共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 159 毫秒
1.
文中设计了3种类型的基底收缩挤压砂箱实验模型和一种基底无收缩挤压砂箱实验模型，用于研究柴达木盆地北缘新生代构造的变形机制。实验结果表明，基底收缩挤压模型以反冲断层发育为特色。在双侧对称对冲挤压模型中，正冲和反冲断层的发育程度基本处于均衡状态；在双侧不对称对冲挤压模型中，反冲断层更加发育，尤其在挤压速度较快一侧更加显著；单侧挤压模型中，以反冲断层发育、正冲断层很少为特征。由此表明，基底收缩作用和挤压作用的不对称性促使反冲断层的发育。根据实验结果与实际剖面的对比，笔者认为，基底收缩和不对称挤压是导致该区特殊剖面结构的可能原因，该区新生代构造变形是在基底收缩作用参与下、以祁连山为主的侧向不对称挤压作用的结果。 相似文献
2.
沿河凉河对冲变形都是笔者开展１：５万沿河幅区调过程中发现的，构造线方向为ＮＮＥ，系燕山期产物。燕山早期由于受ＳＥ、ＮＷ向力偶作用，凉桥向斜形成后于两翼页岩与灰岩接触部位分别形成后展式迭瓦状逆冲断层及次级褶皱组成旋风顶和青莱坪逆推覆挤压带，前者发育双冲构造和飞来峰，再由这两上不同方向，不同体系的挤压带构成高级别的对冲构造晚期由对冲转走滑顺向斜轴形成凉桥右旋走滑断层，致使早期的两个对冲体系错移至少达９ 相似文献
3.
施力方式对半地堑反转构造变形特征影响的物理模拟实验研究 总被引：8，自引：5，他引：8
根据断层的上下盘施力方式的不同设计了两组实验,以探讨在刚性边界条件下的半地堑反转构造的变形特点。实验结果表明(1)在自由边界基底驱动下形成的盆地反转规模较大,刚性边界处会沿原断层发生反转,而在自由端断层不会反转,但会形成深部低角度逆冲滑脱断层;(2)在刚性下盘侧向驱动下很小的挤压量就会形成盆地的反转,但是反转的范围较小,随着原设边界断层的角度由小到大,盆地内的断层会发生由刚性边界处单侧发生反转到两侧边界断层发生近对称式反转的变化;(3)实验结果证实了辽河坳陷西部凹陷反转构造是在刚性下盘为主动盘挤压变形下形成的。 相似文献
4.
构造变形与地表过程相互影响,但前人研究主要关注构造变形如何塑造地貌,而对地表过程如何影响构造变形尚有待研究。研究区塔西南褶皱冲断带主要经历了三叠纪末和新生代两期逆冲变形过程。在这两期变形过程中,剥蚀作用和沉积作用共同对变形施加影响,形成了山前逆冲断层突破地表、盆地内断层远距离传播的现今构造样式。因此,本研究以塔西南褶皱冲断带地质模型为基础,开展剥蚀和同沉积这两个地表过程对褶皱冲断带变形影响的构造物理模拟实验研究,结合塔西南地区的实际地质条件,在双滑脱层条件下,设计了3组实验模型,包括未施加剥蚀和同沉积的参照模型A、同时施加差异剥蚀和同沉积的模型B、同时施加剥蚀夷平和同沉积的模型C。在第一期变形结束后,三组模型变形样式相似,在没有上覆沉积物的负载作用时,变形均未向盆地内部远距离传播。在第二期变形结束后,模型A山前与盆地内部构造以及地形坡角差异不大,变形前锋最远可达106 cm;模型B在山前和盆地内部的地形坡度为14°以及4°,变形前锋最远可达96 cm;模型C在山前和盆地内部的地形坡度为20°以及5°,变形前锋最远可达89 cm。实验结果表明：1)早期剥蚀作用会降低逆冲楔体的地形坡度,从... 相似文献
5.
塔里木盆地乌什凹陷晚新生代构造变形特征与油气 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
基于高分辨率二维地震反射剖面地质解释,认为晚新生代塔里木盆地乌什凹陷具"对冲"构造变形特征.凹陷北侧为南天山冲断体系,自北向南逆冲,主冲断层为神木园断裂,前锋断层为下塔尕克断裂.凹陷南侧为温宿凸起反冲断层体系,自南向北逆冲,主冲断层为古木别兹断裂.由于基底对冲,上覆沉积盖层沿中新统吉迪克组底部和古近系膏盐层向南北两侧滑脱,形成一大型向斜构造,造成深、浅构造层变形差异明显.构造变形开始于上新世库车组沉积期,第四纪加剧,为印藏碰撞"远距离效应"的结果,其对晚新生代构造圈闭发育和油气运移具重要控制作用. 相似文献
6.
研究区位于南京幕府山地区的劳山向斜,此向斜以三叠系青龙组为核部,两翼依次出露古生界地层,走向北东。根据向斜两翼地层产状,利用极射赤平投影方法得出该向斜的枢纽产状为30°∠11°,轴面产状为294°∠81°,主应力σ1、σ2、σ3的产状分别为115°∠9°、30°∠11°、247°∠75°,显示该向斜是在晚三叠世时受到北西—南东方向近水平挤压应力作用而形成,是向斜成山的构造负地形。劳山最高峰是向斜核部转折端,两翼依次出露的不同地层之间均为断层接触;劳山向斜两侧发育的断层倾向均与向斜核部向背,运动方向均向向斜核部逆冲,而且断层倾向与地层倾向相反。推测断层倾角上陡下缓,造成地层缺失和出露不完整。根据对其中1条断层的定量研究,得出该断层的运动量为62.94 m。研究成果对进一步研究宁镇山脉地区的褶皱构造形态、断裂构造的运动方式和运动量有重要意义。 相似文献
7.
基底收缩对挤压构造变形特征影响——来自砂箱实验的启示 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9
进行了 4个砂箱模型的模拟实验。其中基底收缩单侧挤压剖面模型以形成后冲叠瓦式断层为特征 ,基底无收缩单侧挤压剖面模型则以发育前冲叠瓦断层为特征。基底收缩斜向双侧挤压平面模型形成两组不同走向的逆断层 ,一组为与挤压带边界基本平行的主控断层 ,另一组为与挤压方向近于垂直的雁列断层。而基底无收缩斜向双侧挤压平面模型仅形成一组与挤压带边界基本平行的逆断层。这些模型的实验结果表明 ,基底收缩对挤压构造变形特征具有重要的影响。后冲 (或向陆冲向 )叠瓦式这种较为罕见挤压构造、以及与挤压方向近垂直的雁列断层的形成与基底的收缩作用有关。对于类似于焉耆盆地这种通常认为是压剪形成的挤压构造组合 ,笔者认为用“基底收缩条件下的斜向挤压作用”可更加贴切地加以解释。 相似文献
8.
薄皮构造是前陆盆地向前陆冲断带转化过程中常出现的一种构造样式,不仅是造山带研究的重要内容,对于前陆盆地、破裂前陆盆地以及前陆冲断带油气的富集也有着重要的影响。巴基斯坦盐岭位于印度板块北缘,是由沉积盖层沿前寒武系盐岭组盐岩层发生韧性滑脱、向南逆冲而形成的,属于典型的薄皮构造。盐岭及周邻的这一变形过程发生在第四纪,较好地保留了内部的次级构造变形。为了厘清薄皮构造内部的次级构造特征及变形过程,在盐岭东部以高精度SPOT遥感影像为指导,结合野外工作,对各级断层进行了细致调查,详细描述记录了其特征。经综合对比分析认为,盐岭东部断层(组合)类型主要包括背斜顶部局部正断层组、高角度逆断层及大型走滑断层,走滑断层周边偶见小型低角度逆冲推覆构造。这些断层的演化过程大致为:第四纪以来,在印度-欧亚板块强烈碰撞背景下,印度板块北部南北向挤压应力场导致了薄皮构造的形成;其后,南北向挤压使得薄皮构造整体发生波浪式连续褶皱,宽缓褶皱顶部形成了局部拉张应力,导致倾向相反的局部正断层组的形成,随着挤压的持续,部分正断层被迫发生反转,形成高角度逆断层,随着挤压进一步加剧,形成了北西向、北东向走滑断层,切割了南北向构造线,形成盐岭东部现今典型的"倒三角形"地貌。 相似文献
9.
基底收缩对斜向挤压盆地构造格局影响的实验研究 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
实验设计了不同基底条件的两个斜向挤压砂箱模型,实验结果表明:基底收缩可以促使斜向挤压盆地形成复杂的构造面貌,说明复杂构造格局并非总是意味着盆地经历了复杂的构造变形过程、或变形历史。基底收缩的斜向挤压实验模型说明盆地内部不同走向的断层也可以形成于同一挤压变形过程,不同走向的断层非总是意味着盆地经历了多期构造作用。基底收缩可以促使斜向挤压盆地形成雁列式断层带,雁列式断层带并非是走滑活动、或拉分作用的确凿证据。基底收缩可以促使斜向挤压盆地形成背冲式构造组合格局。基底收缩的斜向挤压实验模型为研究复杂构造格局盆地的成因机制提供了新思路。 相似文献
10.
西藏谢通门斯弄多地区新生代逆冲推覆构造的基本特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
谢通门县斯弄多地区发育大型新生代逆冲推覆构造,逆冲断层面倾向200°左右,断层倾角15～25°。逆冲断层上盘主要由上石炭统昂杰组灰岩、白云质灰岩构成,形成陡峭高耸的推覆前缘断崖;下盘以始新统年波组火山岩为主。断层全长约60km,断层带宽2～3km。逆冲推覆上盘推覆体向北北东方向滑移,根据飞来峰的相对位置估算,推覆体推覆距离约15km。逆冲推覆构造的形成可能与印度板块向北俯冲导致冈底斯地区强烈的陆内挤压作用有关。 相似文献
11.
INTRODUCTIONRock deformation is normally explained by tec-tonic stress as rock deformation results fromthe tec-tonic stress field. The classic tools that explainedfracture mechanisms were the Coulomb shear fracturerule and the Anderson mode derived fromit (Zhu,1999) . More and more studies have shown that it isdifficult to explain rock deformation in a large strainrange using only the Coulomb shear fracture rule( Waltham,2002 ; Gutscher et al .,2001 ; Tikoff andWojtal ,1999) . As a ver… 相似文献
12.
We report quantitative results from three brittle thrust wedge experiments, comparing numerical results directly with each other and with corresponding analogue results. We first test whether the participating codes reproduce predictions from analytical critical taper theory. Eleven codes pass the stable wedge test, showing negligible internal deformation and maintaining the initial surface slope upon horizontal translation over a frictional interface. Eight codes participated in the unstable wedge test that examines the evolution of a wedge by thrust formation from a subcritical state to the critical taper geometry. The critical taper is recovered, but the models show two deformation modes characterised by either mainly forward dipping thrusts or a series of thrust pop-ups. We speculate that the two modes are caused by differences in effective basal boundary friction related to different algorithms for modelling boundary friction. The third experiment examines stacking of forward thrusts that are translated upward along a backward thrust. The results of the seven codes that run this experiment show variability in deformation style, number of thrusts, thrust dip angles and surface slope. Overall, our experiments show that numerical models run with different numerical techniques can successfully simulate laboratory brittle thrust wedge models at the cm-scale. In more detail, however, we find that it is challenging to reproduce sandbox-type setups numerically, because of frictional boundary conditions and velocity discontinuities. We recommend that future numerical-analogue comparisons use simple boundary conditions and that the numerical Earth Science community defines a plasticity test to resolve the variability in model shear zones. 相似文献
13.
《Sedimentary Geology》2002,146(1-2):91-104
Steep thrusts are usually interpreted as oblique-slip thrusts or inverted normal faults. However, recent analogical and numerical models have emphasised the influence of surface mass-transfer phenomena on the structural evolution of compressive systems. This research points to sedimentation and erosion during deformation as an additional explanation for the origin of steeply dipping thrusts. The present study uses both field observations and analogue modelling to attempt to isolate critical parameters of syntectonic sedimentation that might control the geometry of the upper part of thrust systems.A field study of thrust systems bounding two compressive intermountain Tertiary basins of the Iberian Chain is first briefly presented. We describe the surface geometry of thrusts surrounding the Montalbán Basin and the Alto Tajo Syncline at the vicinity of deposits of Oligocene–Early Miocene alluvial fans at the footwall of faults. Field observations suggest that synthrusting sedimentation should influence the structure of thrusts. Indeed, the faults are steeper and splitted at the edge of the syntectonic deposits.Effects of sedimentation rate on footwall of thrusts, and of its change along fault strike are further investigated on two-layer brittle-ductile analogue models submitted to compression and syntectonic sediment supply. Two series of experiments were made corresponding to two end-members of depositional geometries. In the first series, the sedimentation was homogeneously distributed on both sides of the relief developed above the thrust front. In the second series, deposits were localised on a particular area of the footwall of thrust front. In all experiments, the sedimentation rate controls the number and the dip of faults. For low sedimentation rates, a single low-angle thrust develops; whereas for high sedimentation rates, a series of steeper dipping thrust is observed. In experiments with changing sedimentation rate along fault strike, the thrust geometry varies behind the areas with the thickest sediment pile. 相似文献
14.
跨地裂缝墙体开裂形态分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
应用非线性有限元法对跨地裂缝的墙体开裂形态进行了分析,确定出了具有三维活动性的地裂缝垂直穿越墙基时,墙体出现裂缝的位置、倾向、倾角和后期的发展状况,以及随沉降量与张开量比值变化的规律。结果表明:地裂缝垂直穿越围墙时,墙体上出现的裂缝一般有两种形式:一是位于地裂缝下盘的墙顶竖直裂缝,二是出现在地裂缝正上方墙体底部的斜裂缝;当地裂缝两盘的土体活动以水平拉张为主时,墙体底部出现的斜裂缝以高角度向上扩展,当地裂缝两盘的土体活动以差异沉降为主时,墙体底部出现的斜裂缝则以较缓的角度向上扩展,倾向与地裂缝相反;只要地裂缝的上下盘土体有微小的错动,一般2～3mm时,就会引起墙体的破裂,且墙体裂缝扩展迅速,几个毫米的错动量,就能使墙体裂缝扩展数十厘米,甚至贯通整个墙体;墙体斜裂缝在产生初期较为平直,随着裂缝的迅速扩展,端部稍向下弯曲,倾角减缓,整体呈弧弯状。 相似文献
15.
Approximately 56% of 60 known nested calderas are pairs of nonintersecting subcircular structures with similar eccentricities. The consistent configuration suggests an interdependence in the formation of the two annular structures. This possibility has been investigated using 11 analogue models with sand (crust analogue) overlying silicone (magma analogue). Silicone withdrawal induces collapse within the sand, forming two concentric depressions: the first-formed inner depression, bordered by outward-dipping reverse ring faults (mean dip of 75°), induces the collapse of the outer depression, bordered by inward dipping, normal ring faults (mean dip of 84°). An original linear relationship is determined among the ratios between the diameters of the two depressions and the depth of the ring faults. Selected pairs of natural nested calderas show similar proportions, highlighting a consistent architecture. This suggests that some pairs of nonintersecting nested calderas result from a single collapse event. 相似文献
16.
铁路台阶式加筋土挡墙的设计方法尚不成熟,现有设计方法不能满足铁路边坡工程实践的需求。潜在破裂面的确定是加筋土挡墙设计的关键,但现行规范仅对10 m以下单级加筋土挡墙的潜在破裂面有了明确的规定。为了研究台阶式加筋土挡墙在铁路荷载作用下潜在破裂面的特征,设计了1:4的大比例尺二级台阶式加筋土挡墙室内模型试验,以周期性加卸载的方式模拟铁路荷载,通过监测墙面水平位移、墙顶沉降及土工格栅筋带变形,分析确定潜在破裂面的位置和形状。试验结果表明：I级墙（下级墙）潜在破裂面形状与现行规范中的0.3H法破裂面类似,但位置更深,且下部破裂面更缓,表明潜在不稳定范围更大;II级墙（上级墙）潜在破裂面形状与朗肯主动破裂面基本一致,但并未从II级墙坡脚剪出,而是内移刺入I级墙体;研究结果可为铁路台阶式加筋土挡墙的设计提供理论参考。 相似文献
17.
岩质斜坡受到花岗岩脉的多次侵入,坡体结构和岩体结构均有较大的改变,因此斜坡的变形破坏模式和稳定性均有可能发生变化。本文以雅砻江中游楞古水电站坝址区嘎夏帕斜坡为例,对多次花岗岩脉侵入条件下斜坡的变形破坏模式和稳定性进行分析。嘎夏帕斜坡原本为陡倾中薄层砂岩组成的逆向坡,岩体完整性较好,稳定性较高; 由于受到花岗岩脉的多次侵入,坡体变成砂岩和岩脉互层的结构,在岩脉挤压作用下,大部分岩体呈碎裂状,完整性差,坡体的变形模式由弯曲-倾倒式变为挡墙溃决式。中部完整性较好的砂岩成为挡墙,和前部岩脉一起阻止后部大方量碎裂状岩体下滑,但是随着前部脉体的失稳破坏,斜坡有可能发生挡墙溃决式整体滑坡。并通过数值模拟软件3DEC进行了验证,计算结果与定性分析一致。本文的结论可以为此类斜坡的稳定性分析和防治提供理论支持,具有一定的参考价值和实际意义。 相似文献
18.
The terminology of structures in thrust belts 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Robert W.H Butler 《Journal of Structural Geology》1982,4(3):239-245
A review of structures and geometric relationships recognized in thrust belts is presented. A thrust is defined as any contractional fault, a corollary being that thrusts must cut up-section in their transport direction. ‘Flats’ are those portions of a thrust surface which were parallel to an arbitrary datum surface at the time of displacement and ‘ramps’ are those portions of thrusts which cut across datum surfaces. Ramps are classified on the basis of their orientation relative to the thrust transport direction and whether they are cut offs in the hangingwall or footwall of the thrust. Lateral variations in the form of staircase trajectories are joined by oblique or lateral ramps which have a component of strike-slip movement.An array of thrusts which diverge in their transport direction may form by either of two propagation models. These are termed ‘piggy-back’ propagation, which is foreland-directed, and ‘overstep’ propagation which is opposed to the thrust transport direction. An array of thrust surfaces is termed an ‘imbricate stack’ and should these surfaces anastamose upwards a ‘duplex’ will result; the fault-bounded blocks are termed ‘horses’. A duplex is bounded by a higher, ‘roof’ thrust and a lower, ‘floor’ thrust. The intersection of any two thrust planes is termed a ‘branch line’.Thrusts can be classified on the basis of their relationship to asymmetric fold limbs which they cut. A further classification arises from whether a particular thrust lies in the hangingwall or footwall of another one.The movement of thrust sheets over corrugated surfaces, or the local development of thrust structures beneath, will fold higher thrust sheets. These folds are termed ‘culminations’ and their limbs are termed ‘culmination walls’. Accommodation of this folding may require movement on surfaces within the hangingwall of the active thrust. These accommodation surfaces are termed ‘hangingwall detachments’ and they need not root down into the active thrust. This category of detachment includes dip-slip ‘hangingwall drop faults’ which are developed by differential uplift of duplex roofs, and ‘out-of-the-syncline’ thrusts which develop from overtightened fold hinges. Back thrusts, as well as forming as hangingwall detachments, may also form due to layer-parallel shortening above a sticking thrust or by rotation of the hangingwall above a ramp. 相似文献