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1.
Black shale oxidative weathering plays a significant role in a variety of processes including acid mine drainage and atmospheric CO2 control. The modeling of weathering is highly dependent on reactive surface area. In this study it is shown that black shale oxidative weathering is regulated mainly by the external, geometrical surface area of rock polyhedrons and the organic matter’s (OM) internal surface area. The internal rock surface area decreases dramatically during OM dissolution from ∼15 m2/g to ∼5 m2/g. A linear relationship was found between the decrease of internal rock surface area and quantity of OM dissolved. Optical roughness analyses of black and bleached shale surface area reveal the formation of macropores due to the dissolution of mesoporous and probably microporous OM. However, due to deconsolidation, the geometrical external rock polyhedron surface area increases during weathering. Black shale polyhedrons show a doubling of their external surface area as OM decreases. This provokes an increase of the shale volume which is easily accessible by fluids. The increase of the external rock surface area seems to be self-accelerating during weathering. The upscaling of external and internal rock surface area evolution during weathering presented in this study demonstrates the possible application of these results to the improved understanding of a chemical transport in a variety of natural systems. 相似文献
2.
岩体节理表面几何特性描述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
岩体节理表面几何特征对岩体变形、刚度、剪切强度和水渗导性有重要影响,一般用节理粗糙度系数（ＪＲＣ）、节理吻合系数（ＪＭＣ）来描述。本文用节理表面分维（ＪＳＦ）来描述节理表面形态的复杂性,为节理表面几何特征描述提供了一个新的方法。 相似文献
3.
P. H. S. W. Kulatilake P. Balasingam Jinyong Park R. Morgan 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2006,24(5):1181-1202
Accurate quantification of roughness is important in modeling hydro-mechanical behavior of rock joints. A highly refined variogram
technique was used to investigate possible existence of anisotropy in natural rock joint roughness. Investigated natural rock
joints showed randomly varying roughness anisotropy with the direction. A scale dependant fractal parameter, K
v, seems to play a prominent role than the fractal dimension, D
r1d, with respect to quantification of roughness of natural rock joints. Because the roughness varies randomly, it is impossible
to predict the roughness variation of rock joint surfaces from measurements made in only two perpendicular directions on a
particular sample. The parameter D
r1d × K
v seems to capture the overall roughness characteristics of natural rock joints well. The one-dimensional modified divider
technique was extended to two dimensions to quantify the two-dimensional roughness of rock joints. The developed technique
was validated by applying to a generated fractional Brownian surface with fractal dimension equal to 2.5. It was found that
the calculated fractal parameters quantify the rock joint roughness well. A new technique is introduced to study the effect
of scale on two-dimensional roughness variability and anisotropy. The roughness anisotropy and variability reduced with increasing
scale. 相似文献
4.
A New Method for In-situ Non-contact Roughness Measurement of Large Rock Fracture Surfaces 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
Summary
This paper presents a new method for in-situ non-contact measurements of fracture roughness by using a total station (TS).
The TS is a non-reflector geodetic instrument usually used for measuring control points in surveying and mapping. By using
a special-developed program, the TS can be used as a point-sensor laser scanner to scan a defined area of the fracture surface
automatically, in field or in laboratory, at a distance away from the target surface. A large fracture surface can be automatically
scanned with a constant interval of the sampling points, both within a defined area or along a cross-section of the exposed
rock face. To quantify fracture roughness at different scales and obtain different densities of the scanned points, the point
interval can be selected with the minimum interval of 1 mm. A local Cartesian co-ordinate system needs to be established first
by the TS in front of the target rock face to define the true North or link the measurements to a known spatial co-ordinate
system for both quantitative and spatial analysis of fracture roughness. To validate the method, fracture roughness data recorded
with a non-reflector TS was compared with the data captured by a high-accuracy 3D-laser scanner. Results of this study revealed
that both primary roughness and waviness of fracture surfaces can be quantified by the TS in the same accuracy level as that
of the high accuracy laser scanner. Roughness of a natural fracture surface can be sampled without physical contact in a maximum
distance of tens of meters from the rock faces.
Received May 24, 2001; accepted July 24, 2002; Published online November 19, 2002 相似文献
5.
滑坡-碎屑流物理模型试验及运动机制探讨 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
滑坡-碎屑流由于高速、远程的特点常常引发灾难性事故,其复杂的运动机制导致预测致灾范围非常困难。通过开展室内模型试验,研究了碎屑粒径、滑床糙率和挑坎对运动特性的影响。试验结果发现,滑坡碎屑运动距离受控于前端碎屑,且随着碎屑的粒径增大而增加,增加滑床糙率、挑坎均可使碎屑的运动距离减小。在前人研究成果的基础上结合碎屑材料的力学特性探讨了滑坡-碎屑流出现流态化的原因和高速远程机制,即高速运动中颗粒间的作用力远小于完整岩体,因此颗粒间的“黏聚力”不能维持滑坡体的整体性,同时致使滑坡体与滑床接触的过程中传递至滑坡体内部的摩阻力减少,从而导致碎屑滑坡的远程结果。 相似文献
6.
裂隙是油气储层主要的储集空间及流体渗流通道,影响油气的运移规律,是油气勘探开发的重要指标。以冀中坳陷任丘油田任10井为例,运用数值模拟方法研究了裂隙开展宽度和裂隙面粗糙度对岩石渗流特性的影响规律。研究结果表明,(1)裂隙开展宽度较小时,孔隙内流体压力仅在入口处小范围内呈扇形分布,裂隙中压力分布曲线呈正切函数型,流体流速在裂隙和孔隙中都较小;随着裂缝开展宽度的增加,孔隙内流体压力逐渐增大,裂隙中压力分布曲线逐渐向直线型转变,流体流速在入口处先减小后稳定,在裂隙中先增加后稳定;(2)裂隙面粗糙度对裂隙岩石渗流特性的影响与裂隙开展宽度有关,在裂隙开展宽度较大时,裂隙面粗糙度对流体压力的分布影响较大;随着裂隙面粗糙度增大,孔隙内流速逐渐增大,而裂隙中流速逐渐减小;(3)随着裂隙开展宽度的增大,影响裂隙流体流动的主控因素逐渐由裂隙开展宽度转变为裂隙面粗糙度。 相似文献
7.
以程潮铁矿西区为例,结合矿区的地层岩性和地下采矿情况,系统分析了金属矿山地下开采引起的地下水位变化及地表突发性塌陷的原因。研究表明：地表塌陷主要受地下采矿的影响;在一定的地质水文条件下,地表塌陷时采空区高度与采矿深度呈线型关系;地表变形大小和扩展范围与地层岩性息息相关;连续降雨能诱发地表塌陷。地表塌陷可被分为4个阶段：间歇性向上崩落阶段、裂缝连通及扩展阶段、疏干塌陷阶段及地表塌坑群形成阶段。采空区上部岩体垮落是非充分的,岩体空隙随时间的积累和岩体崩落动态变化,崩落呈间歇性、跳跃性地向上发展。岩体崩落的高度与地层岩性有关,岩体强度越小,完整性越差,每次崩落高度越小,总崩落高度越大。随着矿体的开采,漏斗状水位降形成。地下水位降低不仅与采空区的相对位置有关,还受岩性构造所控制。岩体裂隙的产生及发展贯通为地下水向下流动提供了有利通道,可溶岩不断被侵蚀,黏土及岩屑被地下水容冲刷带走易在地下形成隐伏空区。硬石膏整体变形破坏会造成地下水的突涌,在地下隐伏空区内产生瞬时高负压,诱发地表塌陷。 相似文献
8.
以程潮铁矿西区为例,通过对现场结构面和裂缝分布特征的调查,以及结合地表变形监测数据的分析,揭示了矿区结构面对地表变形的影响。研究结果表明,在矿区较大的水平应力条件下,岩体结构面改变了地表拉伸变形分布和破坏形态,加剧了岩体变形,在ⅰ区(剖面Ⅲ以东区域),目前最外侧裂缝以内的岩体沿着NNW结构面发生倾倒滑移破坏,地表变形以快速变形为主,而最外侧裂缝以外的岩体沿着NNW结构面发生弯曲变形,地表变形以线性稳定增长为主,进入了倾倒破坏阶段,该区域的岩体主要发生水平位移;在ⅱ区(剖面Ⅲ以西区域),岩体在开采沉陷引起的南北向应力作用下,分离成平行的块体,地表变形以快速变形为主,在局部区域,产生的一部分平行块体在近东西向的应力作用下,沿着NNW结构面产生倾倒破坏。所得成果对类似金属矿山的地表征地及安全高效生产具有实际指导意义。 相似文献
9.
利用富油煤提油炼气是弥补我国油气供给不足的重要措施,而富油煤的孔隙发育特征及其渗透能力等方面的研究是开发利用富油煤的基础工作。以榆神府矿区富油煤为研究对象,采用低温液氮吸附法、压汞法、核磁共振法以及气渗透法等多元手段对富油煤多尺度孔隙结构进行分析,并开展富油煤全段孔隙表征研究。基于富油煤多尺度孔隙结构测试结果,开展富油煤孔隙特征与传统低阶煤样差异性讨论。结果发现:榆神府矿区富油煤微小孔隙极为发育,占比高达70%以上,大孔、中孔发育相对不足,仅占总孔隙的25%~30%;核磁共振结果与低温液氮吸附法、压汞法联合表征结果对比发现,联合低温液氮吸附法与压汞法可较好地表征煤样全段孔隙;相较于传统低阶煤,富油煤具有较大的孔比表面积与低温氮吸附量,分别为27.48 m2/g、40~50 cm3/g,具备富油煤提油炼气的良好物性条件。 相似文献
10.
以平煤十三矿二1煤层中受岩浆侵入影响前后的贫瘦煤和无烟煤为研究对象,利用压汞法研究了热变质作用对煤中孔隙发育特征的影响。总结了压汞法测定煤中孔隙的实验原理以及煤中比表面积、孔容及其在不同孔径段分布的计算方法与过程,深入分析了不同样品孔容、比表面积的发育特征及其在不同孔径段的分布规律,并探讨了5.5 nm~350 μm孔径范围内煤中孔隙的分形特征。研究表明:岩浆侵入致使煤中出现大量的新生孔隙,孔容和比表面积都显著增大,但中值孔容孔径、平均孔径减小,说明新生孔隙主要集中在小孔径段。而孔隙的空间分形维数变化规律表明岩浆侵入使煤中孔隙粗糙度增加,孔隙吸附能力增强,粒内孔分布范围增大。 相似文献
11.
冻融循环对土结构性影响的试验研究及影响机制分析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
基于室内试验,研究了土颗粒与土孔隙在冻融循环过程中的变化情况,发现在反复冻融过程中,土样产生了颗粒破碎,从而导致土的液塑限、塑性指数、比表面积均有所增大。通过压汞试验,发现冻融循环还会使土样中的大、中孔隙含量总体增加,小孔隙的含量减少,而微孔隙的含量基本保持不变。在经历了15次冻融循环后,颗粒组成、孔隙分布及比表面积等均趋于稳定。通过分析土的三相组成在水分相变和迁移过程中的相互影响和作用,认为土的三相组成是冻融过程中水分相变和迁移的基础,冻融过程中水分相变、冰晶生长和水分迁移对土颗粒和孔隙的反作用力,是冻融循环对土结构性影响的根本原因。 相似文献
12.
岩石节理表面几何特性的三维统计分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在利用三维非接触式高精度激光表面形状测定仪精确测量岩石节理的表面粗糙形状并进行数值化表达的基础上,应用地理信息系统(GIS)技术,实现了岩石节理粗糙面的三维可视化。再对岩石节理粗糙面的三维几何特性参数（诸如表面粗糙度、裂隙张开度和粗糙高度等）进行统计分析并计算频数分布的特征数字。最后,根据频率直方图的分布趋势和频数分布的特征数字研究各几何特性参数的分布规律。结果表明,花岗岩节理粗糙表面起伏比砂岩大,但二者几何特性参数的分布规律相似,节理粗糙高度和裂隙张开度分布近似于正态分布规律,而节理粗糙面倾斜角分布近似于Γ分布规律。 相似文献
13.
The paper provides a comprehensive review on rock joint roughness measurement and quantification procedures. Superiority of fractal based methods over JRC, statistical parameters and statistical functions in quantifying roughness is discussed in the paper. Two of the best fractal based methodologies available in the literature, the modified 2-D divider and variogram methods, are used to quantify natural rock joint roughness in 3-D and 2-D, respectively. The capability of these two methods in accurate quantification of natural rock joint roughness is shown in the paper by applying the procedures to four natural rock joints. A good comparison has been obtained from the values obtained through the two methods. Both these methodologies have two parameters to capture the stationary roughness. The fractal dimension captures the spatial auto correlation of roughness; the other parameter captures the amplitude of roughness. Anisotropic roughness has been studied by applying two other methodologies: (a) a triangular plate methodology and (b) a light source methodology to the same four natural rock joints. A reasonably good comparison has been obtained through the results of these two methodologies. All four roughness quantification methodologies can be applied to any size of sample covering from laboratory to field scales. The results of the triangular plate and light source methodologies provided possible sliding direction values (under the gravitational loading) close to that reported in the literature for the rough discontinuity planes used in the study. 相似文献
14.
川西坳陷中段陆相地层水纵向变化特征及水—岩相互作用初探 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
地层水是孔隙流体的重要组成部分,在空间变化上受控于流体动力场,时间演化上主要受控于流体—岩石相互作用过程。通过川西坳陷300余个地层水化学数据的系统分析,对研究区地层水化学特征及其所反映的成岩作用过程进行了初步探讨:川西坳陷上侏罗统到须家河组可分为地层水交替阻滞带和地层水交替停滞带2个水化学作用带,大气水作用的范围在530 m以上地层;黏土矿物大规模脱水的淡化作用是地层水交替阻滞带离子浓度随深度变大而变小的主要因素,而该带中HCO3-随埋藏深度的增加而不断增加的原因则可能主要与有机质成熟过程中CO2的加入有关;盐岩溶解可能是交替阻滞带地层水Na+富集的主要因素,Ca2+的富集则可能主要由蒙皂石的伊利石化和少量碳酸盐岩的溶解造成;钙长石的钠长石化是研究区地层水交替停滞带的一项重要的水—岩作用过程,同时存在的成岩作用类型还包括绿泥石化、碳酸盐矿物的溶解以及钠长石的溶解。 相似文献
15.
探讨了三峡库区滑坡治理滑面倾斜时抗滑桩桩前岩土体弹塑性区临界高度的计算模式。介绍了常用的确定抗滑桩嵌岩深度的工程地质法和强度控制法,剖析了抗滑桩设计的弹性理论和弹塑性理论,利用空间楔形体极限平衡理论,得出了滑面倾斜时桩前岩土体弹塑性区的临界高度计算公式,并且讨论了弹塑性区临界高度与滑面倾斜角度及岩体的强度参数之间的关系。以三峡库区万州区某滑坡为例,计算了桩前弹塑性区的临界高度,并总结出临界高度与滑面倾角及岩体的黏聚力呈指数分布关系,与岩体的抗力及岩体的内摩擦角呈线性分布关系的规律。根据这些规律可以对抗滑桩嵌岩深度进行修正,并适当地控制抗滑桩嵌岩段岩土体弹塑性区临界高度。 相似文献
16.
N. Hussain 《Journal of Earth System Science》1991,100(1):1-11
A simple thermal model is developed to evaluate the heat exchange surface area of a hot dry rock geothermal reservoir. This
model, in conjunction with the Rn model of Andrews and coworkers, is applied to RH12/RH15 system of the British HDR reservoir.
Results suggest that although the estimated Rn transfer surface area represents the actual swept surface area, it is between
25 and 45 times larger than the heat transfer surface area. The difference is explained as due to clustering of several fractures
within a range of thermal interaction, over the duration of the circulation. It is also shown that the decline in the measured
temperatures of circulation fluids since 1985 to the present is consistent with the heat exchange surface area going through
a maximum in 1987. 相似文献
17.
《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy》1999,24(7):569-573
The application of two sets of methods for the characterization of rock pore systems is reported. Both are discussed in the context of other techniques described in the literature. (i) Impregnation with labelled polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and autoradiography or direct measurement of the tracer activity allows the investigation of the pattern of the spatial porosity distribution and quantitative measurement of mineral-specific, local porosities, porosity gradients as well as an assessment of hydraulic and diffusive transport properties. (ii) Quantitative information on surface areas within certain pore size ranges can be achieved by combination of mercury intrusion porosimetry with X-ray absorption computer-tomography. As examples of applications of these techniques, the effects of weathering, alteration, mechanical stress and large diameter coring on the pore network of rocks have been studied. 相似文献
18.
Research advances,geological implication and application in Ordos Basin of the “pore-size controlled precipitation” in diagenesis of carbonate rock reservoir 
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下载免费PDF全文 Based on the discovery of pore-size controlled mineral precipitation and cementation heterogeneity in carbonate rock reservoirs,the state of art and the geological implications are summarized,referring to the fluid-rock interaction and chemical hydrodynamics in porous media. (1)The pore-size controlled precipitation phenomenon is common in geological environments,as shown by the heterogeneous cementation and eventual features that the large pores are filled while small pores can be preserved. Related studies are mainly divided into three aspects,including pore structure observations at different scales,numerical simulation of fluid-rock interaction and mineral precipitation experiment. (2)The kinetic models related to surface chemistry can be used to explain the heterogeneous precipitation affected by pore-size distribution. The larger interfacial tension and mineral crystal curvature in the micropores result in the much higher effective solubility.Thus the fluids in micropores can maintain a higher supersaturation with no minerals precipitation. (3)The pore-size controlled precipitation leads to the selective preservation of micropores. It means that the much larger pores tend to be cement-filled while the smaller pores are preserved in the case of coexistence of pores at different scales. The impacts of cementation types on the overall permeability of rock are different. The pore-size controlled precipitation phenomenon is also worthy of attention in the research of geothermal development and geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide. In the last part, based on the heterogeneous cementation and porosity distribution of the Majiagou Formation in the Ordos Basin,we study the impacts of diagenetic fluids properties,origin and cementation patterns on the evolution of pore structure and high-quality reservoir distribution.The discovery and emphasis of pore-size controlled precipitation is of great theoretical significance to our understanding of the complex fluid-rock interaction process,which provides a new perspective for reservoir diagenesis and pore preservation. 相似文献
19.
基于碳酸盐岩储集层成岩作用中受孔隙尺寸控制的矿物沉淀和胶结非均质特征的发现与思考,结合当今国内外有关多孔介质中流体—岩石相互作用及化学流体动力学研究进展的调研,对相关研究进展及其地质意义进行了简单的梳理和归纳。(1)地质环境中“孔隙尺寸控制沉淀”现象广泛存在,表现为储集层孔隙的胶结非均质性及其最终形成的“大孔充填而小孔保存”特征。现今研究主要从不同尺度孔隙结构观察、流体—孔隙介质相互作用的数值模拟、矿物沉淀实验3个方面开展。(2)受孔隙尺寸控制的非均质沉淀特征可以利用与表面化学相关的动力学模型进行解释,即微孔隙中更大的界面张力和矿物晶体曲率导致矿物的有效溶解度更高,因而更容易保持过饱和状态而不发生沉淀。(3)“孔隙尺寸控制沉淀”现象可使油气储集层发生微孔的选择性保存,在不同尺度孔隙共生的情况下,较大孔隙更倾向于被胶结充填而小孔则更易于被保存,不同的胶结模式对岩石整体渗透率的影响略有不同;该现象在地热储集层开发和二氧化碳地质封存研究中也值得重视。最后,结合鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组碳酸盐岩储集层的非均质胶结特征和孔隙分布,分析总结成岩流体性质、来源及胶结模式差异对孔隙结构演化和优质储集层分布的影响。“孔隙尺寸控制沉淀”现象的发现和重视对于理解流体—岩石复杂作用过程具有重要理论意义,也为储集层成岩作用和孔隙保存研究提供了新的视点和思考角度。 相似文献
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上海淤泥质黏土微结构特性及固结过程中的结构变化研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
土体的微结构对土的工程力学特性具有决定性影响,对上海原状淤泥质黏土在不同固结压力下进行了固结试验,同时对相应荷载作用下的土样进行SEM试验,进而对每级荷载下土样水平切面和垂直切面上的土团粒（包括团粒的形状、平均表面面积及团粒的定向性分布）进行统计对比分析;另外,通过压汞试验对土体的孔隙进行定量分析。二者相互结合,从而揭示土体发生变形的宏观机制及土体在受力过程中具有逐渐破损、产生各向异性的特征。 相似文献