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1.
Westergaards equations are widely used in the design of rigid concrete highway and aircraft pavements. The equations assume that the pavements are either infinite or semi-infinite in extent. Recently, a numerical design procedure using finite elements has been introduced for finite sized precast concrete pavement units [raft units]. The present paper compares the computed stress results from the two methods for the interior loading on a two metre square raft unit. The results show that there is no simple “slab-size correction factor” to correlate the stress output from the two design methods as suggested by other authors. Westergaards analysis should not be used to design finite sized raft units; the numerical design procedure is recommended. 相似文献
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压力分散型锚索内力变化规律试验研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对压力分散型锚索的每个承载体单元采用了分级循环加载的方法,通过新的地质力学模型试验,研究压力分散型锚索各单元内力变化规律,并根据试验方法和压力分散型锚索锚固段的受力状态,导出了分级循环加载条件下接触面满足摩 尔-库仑强度条件时的弹性理论解。试验结果表明,在软岩和粉土地质条件下,前者的注浆体应变和剪应力分布相对后者比较集中,加载过程中单元间影响相对较小;基于摩尔-库仑准则的弹性理论解可以较好地描述锚索注浆体在分级循环加载后的应变和剪应力分布规律。研究结果对正确分析压力分散型锚索加固作用机制和锚固工程设计具有较好的参考价值。 相似文献
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Ardeshir Dehmoobed Sharif-abadi Tim Grain Joseph 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2010,28(4):471-481
Strain softening of oil sand under dynamic loading from large mining equipment inhibits the ability of the equipment to function
at optimal design performance. This paper looks at the findings of dynamic plate load tests, which effectively mimick the
loading and unloading action of a shovel track pad. A pseudo-elastic model was proposed based on the results of the dynamic
plate load testing to predict the deformation of oil sand under cyclic loading. Both field and laboratory cyclic plate load
tests were performed on oil sand materials. The field tests were performed with different plate sizes, or footprints. The
load was normalized based on the pressure stiffness concept in units of pressure per unit deformation. FLAC was used to model
the field plate load test deformation with the elastic concept. The laboratory tests were performed at room temperature with
more control on the load, loading rate, and cycles than possible during the field testing. Tests were conducted using a circular
plate of 14.9 cm diameter, at stress magnitudes of 200, 400, 500 and 600 kPa. The plate load tests were conducted for varying
loads, holding, and relaxation times of 0, 2, 5 and 10 min respectively for each magnitude of stress. The outcome of laboratory
plate load tests show that after frequent cycles, the pressure stiffness (ratio of stress to deformation) converges on a plateau
value of 8 kPa/mm. The proposed approach can be used to evaluate oil sands ground performance, enhancing the prediction process
for ground deformation under the operation of ultra-class mining equipment. 相似文献
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Geothermal Characteristics and Geological Implications of Major Tectonic Units in China 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Wang Yang Faculty of Earth Sciences Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing China Wang Jiyang Institute of Geology Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Deng Jinfu Faculty of Earth Scie 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2000,11(3)
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Coeval stratigraphic units of similar petrology occur throughout the northern Bahamas islands. The petrographic composition of these limestones provides clues about regional sea level and climate changes during the late Quaternary. At least eight fossil shoreline units, which are linked to transgressive episodes between the middle Pleistocene and the late Holocene, are recognized in the Bahamas. The petrographic composition of these units is either dominated by ooids and peloids or by bioclasts. Sedimentological observations demonstrate that oolitic-peloidal units were formed when sea level was higher than today, whereas skeletal units were deposited at or below modern ordnance datum. Skeletal units may reflect times of partial, or modest platform flooding, when the bulk of sediments brought to islands originates from bank-margin reefs. In contrast, oolitic-peloidal units correspond to major flooding events and active water circulation on the bank top. Cement fabrics further show that the early diagenesis of oolitic units took place during warm and humid climatic conditions, whereas skeletal rock bodies underwent subaerial diagenesis during drier climatic conditions characterized by marked seasonal changes. This example from the Bahamas suggests that compositional analysis of limestone from fossil carbonate platforms could be used for resolving ancient climate and sea-level changes. 相似文献
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大别山东段的变质地层格架 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
上世纪80年代末以后完成的大别山区1∶5万区域地质调查,将大别山的中深变质杂岩解体为变质变形侵入岩和变质表壳岩两部分,但所建立的构造岩石/地层单位大多沿用了1∶20万区域地质调查的地层名称。与之同期,大别山超高压变质岩发现以来的地质研究也揭示出大别山中深变质岩的主体为正片麻岩,并以变质特征及其构造属性划分出4个构造单元。本文依据前人的地质调查和研究成果,将大别山的变质地层划分为4个岩石地层(构造岩石地层、构造岩石)单位,3个非正式岩石地层单位。论述了它们与区域地质调查所划分的地层单位的对比,以及与4个构造单元的对应关系。 相似文献
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本文基于吉南－辽北地区３６４件最新的微金分析资料,表明各主要太古宙地质单元的金丰度均明显低于地壳金丰度值。同时指出,本区绿岩带有关金矿的矿源是多源的。其中有相当一部分来自于深源。 相似文献
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Garth van der Kamp 《Hydrogeology Journal》2001,9(1):5-16
Shallow clay-rich aquitards limit groundwater recharge to underlying aquifers, but they also protect the aquifers from contamination.
The bulk hydraulic conductivity of such shallow aquitards can range from less than 1 mm/year to more than 100 m/year and may
be much greater than the hydraulic conductivity of small intact samples of the aquitard material. This enhanced hydraulic
conductivity diminishes the qualities of the aquitards for the protection of underlying aquifers but allows a higher rate
of recharge. For aquifers that are overlain by aquitards, management and protection of groundwater resources may be critically
dependent on reliable determinations of aquitard permeability.
A variety of methods for determining bulk hydraulic conductivities of shallow clay aquitards is available; each has drawbacks
and advantages, and each is based on simplifying assumptions. These methods include slug tests, pumping tests, response of
the aquitard to mechanical loading, and analysis of natural pore-pressure fluctuations. Several of the commonly used methods
require an independent measurement of specific storage. Laboratory methods for determining specific storage are probably not
representative of in situ conditions and may lead to overestimation of aquitard permeability. Much of the theory developed
to date depends on the assumption that horizontal displacement of the solid material is negligible, and this may not be a
valid assumption for highly deformable media such as clay aquitards. However, with judicious selection of the most suitable
methods for a particular site, good test design, careful instrumentation, and respect for the underlying assumptions, reliable
determinations of aquitard permeability can be obtained.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
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D.G. Osborne 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》1976,3(2):175-191
Vacuum-filter capacity can only be reliably determined if accurate data is available from laboratory and pilot-scale tests with samples of the material ultimately to be filtered by the commercial unit.Pilot units are invariably relatively flexible models of the commercial unit but the scope of the testwork must be minimised wherever possible because of the large sample volume involved.Laboratory bench-scale apparatus must therefore be used to provide the basis for determining the extent of specific information required from pilot-plant work. All too often however, this apparatus bears no resemblance to the operational behaviour of a particular filter type. Laboratory tests conducted with a closely simulated apparatus can provide valuable information and because the apparatus is very flexible, the type of testwork which can be accomplished can take into account varying operating conditions and allow optimized operation to be predicted. Such testwork need not involve a very large bulk sample of the slurry. It is not however satisfactory to base filter design totally on laboratory data and it is essential that pilot-scale work be carried out with a suitable model of the eventual commercial machine. Pilot units are now readily available from filter manufacturers and it is possible for testwork service to be obtained or for the machine to be hired.The paper contains an approach to obtaining rotary-vacuum-filter capacities for coal concentrate treatment and demonstrates comparative results obtained with bench, pilot and full-scale tests. 相似文献
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双排抗滑桩是加固大型滑坡的常用工程措施之一,在实际工程设计计算中的关键环节在于简单且合理地确定作用于前后排桩上的滑坡推力。将抗滑桩受荷段前侧坡体视为水平向的温克勒（Winkler）地基,基于弹性地基梁模型,并充分考虑桩体受荷段与锚固段的变形连续性,通过迭代算法确定出后排抗滑桩受荷段前侧坡体抗力,进而可对排间坡体采用传递系数法计算出前排桩桩后滑坡推力,给出了相关的理论计算公式。通过室内模型试验验证了所提方法的合理性,并针对一大型基覆式滑坡实例,具体计算出了前后排桩上的设计滑坡推力荷载。所提计算方法可为实际工程的简化设计提供参考。 相似文献
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大理岩弹塑性耦合特性试验研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
大量研究表明,岩石经历塑性变形时其弹性参数会发生变化,即存在弹塑性耦合现象。为了研究岩石的弹塑性耦合特性,进行了两种大理岩的循环加、卸载试验。试验结果表明:与常规试验对比,循环加、卸载试验对岩石的变形、强度及破坏形态影响较小;弹性参数随塑性变形的变化显著,考虑弹塑性耦合时,弹性参数取体积模量和剪切模量更为合适;基于Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则,计算得到了强度参数,即黏聚力和内摩擦角随塑性内变量的演化规律。所得结论将为岩石弹塑性耦合本构模型的建立提供基本的试验支持。 相似文献
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Pile foundations are frequently subjected to cyclic lateral loads. Wave and wind loads on offshore structures will be applied in different directions and times during the design life of a structure. Therefore, the magnitude and direction of these loads in conjunction with the dead loads should be considered. This paper investigates a loading scenario where a monotonic lateral load is applied to a pile, followed by two‐way cycling in a direction perpendicular to the initial loading. This configuration is indicative of the complexity of loading that may be considered and is referred to in the paper as ‘T‐shaped’ loading. The energy‐based numerical model employed considers two‐dimensional lateral loading in an elasto‐plastic soil, with coupled behaviour between the two perpendicular directions by local yield surfaces along the length of the pile. The behaviour of the soil–pile system subjected to different loading combinations has been divided into four categories of shakedown previously proposed for cyclic loading of structures and soils. A design chart has been created to illustrate the type of pile behaviour for a given two‐dimensional loading scenario. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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郑州地下水均衡试验场的改建,是中国地质环境监测院主持的国家地下水监测工程中地下水均衡试验场的改建项目之一。在均衡试验场的改建中试验土柱构建是一个核心问题,涉及到两个方面:试验介质的选择与试验筒装填。据河南省地质地貌特征,分为五地貌单元:黄河北冲积平原、黄河南冲积平原、淮河冲积平原、南阳盆地、豫西黄土丘陵。结合野外调查,概化出了五个地貌单元的岩性与不同岩层的叠置关系,并通过典型地段勘查对岩性及结构的代表性进行论证,以此确定五分区各类岩性的采样地点,为试验土柱构建奠定了地质基础。试验筒的总长达90 m,按设计要求将试验土样装入试验筒。制定小柱体模拟沉降试验,求得按设计要求装填土样之沉降系数,作为试验土样装填试验筒厚度的计算依据。试验土柱装填完成后,对其进行沉降观测,确认沉降趋稳且不影响试验土柱传感器安装时,试验柱才算构建完成。郑州地下水均衡试验场改建共建造25个试验柱,试验柱的高度分别包含1 m、2 m、3 m、5 m、7 m等五个不同高度,每个高度又包含黄河北冲积平原、黄河南冲积平原、淮河冲积平原、豫西黄土丘陵、南阳盆地等五个区域包气带。 相似文献
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边坡物理模型倾斜加载方式的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
模型试验是研究边坡失稳机制的重要技术手段,通过倾斜模型获得滑坡的变形破坏过程也是常用的试验方法。作为一种试验加载方法,倾斜加载方式的可控性、倾斜过程中应力场的相似性都是影响该方法应用的关键性问题。为了研究试验方法的可控性,以块状滑体为例,分析计算了模型倾斜和离心加载两种试验方法对滑块抗滑安全系数的影响过程,结果表明,倾斜加载方法可以随着倾斜角度的增加连续地降低滑块的抗滑安全系数,而离心加载方式仅在1g～10g范围内对滑块的抗滑安全系数产生显著影响。为了比较模型倾斜前后模型内部应力场的相似性,建立了物理模型的数值计算模型,模拟不同倾斜角条件下坡体内的应力场。计算结果表明,模型倾斜过程中,坡体中部应力状态保持稳定,倾斜角较大时,坡体的前缘滑带位置应力状态变化较大,前缘进入塑性变形的可能性增大,局部应力场变化有利于模拟水库型滑坡的破坏机制。为了验证倾斜模型模拟滑坡破坏过程的应用效果,以千将坪滑坡为原型,采用倾斜加载方式进行破坏模型试验,获得了滑坡的破坏过程。与非连续变形分析方法(DDA)模拟的结果相比,模型试验得到的破坏形态更接近实际滑坡。 相似文献
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实际工程中桩基经常受到各种动荷载作用,如高铁路基中的加固桩长期承受列车行车时产生的循环动荷载作用,桩基在循环荷载作用下的承载特性研究对动荷载下的工程设计至关重要。X形桩是一种在传统圆形截面桩基础上发展而来的新型异性桩技术,其承载机制不同于传统圆形截面桩。为了深入研究X形桩在循环荷载作用下的动力特性和荷载与沉降规律,开展了砂土中X形桩竖向循环加载大比尺模型试验。试验结果表明,随着循环加载的进行,X形桩顶产生累计沉降,且循环荷载比越大,加载频率越高,桩顶沉降越快;循环加载初期,X形桩顶动刚度降低,桩身轴力响应增大,桩侧摩阻力发生弱化,之后逐渐趋于稳定,且桩身下半段侧摩阻力较大;在同等加载条件下X形桩与等截面圆形桩相比,承受动荷载能力较强,桩侧摩阻力较大,长期循环加载作用下产生的累计位移较小。研究结果可为X形桩在动荷载作用下的工程设计提供参考依据。 相似文献
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火山、次火山岩型银矿床储量约占全国银总储量的80％,是我国重要的银矿床类型。该类型矿床均分布于地洼区的不同构造单元的交接部位。结合地洼构造单元分区,将47个银矿床划分为东南、华中、五台—南兴安岭、吉辽、额尔古纳和滇西等6个银成矿区带。运用地洼成矿理论,初步总结了火山、次火山岩型银矿床产布,矿物组合,赋存形式和载体矿物以及成矿机构等方面的基本地质特征。 相似文献