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1.
白垩纪大洋红层：特征、分布与成因 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
“白垩纪大洋红层”（CORB）自20世纪末正式提出后已经迅速成为白垩纪新的研究方向之一。本文在参考国外CORB的学术研究成果基础上,重点对我们在西藏南部和意大利中部两个研究程度较高地区所获得的立典研究成果予以详细介绍,同时对CORB的全球性对比进行总结和归纳,对大洋红层蕴涵的古海洋、古气候信息进行详细评述。我们认为,CORB是沉积物在原地氧化条件下的产物,导致该氧化条件出现的主要因素是底层水高含量的溶解氧,而深层古洋流的发育很可能是导致高溶解氧含量的主要原因。 相似文献
2.
大洋红层是指深水远洋、半远洋环境下,富氧条件下形成的一套以红色、紫红色为主的沉积物.最先由中国学者王成善、胡修棉等在研究西藏白垩纪床得组红层时提出,后来研究表明,与西藏床得组类似的白垩纪大洋红层广泛分布于世界各大洋和西特提斯的广大地区(土耳其、意大利、奥地利)[1],现已成为白垩纪研究领域的一个新的科学前沿. 相似文献
3.
白垩纪大洋红层的致色机制及成因研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了查明白垩纪大洋红层的致色矿物及其赋存状态,并探讨白垩纪大洋红层可能的制约因素及成因模式,本文以中国西藏床得剖面红色页岩、意大利Vispi Quarry剖面红色灰岩以及北大西洋ODP1049C孔12X岩芯段Aptian-Albian期高频旋回红色泥灰岩为研究对象,对各剖面(或岩芯)中的红色和非红色样品分别进行了X射线衍射和漫反射光谱测试,同时对配制的含赤铁矿的标样进行了同样的测试。测试结果表明,无论是红色页岩、红色灰岩,还是红色泥灰岩,赤铁矿都是主要的致色矿物,其中西藏床得剖面红色页岩由结晶较好的碎屑状赤铁矿和结晶较差的细分散状的赤铁矿共同致色。在意大利Vispi Quarry剖面红色泥岩中,结晶程度相近的赤铁矿是唯一的致色铁氧化物,而在ODP1049C孔红色泥灰岩中,结晶差的赤铁矿和针铁矿的出现是泥灰岩呈红色的矿物学根源。赤铁矿的形成主要受铁的来源、沉积时的氧化还原条件以及成岩作用的影响,这些因素也成为制约红层形成的关键因素。本课题组在多年研究的基础上,结合前人研究成果进一步从矿物学的角度深化了大洋红层的成因模式。 相似文献
4.
土耳其-高加索-喜马拉雅一线白垩纪大洋红层对比 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过收集土耳其、高加索和特提斯喜马拉雅地区的白垩纪地层资料,着重对比研究上白垩统大洋红层的分布格局和沉积特征,为进一步进行全球大洋红层对比提供基础数据和资料。对比分析表明:它们具有环特提斯该时代近于同期地层的一般特征,其时代一般为Turonian Campanian期,在特提斯喜马拉雅地区跨度较大,为Albian Campanian期,岩性主体为灰岩,颜色与Fe2O3 的含量密切相关,富含浮游有孔虫及其组合,沉积速率低,沉积环境一般为半深海,沉积深度为500~1 000 m。 相似文献
5.
西藏南部晚白垩世-古新世大洋红层的分布与时代 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
特提斯—喜马拉雅北沉积亚带沉积有一套大洋红色岩层,由东往西在羊卓雍错、江孜、萨迦、萨嘎、札达一带断续出露,并与宗卓组上部地层相关。这套海相红层,根据岩性特征和浮游有孔虫可以直接进行区域对比。其时代在江孜地区为Santonian晚期—Campanian中期,包括Dicarinella asymetrica, Globotruncanitaelevata,Globotruncana ventricosa 和Globotruncanita calcarata 浮游有孔虫带;在萨迦地区限于Campanian期,鉴定有Globotruncanita elevata, Globotruncana ventricosa 和G. linneiana等具时代意义的浮游有孔虫;在萨嘎—吉隆地区为Maastrichtian期,识别出Gansserina gansseri 和Abthomphalus mayaroensis 浮游有孔虫带;在札达地区为古新世早期,以Glibigerina eugubina G. fringa化石带为代表。海相红层在西藏南部由东往西其时代逐渐变新,主要沉积时代分布在Santonian晚期—古新世早期。其总体时间跨度较大,大约长达20Ma。而事件在各个地点的延续时间有限,基本在3~8 Ma之内。根据对海相红层和沉积基质中浮游有孔虫的研究,该沉积带宗卓组的顶界时代已超出白垩纪,进入了古新世。 相似文献
6.
地球表层系统是由岩石圈、大气圈、水圈和生物圈相互耦合和变化组成的复杂巨系统。白垩纪是地球表层系统研究的典范,在地球表层各圈层发生了众多重大地质事件。晚白垩世巨大的地幔热异常引起海底扩张速度变快,导致大量海底高原和海山的形成;同时,冈瓦纳大陆裂解,南北大西洋贯通,新的大洋水道形成,可能造成大洋环流格局的大变化。洋壳体积的增加可能使白垩纪海平面比现在高出200~300 m,大规模海侵也在晚白垩世中期达到最大范围。在这个过程中,火山作用释放出来的营养物质和火山气体的反馈作用造成的大量陆地营养物质的流入共同促使大洋水体富营养化和普遍缺氧,造成“大洋缺氧事件”。CO2浓度的升高（为现今的4~10倍）是火山排气作用的直接结果,其“温室效应”也被认为可能是促成白垩纪大气和海水高温的重要原因（高于现在10 ℃）。大洋红层（CORB）是最新提出并被广泛接受的白垩纪重要地质事件,被定义为一套分布在从外陆棚到CCD面之下深水盆地的,在富氧、低生产力和贫营养条件下较低速沉积形成的品红-红色-棕色的细粒远洋沉积物。这些发生于地球表层各圈层的重大地质事件以能量循环的方式（具体表现为C、S、P、H、O等元素循环）相互耦合和变化共同支撑着地球表层系统的运转。但是科学界对这些重大地质事件的成因机制及其所引起的全球变化性质还没有形成一致意见,原因之一就是缺乏对陆相沉积记录的研究。陆相白垩系的广泛发育和“松辽盆地白垩系科学钻探”工程的顺利实施共同构成了中国在白垩纪地球表层系统研究上的地域和材料优势,结合中国在白垩纪地球表层系统重大地质事件研究中已经形成的学术优势,从地球系统科学的角度出发,通过多学科交叉研究将是解决以上问题的关键。 相似文献
7.
白垩纪中期异常地质事件与全球变化 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
白垩纪中期(125~90 Ma)是地质历史中一个极端温室时期,集中出现一系列异常事件。异常事件是地球系统内各圈层相互耦合的产物,事件相互之间不是孤立的,单个事件引起的全球变化对其他事件起着明显的正/负反馈机制作用。文中基于对白垩纪中期异常事件的深入解剖和分析,包括大规模海底火山事件、大洋缺氧事件、生物异常更替与绝灭、白垩纪超静磁带、大洋红层出现等,在探讨白垩纪中期各个事件特征基础上,重点阐述异常事件所引起的全球变化及其对海洋、气候的影响;提出异常事件之间的相互关联与反馈机制。研究发现,大规模海底火山作用是引起白垩纪中期异常海洋和气候的最根本原因,直接促进大洋缺氧事件、生物绝灭与更替、沉积记录的转变等事件的发生。 相似文献
8.
阿尔卑斯-喀尔巴阡上白垩统大洋红层特征与对比 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在前人研究的基础上,从时代、岩性、古生物、沉积速率、沉积环境等方面对阿尔卑斯—喀尔巴阡地区的上白垩统大洋红层进行了详细对比,发现研究区内上白垩统大洋红层最早出露于Cenomanian期,最晚可延续至古近纪,且在Campanian期出露最为广泛,其岩性以灰岩、泥灰岩和含泥灰岩为主,生物化石以浮游有孔虫为主,沉积速率较低且在各地不尽相似,在CCD面上、下均可以出现,沉积环境一般是大陆边缘盆地、斜坡和大洋盆地等远洋、半远洋环境。通过比较分析,为进一步深入研究上白垩统大洋红层提供较为全面的基础资料。 相似文献
9.
Río Fardes剖面位于西班牙南部Granada东北,构造上属于深水环境的Subbetic中带。该剖面主要由白垩纪Fardes组第Ⅱ段和第Ⅲ段(半)远洋沉积构成,并出现浊流沉积和混杂沉积。本次研究在Fardes组浊流层序内首次发现两段红色沉积。钙质超微化石表明红层的时间从Turonian早期(UC7 带)到Coniacian中期—晚期界线(UC10/?UC11带)。红层由mm级红色泥岩夹灰色、杂色、偶尔黑色泥岩和钙质泥岩组成。沉积学研究表明新发现的Turonian Coniacian远洋红色泥岩沉积形成于CCD面之下深水盆地环境,浊流和碎屑流沉积强烈地影响着(半)远洋环境的背景泥岩相,并成为红色沉积结束的原因。 相似文献
10.
《矿物学报》2013,(4)
遵义锰矿区锰矿体底部发育一套碳泥质硅质岩建造,称为"白泥塘层",主要由微晶石英和隐晶质玉髓组成,常含少量的碳泥质、黄铁矿和碳酸盐矿物等。"白泥塘层"硅质岩与含锰建造呈连生关系,环绕含锰建造分布。本文通过对代表性的硅质岩样品主量和微量-稀土元素及氧同位素地球化学分析,发现其SiO2含量范围为95.00%98.80%,均值为96.86%,表明其属于化学成分比较纯净的硅质岩;TFeO、MnO含量相对富集,Al2O3、TiO2含量相对亏损,Fe/Ti、(Fe+Mn)/Ti和Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)的均值分别为83.80、93.90和0.21,与热水沉积物相似,表明其具有热水沉积特征;微量以富集As、Sb、Cd、U,而亏损Co、Ni、Ga为特征,其中U/Th平均比值为2.66,Ni/Co平均比值为1.58,表现出热水沉积岩的微量元素地球化学特征;稀土总量较低,均值为56.91×10-6,δ(Eu)=0.9198.80%,均值为96.86%,表明其属于化学成分比较纯净的硅质岩;TFeO、MnO含量相对富集,Al2O3、TiO2含量相对亏损,Fe/Ti、(Fe+Mn)/Ti和Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)的均值分别为83.80、93.90和0.21,与热水沉积物相似,表明其具有热水沉积特征;微量以富集As、Sb、Cd、U,而亏损Co、Ni、Ga为特征,其中U/Th平均比值为2.66,Ni/Co平均比值为1.58,表现出热水沉积岩的微量元素地球化学特征;稀土总量较低,均值为56.91×10-6,δ(Eu)=0.911.42,Eu异常不显著,δ(Ce)=0.471.42,Eu异常不显著,δ(Ce)=0.471.03,大部分样品具有负Ce异常特征,稀土元素北美页岩标准化配分模式图略呈重稀土富集特征,与典型热水沉积硅质岩稀土元素配分模式相似;硅质岩δ18OSMOW值,与热泉硅华及生物成因硅质岩比较接近。综上,"白泥塘层"硅质岩可能属于热水沉积成因,在沉积的过程中混有非化学沉积物。 相似文献
11.
Oceanic red beds are widely distributed in the global oceans and across the entire Phanerozoic period, which mostly appeared after oceanic anoxic events. They represent typical oxygen-rich sedimentary environment and play a significant role on ocean science research. Numerous studies have been carried out since the oceanic red beds were discovered. However, previous studies mainly focused on the Cretaceous oceanic red beds, and the understanding of the characteristics and scientific significance of oceanic red beds are not comprehensive. Therefore, we here summarized the global distribution characteristics and compared mineral and element compositions of various lithological oceanic red beds, including marly, clayey and cherty oceanic red beds. The main mineral and element components of oceanic red beds have no direct relationship with the color of the sediments, and mainly are affected by the regional environment and provenances. Therefore, the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of oceanic red beds should be analyzed in combination with the regional background. The red coloration of oceanic red beds is controlled mainly by hematite, goethite and manganese-bearing calcite, which have two main mechanisms: ① Colored minerals formed in oxic conditions; ② Colored minerals formed due to low deposition rates. These two mechanisms are not completely independent, but complement one another with either dominance in most oceanic red beds. Lithological characteristics of oceanic red beds are controlled by three factors, including water depth, productivity and nutrients. Therefore, the formation of oceanic red beds should be considered with global changes and regional events. The unique origin mechanism and global distribution characteristics of long time-scale oceanic red beds can be used to indicate sedimentary paleoenvironment, paleo-oceanic current, and paleoclimate change. In addition, hydrothermal or magmatic activities on the ocean floor could also produce red-color deposits that are strongly different from sedimentary oceanic red beds. Based on the existing research, we also put forward the future in-depth studies on the oceanic red beds from multidisciplinary perspectives. 相似文献
12.
Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds: Distribution, Lithostratigraphy and Paleoenvironments 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Chen Xi WANG Chengshan HU Xiumian HUANG Yongjian WANG Pingkang Luba JANSA ZENG Xuan 《《地质学报》英文版》2007,81(6):1070-1086
Cretaceous oceanic red beds (CORBs) represented by red shales and marls, were deposited during the Cretaceous and early Paleocene, predominantly in the Tethyan realm, in lower slope and abyssal basin environments. Detailed studies of CORBs are rare; therefore, we compiled CORBs data from deep sea ocean drilling cores and outcrops of Cretaceous rocks subaerially exposed in southern Europe, northwestern Germany, Asia and New Zealand. In the Tethyan realm, CORBs mainly consist of reddish or pink shales, limestones and marlstones. By contrast, marlstones and chalks are rare in deep-ocean drilling cores. Upper Cretaceous marine sediments in cores from the Atlantic Ocean are predominantly various shades of brown, reddish brown, yellowish brown and pale brown in color. A few red, pink, yellow and orange Cretaceous sediments are also present. The commonest age of CORBs is early Campanian to Maastrichtian, with the onset mostly of oxic deposition often after Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs), during the early Aptian, late Albian-early Turonian and Campanian. This suggests an indicated and previously not recognized relationship between OAEs, black shales deposition and CORBs. CORBs even though globally distributed, are most common in the North Atlantic and Tethyan realms, in low to mid latitudes of the northern hemisphere; in the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean in the mid to high latitudes of the southern hemisphere; and are less frequent in the central Pacific Ocean. Their widespread occurrence during the late Cretaceous might have been the result of establishing a connection for deep oceanic current circulation between the Pacific and the evolving connection between South and North Atlantic and changes in oceanic basins ventilation. 相似文献
13.
We have used diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to investigate the colouration mechanisms of hematite in Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds (CORBs). Data for samples of CORBs from the Chuangde section in Tibet, Vispi Quarry section in Italy, and Core 12X of Ocean Drilling Program Hole 1049C in the North Atlantic were compared with calibration datasets obtained for hematite in different crystalline forms (kidney and specular hematite) and calcite matrix. Spectra for hematite in either pure form or in calibration datasets show that the centre of the reflection peak shifts to a longer wavelength and depth (D) decreases as the crystallinity of the hematite increases. Compared with specular hematite, the presence of just 0.5% of kidney hematite can cause a much deeper absorption peak and greater redness value, which indicates that kidney hematite has a higher colouration capacity than specular hematite. However, both kidney and specular hematite exhibit a good correlation between the redness value for each calibration dataset and the absorption peak depth. In all three studied sections, hematite is the main iron oxide mineral responsible for colouration. Spectral features such as absorption peak depth and peak centre reveal that hematite crystallinity gradually decreases from red shale to limestone to marl. Based on a spectral comparison of red shale in the Chuangde section before and after citrate–bicarbonate–dithionite (CBD) treatment, we found that two forms of hematite are present: a fine-grained and dispersed form, and a detrital form. The former is relatively poorly crystalline hematite, which has a much stronger colouration capacity than the detrital form. In the Vispi Quarry section and Core 12X of ODP Hole 1049C, a good correlation between the absorption peak depth of hematite and redness value indicates that the red colouration is caused by hematite of similar crystallinity in each section. 相似文献
14.
15.
The planktic foraminifera of the Chuangde Formation (Upper Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds, CORBs) as exposed at Tianbadong section, Kangmar, southern Tibet has been firstly studied for a detailed for a detailed biostratigraphy elaboration. A rich and well-preserved planktic foraminifera were recovered from the Chuangde Formation of the Tianbadong section and the Globotruncanita elevata, Globotruncana ventricosa, Radotruncana calcarata, Globotruncanella havanensis, Globotruncana aegyptiaca, Gansserina gansseri and Abathomphalus mayaroensis zones have been recognized. The planktic foraminiferal assemblage points to an early Campanian to Maastrichitian age for the CORBs of the eastern North Tethyan Himalayan sub-belt, which also provides a better understanding of the shifting progress of the Indian Plate to the north and the evolution of the Neotethyan ocean. The lithostratigraphy of the Chuangde Formation of the Tianbadong section comprises two lithological sequences observed in ascending succession: a lower unit (the Shale Member) mainly composed of purple (cherry-red, violet-red) shales with interbedded siltstones and siliceous rocks; and an upper unit (the Limestone Member) of variegated limestones. The strata of the Chuangde Formation in the Tianbadong section are similar to CORBs in other parts of the northern Tethyan Himalaya area of Asia (Gyangze, Sa’gya, Sangdanlin, northern Zanskar, etc.). The fossil contents of the Chuangde Formation in the sections (CORBs) studied provide a means of correlation with the zonation schemes for those of the northern Tethyan Himalayan sub-belt and the Upper Cretaceous of the southern Tethyan Himalayan sub-belt. Paleogeographic reconstruction for the Late Cretaceous indicates that the Upper Cretaceous Chuangde Formation (CORBs) and correlatable strata in northern Zanskar were representative of slope to basinal deposits, which were situated in the northern Tethyan Belt. Correlatable Cretaceous strata in Spiti and Gamba situated in the southern Tethyan Belt in contrast were deposited in shelf environments along the Tethyan Himalayan passive margin. CORBs are most likely formed by the oxidation of Fe(II)-enriched, anoxic deep ocean water near the chemocline that separated the oxic oceanic surface from the anoxic. 相似文献
16.
Burial Records of Reactive Iron in Cretaceous Black Shales and Oceanic Red Beds from Southern Tibet 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 HUANG Yongjian WANG Chengshan HU Xiumian CHEN Xi 《《地质学报》英文版》2007,81(3):463-469
One of the new directions in the field of Cretaceous research is to elucidate the mechanism of the sedimentary transition from the Cretaceous black shales to oceanic red beds. A chemical sequential extraction method was applied to these two types of rocks from southern Tibet to investigate the burial records of reactive iron. Results indicate that carbonate-associated iron and pyrite are relatively enriched in the black shales, but depleted or absent in red beds. The main feature of the reactive iron in the red beds is relative enrichment of iron oxides （largely hematite）, which occurred during syn-depostion or early diagenesis. The ratio between iron oxides and the total iron indicates an oxygen-enriched environment for red bed deposition. A comparison between the reactive iron burial records and proxies of paleo-productivity suggests that paleo-productivity decreases when the ratio between iron oxides and the total iron increases in the red beds. This phenomenon could imply that the relationship between marine redox and productivity might be one of the reasons for the sedimentary transition from Cretaceous black shale to oceanic red bed deposition. 相似文献
17.
赤铁矿和针铁矿是自然界中最稳定的两种铁氧化物,广泛存在于地球的各个圈层。很多沉积物的颜色都是由它们引
起的,它们的形成和保存具有重要的环境指示意义。实验室中赤铁矿和针铁矿的表征和鉴定手段很多,但受其含量低、结
晶差、颗粒细小难分离等因素的困扰以及某些测试方法自身的限制,能用于铁氧化物定量分析的方法很少。文中就常用的
基于X射线衍射（XRD） 和漫反射光谱（DRS） 的铁氧化物定量方法进行了系统评价。在定性分析的基础上,采用基于
XRD的K值法获得西藏床得剖面红色页岩中赤铁矿的含量为3.81％~8.11％,采用DRS与多元线性回归相结合的方法获得北
大西洋ODP1049C孔12X岩芯段棕色层中赤铁矿和针铁矿的含量分别为0.13％~0.82％和0.22%~0.81％,橙色层中赤铁矿和
针铁矿的含量分别为0.19%~0.46％和0.29%~0.67％。与其它分析结果的比较表明,这两种定量方法在白垩纪大洋红层中的
应用是可行的。但在实际应用时,首先要通过XRD和DRS相结合来提高定性分析的准确性,然后通过综合分析铁氧化物的
预判含量范围和结晶程度来选择合适的定量方法。 相似文献
18.
The origin of oceanic islands has been the subject of much speculation, starting with Darwin almost two centuries ago. Two classes of oceanic islands can be identified: ‘volcanic islands’, which form due to excess volcanism caused by melting anomalies in the suboceanic mantle, and ‘tectonic islands’, which form due to transpressive and/or transtensional tectonics of blocks of oceanic lithosphere along transform faults. Modern and sunken tectonic islands from the Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean and the Caribbean Sea and Red Sea expose mantle and lower‐crust lithologies and display an elongated narrow morphology; in contrast, volcanic islands expose basalts and have near‐circular morphology. Both are often capped by carbonate platforms. The life cycle of tectonic islands tends to be more complex than that of most volcanic islands; their elongated narrow morphology, together with their tectonic instability and high seismicity, affect the architecture of the carbonate platforms capping them, limiting coral reef development and favouring rhodalgal–foramol biota associations. 相似文献