝河口最高,磷以深圳湾最高;丰富的氮、磷、硅和较高的N:P均可能是形成调查海域多年来浮游植物群落以硅藻类占优势的主要原因;但是在深圳湾、桂山岛、万山列岛及横琴岛附近海域(主要是4月),营养盐含量及其之间的比例发生变化(深圳湾主要是 N:P,后三个岛屿附近海域主要是Si:N),对浮游植物群落结构变化产生影响;并且近年来珠海高速发展的养殖业造成其海域赤潮的频发.  相似文献   

11.
The preferential inorganic nitrogen source for the seagrass Zostera noltii was investigated in plants from Ria Formosa, South Portugal. Rates of ammonium and nitrate uptake were determined at different concentrations of these nutrients (5, 25 and 50 μm ), supplied simultaneously (NH4NO3) or separately (KNO3 and NH4Cl). The activity of the enzymes nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) was also assessed. The results showed that ammonium is the preferential inorganic nitrogen source for Z. noltii, but, in the absence of ammonium, the species also has a high nitrate uptake capacity. The simultaneous availability of both inorganic nitrogen forms enhanced the uptake rate of ammonium and decreased the uptake rate of nitrate compared to when only one of the nitrogen forms was supplied. The activity of both enzymes was much higher in the leaves than in the roots, highlighting the importance of the leaves as primary reducing sites in the nitrogen assimilation process.  相似文献   

12.
Nitrogen and phosphorus contents are analyzed in the overlying waters and pore waters taken from the Changjiang Estuary and Shanghai coastal tidal flats in this study. In addition, the diffusion fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus across the sediment-water interface in tidal flats are estimated according to the nutrient concentration gradients at the interface. It has been indicated that the concentrations of ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and dissolved phosphorus in overlying waters range from 0.0082～2.56, 0.03～0.58, 0.69～5.38 and 0.035～0.53 mg/L, respectively, while 0.0025 ～ 1.35 mg/L for NH4+-N, 0. 0055 ～ 0.20mg/L for NO2--N, 0.61～1.14 mg/L for NO3--N and 0.11～0.53mg/L for DP insurface pore waters.The findings have revealed that ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and dissolved phosphorus diffusion fluxes across the sediment-water interface are between -0.024～0.99, -0.39～ -0.0019, -3.09～the source of phosphorus and an important sink for nitrogen in the waters.  相似文献   

13.
珠江口海域无机氮和活性磷酸盐含量的时空变化特征   总被引：17，自引：1，他引：17  
黄小平  黄良民 《台湾海峡》2002,21(4):416-421
主要利用1998年在珠江口海域连续同步观测资料，研究该海域无机氮、活性磷酸盐含量和富营养化状况。结果表明，无机氮主要来自四个口门的径流，但深圳湾附近的陆源亦有一定贡献；无机氮的形态主要以硝酸氮为主，而在深圳湾附近海域则以氨氮为主；无机氮含量普遍超过0．30mg/dm^3的我国海水水质标准二类标准值，大部分海域已超过0．50mg/dm^3的四类水质标准值，径流对活性磷酸盐含量的贡献不显著，而深圳湾附近的陆源则有明显的贡献，从珠江口附近由沿岸流和涨潮流带来的活性磷酸盐亦有明显的影响；除深圳湾附近海域活性磷酸盐含量超过0．030mg/dm^3的二类海水水质标准值外，其他海域基本符合0.015mg/dm^3的一类海水水质标准值要求。该海域的N／P值普遍较高，而且北部海域的高于南部海域；最高值超过300，最小值也大小30；该水域的营养盐主要为磷限制。  相似文献   

14.
The release of ammonium from the photochemical degradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been proposed by earlier studies as a potentially important remineralisation pathway for refractory organic nitrogen. In this study the photochemical production of ammonium from Baltic Sea DOM was assessed in the laboratory. Filtered samples from the Bothnian Bay, the Gulf of Finland and the Arkona Sea were exposed to UVA light at environmentally relevant levels, and the developments in ammonium concentrations, light absorption, fluorescence and molecular size distribution were followed. The exposures resulted in a decrease in DOM absorption and loss of the larger sized fraction of DOM. Analysis of the fluorescence properties of DOM using parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) identified 6 independent components. Five components decreased in intensity as a result of the UVA exposures. One component was produced as a result of the exposures and represents labile photoproducts derived from terrestrial DOM. The characteristics of DOM in samples from the Bothnian Bay and Gulf of Finland were similar and dominated by terrestrially derived material. The DOM from the Arkona Sea was more autochthonous in character. Photoammonification differed depending on the composition of DOM. Calculated photoammonification rates in surface waters varied between 121 and 382 μmol NH4+ L− 1 d− 1. Estimated areal daily production rates ranged between 37 and 237 μmol NH4+ m− 2 d− 1, which are comparable to atmospheric deposition rates and suggest that photochemical remineralisation of organic nitrogen may be a significant source of bioavailable nitrogen to surface waters during summer months with high irradiance and low inorganic nitrogen concentrations.  相似文献   

15.
We conducted studies of nutrients and water mass movements in a semi-enclosed bay in northern China to understand nutrient dynamics under varying tidal regimes. Four cruises were conducted under varying tidal regimes in Jiaozhou Bay, two at neap tide and one at spring tide in August and one at spring tide in October 2001. In addition to transect surveys, drift experiments and an anchor station were employed to show current and tidal effects. Samples for nutrient evaluation were taken from the five major tributary rivers in March (dry season) and August (flood season) of 2002 to estimate nutrient transport by rivers, and wastewater samples were collected to evaluate nutrients in wastewater discharge. Benthic nutrient fluxes were determined by (1) incubation of sediments with overlying seawater on board the boat and (2) calculated by Fick’s First Law from nutrient pore water profiles. Nutrient concentrations were high in the north, especially the northeast and northwest sectors, reflecting human activities. Jiaozhou Bay was characterized by high nitrogen, but low phosphorus and silica concentrations compared to Chinese coastal seas. Based on nutrient atomic ratios, the limiting elements for phytoplankton growth in Jiaozhou Bay were silica and phosphorus. The fluxes of nutrients between sediment and overlying water varied depending on the specific nutrient, the site and redox conditions. Benthic nutrient fluxes based on sediment incubations were all lower than the estimated diffusive fluxes, implying that the nutrients released from sediment pore waters were probably utilized by benthic microalgal and bottom-water primary production. A preliminary estimate of nutrient budgets demonstrated that riverine and wastewater inputs were greater than atmospheric deposition into Jiaozhou Bay, except that nitrate from wastewater inputs was less than atmospheric deposition. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus increased while silica decreased in the last four decades, similar to other eutrophicated estuaries. The resulting shift in nutrient composition in Jiaozhou Bay affects phytoplankton composition, trophic interactions, and sustainability of living resources.  相似文献   

16.
Water and sediment samples were collected at Datong from June 1998 to March 1999 to examine seasonal changes in the transports of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) to the East China Sea (ECS). Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN; dominated by nitrate) concentration exhibited small seasonality, and DIN flux was largely controlled by water discharge. Dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentration was inversely correlated with water discharge, and DIP was evenly delivered throughout a year. The transports of DIN and DIP from the Changjiang River were consistent with seasonal changes in nutrient distributions and P limitation in the Changjiang Estuary and the adjacent ECS. Dissolved organic and particulate N (DON and PN) and P (DOP and PP) varied parallel to water discharge, and were dominantly transported during a summer flood. The fluxes of DOP and particulate bioavailable P (PBAP) were 2.5 and 4 times that of DIP during this period, respectively. PBAP accounted for 12–16% of total particulate P (PP), and was positively correlated with the summation of adsorbed P, Al–P and Fe–P. Ca–P, the major fraction of PP, increased with increasing percent of CaCO3. The remobilization of riverine DOP and PBAP likely accounted for the summer elevated primary production in DIP-depleted waters in the Changjiang Estuary and the adjacent ECS. The Changjiang River delivered approximately 6% of DIN (1459 × 106 kg), 1% of DIP (12 × 106 kg), and 2% of dissolved organic and particulate N and P to the totals of global rivers. The construction of the Three Gorges Dam might have substantially reduced the particulate nutrient loads, thereby augmenting P limitation in the Changjiang Estuary and ECS.  相似文献   

17.
In coastal ecosystems, denitrification is a key process in removing excess dissolved nitrogen oxides and participating in the control of eutrophication process. Little is known about the role of salt marshes on nitrogen budgets in cold weather coastal areas. Although coastal salt marshes are important sites for organic matter degradation and nutrient regeneration, bacterial-mediated nitrogen cycling processes, such as denitrification, remain unknown in northern and sub-arctic regions, especially under winter conditions. Using labelled nitrogen (15N), denitrification rates were measured in an eastern Canadian salt marsh in August, October and December 2005. Freshly sampled undisturbed sediment cores were incubated over 8h and maintained at their sampling temperatures to evaluate the influence of low temperatures on the denitrification rate. From 2 to 12 degrees C, average denitrification rate and dissolved oxygen consumption increased from 9.6 to 25.5 micromol N2 m-2 h-1 and from 1.3 to 1.8 mmol O2 m-2 h-1, respectively, with no statistical dependence of temperature (p>0.05). Nitrification has been identified as the major nitrate source for denitrification, supplying more than 80% of the nitrate demand. Because no more than 31% of the nitrate removed by sediment is estimated to be denitrified, the presence of a major nitrate sink in sediment is suspected. Among possible nitrate consumption mechanisms, dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium, metal and organic matter oxidation processes are discussed. Providing the first measurements of denitrification rate in a St. Lawrence Estuary salt marsh, this study evidences the necessity of preserving and restoring marshes. They constitute an efficient geochemical filter against an excess of nitrate dispersion to coastal waters even under cold northern conditions.  相似文献   

18.
本文依据日本监测的137Cs 年大气沉降通量，利用相应的降水数据进行修正，定量分析长江口1986 年137Cs 大气沉降特征，结合长江口沉积物中137Cs 与239+240Pu 比活度垂直剖面的分布特征对1986 年时标进行探讨，同时讨论了识别该时标的方法。结论如下： （1） 长江口137Cs 大气沉降通量趋势与日本东京基本一致，1986 年都存在明显的137Cs 沉降峰，所以长江口沉积物中应存在切尔诺贝利核事故泄露的137Cs 蓄积峰记录。（2） 相比于稳定的湖泊沉积环境，沉积动力环境复杂的长江口可以结合Pu 同位素推断137Cs 剖面的1986 年次级峰，但是根据沉积物平均沉积速率、蓄积峰比值等推算此次级峰较为困难，所以对1986 年辅助计年时标的应用要慎重。  相似文献   

19.
Forms and functions of inorganic carbon in the Jiaozhou Bay sediments   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
Inorganic carbon forms and their influencing factors, mutual transformation and contribution to carbon cycling in the Jiaozhou Bay sediments were discussed. The results show that inorganic carbon in sediments could be divided into five forms:NaCl form, NH3·H2O form, NaOH form, NH2OH·HCl form and HCl form. Thereinto, NH2OH·HCl form and HCl form account for more than 70% of total inorganic carbon. There was close relationship among every form of inorganic carbon and their correlativity was clearly different with different sedimentary environment except the similar strong positive correlation among NH2OH·HCl form, HCl form and total inorganic carbon in all regions of the Jiaozhou Bay. All forms of inorganic carbon were influenced by organic carbon, pH, Eh, Es, nitrogen and phosphorus in sediments, but their influence had different characteristics in different regions. Every form of inorganic carbon transformed into each other continuously during early diagenesis of sediments and the common phenomenon was that NaCl form, NH3·H2O form, NaOH form and NH2OH·HCl form might transform into steady HCl form. NaCl form, NH3·H2O form, NaOH form and NH2OH·HCl form could participate in carbon recycle and they are potential carbon source; HCl form may be buried for a long time in sediments, and it may be one of the final resting places of atmospheric CO2. Inorganic carbon which entered into sediments was about 4.98×1010 g in the Jiaozhou Bay every year, in which about 1.47×1010 g of inorganic carbon might be buried for a long time and about 3.51×1010 g of inorganic carbon might return into seawater and take part in carbon recycling.  相似文献   

20.
杭州湾作为典型的高浑浊度海湾,对其水体碳酸盐体系分布特征的研究相对较少。本文基于两个夏季航次(2018年和2019年)获取的调查资料,阐述夏季杭州湾水体中碳酸盐体系参数的空间分布特征,并进一步分析影响溶解无机碳偏离保守混合作用的主要过程及相对贡献。数据结果表明,杭州湾内表层溶解无机碳浓度与总碱度的变化范围分别为1 553～1 964 μmol/kg和1 577～2 101 μmol/kg,略低于长江口(1 407～2 110 μmol/kg和1 752～2 274 μmol/kg),溶解无机碳浓度和总碱度的空间分布受控于淡水与外海水混合的影响,在潮汐作用下,总体呈现出湾内低,向湾外逐渐升高的趋势。影响表层溶解无机碳非保守混合分布的主要过程中,海?气交换降低溶解无机碳浓度,呼吸作用增加溶解无机碳浓度,两个过程对溶解无机碳浓度变化量的贡献分别为(?42.3±11.7)%与(34.2±14.3)%,净效应呈现为相对平衡的状态。通过计算获得表层海水pCO2的平均值为799 μatm (675～932 μatm),海湾总体表现为大气CO2的源。此外,湾内海水碳酸盐缓冲因子的范围为12.8～23.8,对CO2的缓冲能力弱于邻近东海海水(缓冲因子平均值约为11.9),指示其与外部水体的交换可能会降低附近海域的酸化缓冲能力。相对其他河口/海湾而言,杭州湾内高浊度与强潮汐的特点使其湾内水体的碳酸盐体系分布特征具有区域特殊性。  相似文献   

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