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1.
白垩纪中期异常地质事件与全球变化 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
白垩纪中期(125~90 Ma)是地质历史中一个极端温室时期,集中出现一系列异常事件。异常事件是地球系统内各圈层相互耦合的产物,事件相互之间不是孤立的,单个事件引起的全球变化对其他事件起着明显的正/负反馈机制作用。文中基于对白垩纪中期异常事件的深入解剖和分析,包括大规模海底火山事件、大洋缺氧事件、生物异常更替与绝灭、白垩纪超静磁带、大洋红层出现等,在探讨白垩纪中期各个事件特征基础上,重点阐述异常事件所引起的全球变化及其对海洋、气候的影响;提出异常事件之间的相互关联与反馈机制。研究发现,大规模海底火山作用是引起白垩纪中期异常海洋和气候的最根本原因,直接促进大洋缺氧事件、生物绝灭与更替、沉积记录的转变等事件的发生。 相似文献
2.
沉积岩型层状铜矿床研究进展 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
沉积岩型层状铜矿床是全球第二重要的铜矿类型,重要性仅次于斑岩型铜矿床。并且,它们常伴生一定规模的钴、银、铅、锌、铀、金、铂族元素等其他金属资源。其矿体通常呈层状、似层状发育在沉积盆地的还原性岩石或地层中。大多数沉积岩型层状铜矿床形成于围岩的成岩作用或者成岩晚阶段,但也经常会受到成矿后变质作用、变形作用的改造,发生成矿物质的活化一再沉淀。原生成矿作用的发生通常要经历成矿流体(低温、中—高盐度、含硫)在矿体下盘的红层中持续、长期的循环,萃取铜等金属元素,随后沿着盆地边界断裂迁移至盆地还原性地层中或者被迁移的还原性物质(石油、天然气)还原而发生铜等成矿物质的沉淀。超大规模的层状铜矿化可能对应地球地质历史时期特殊的地质事件和地质条件,其中包括超大陆裂解、炎热干旱的古气候、大氧化事件以及冰期和富镁的海洋等。 相似文献
3.
本研究以广东曲仁煤田两套红色地层为对象。工作中各选择了中侏罗统和上白垩统一个完整的地层剖面,进行碎屑重矿物组合、标志特征,重矿物成因和演变,韵律特征和矿物或熟度等研究,初步查明了它们的蚀源母岩类型;揭示了重矿物组合和区域岩石类型变化的原因;指出以重矿物为标志的韵律性和标志层的存在;探讨了矿物成熟度在重矿物研究中的意义;进而提出了划分、对比两套红层的重矿物标志。 相似文献
4.
层控矿床形成必须具备二个基本条件:矿源层和矿质富集作用(本文称其为地质驱动作用),二者缺一不可。本文着重分析了我国东南部地区不同时期的矿源层形成的构造环境和各种地质驱动作用及其所形成的矿床特点。 相似文献
5.
海相沉积型锰矿的成矿过程受古海洋沉积环境影响，而古海洋环境又与超大陆聚合与裂解、极端地质事件、生命演化等密切相关，因此，海相富锰地层是岩石圈、水圈、大气圈和生物圈等多圈层耦合关系与物质循环相关信息的重要载体。深层海水缺氧模型、最小氧化带模型和幕式充氧模型都显示海水中氧化还原梯度的变化是导致锰矿形成的最主要原因。全球范围内海相沉积型锰矿主要形成于古元古代、新元古代和显生宙3个地质历史时期。其中，元古宙时期，地球上发育了完善的氧化还原分层的古海洋结构；古元古代早期和新元古代，超大陆裂解引起的海平面升降变化导致古海洋氧化还原结构产生动荡，并促使大规模沉积型锰成矿作用发生；地球沉寂期（1800~800 Ma）涵盖了整个中元古代，这一时期仅在华北地台发育了少量沉积型锰矿床，反映该时期古海洋中锰的迁移受到了抑制；显生宙地球再次进入活跃期，经历了数次海洋缺氧事件，冰室-温室气候交替促使海水的化学性质剧烈变化，并在局部氧化还原分层的沉积盆地中富集形成沉积型锰矿床。总之，古海洋氧化还原环境的变化是沉积型锰矿形成的必要条件，同时，区域性沉积盆地的结构、海平面的升降、火山作用导致的物缘供给等多种因素都会影响沉积型锰矿的形成。与沉积型铁矿相比，沉积型锰矿对局部海水化学性质的变化更加敏感，综合研究铁锰矿床的共生与分异过程，将有助于更加有效的识别不同尺度的沉积过程与古海洋环境变化。 相似文献
6.
《China Geology》2019,2(2):169-178
A comparative comparative study on the detrital mineral composition of stream sediments of the Yangtze River (Changjiang) and Yellow River (Huanghe) shows that, light minerals of the Yangtze River basin were mainly quartz, feldspar, and detritus, the compositional characteristics of light minerals differed among tributaries, the main stream had a generally higher maturity index than tributaries; heavy mineral content tended to decrease progressively from the upper stream to lower stream of the Yangtze River, the primary assemblage was magnetite-hornblende-augite-garnet-epidote, and diagnostic minerals of different river basins were capable of indicating the nature and distribution of the source rock. Detrital mineral assemblages in sediments of tributaries and the main stream of the Yellow River were basically similar, Primary heavy mineral assemblage was opaque mineral-garnet-epidote-carbonate mineral and alteration mineral. Variations in the contents of garnet, opaque mineral, and hornblende mainly reflected the degree of sedimentary differentiation in suspended sediment and the hydrodynamic intensity of a drainage system. The heavy mineral differentiation index F revealed sedimentary differentiation of diagnostic detrital mineral composition due to changes in regional hydrodynamic intensity and can serve as an indicator for studying the dynamic sedimentary environment of a single-provenance river and the degree of sedimentary differentiation of its detrital minerals. Changes in detrital mineral content of the Yellow River was not completely controlled by provenance but reflected gravity sorting of the detrital mineral due to variations in the ephemeral river hydrodynamic intensity and sedimentary environment, however the index changing of Yangtze River were mainly influenced by the complex sediment sources. Therefore caution must be exercised in using the detrital mineral composition of marginal sea to determine the contribution of the Yangtze River and Yellow River.© 2019 China Geology Editorial Office. 相似文献
7.
南海沉积物中的黏土矿物:指示东亚季风演化历史? 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
黏土矿物以其示踪洋流变化和揭示物源区同时期气候变化的能力,近年来在南海沉积古环境研究中的地位日益显现。但是,南海黏土矿物能否用于直接指示东亚季风演化历史的研究仍然颇为争议。本研究认为,南海黏土矿物主要受控于物源区供给和洋流搬运作用,黏土矿物本身不具同时期气候条件特征。以南海北部为例,珠江、台湾和吕宋岛这三个主要物源区无论是冰期还是间冰期都提供相同的黏土矿物组合,这些黏土矿物在输入到南海后分别受到不同洋流的搬运。因此,南海晚第四纪黏土矿物组合用于指示东亚季风演化历史的应用是通过洋流的搬运作用来实现的,在不同海区的应用效果不同。 相似文献
8.
9.
塔里木及邻区晚古生代早期古气候与构造 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
影响塔里木及邻区晚古生代早期气候的地球内部因素为古昆仑和南天山两个古洋盆封闭及有关的两条缝合构造带演化，从而形成上述时空段内热带海洋气候、热（亚热）带季风气候、热带沙漠气候以及热带滨岸干湿气候区域的更替，古气候特征的判断主要依据古地磁数据、古生态气候学、沉积环境诸方面。 相似文献
10.
基于岩心、岩石薄片及元素分析等资料,通过偏光显微镜、定量矿物扫描(QemScan)、电子探针、能谱和流体包裹体分析等技术手段,探讨了二连盆地白音查干凹陷下白垩统腾格尔组热水沉积岩中热水沉积矿物的沉淀顺序。研究区热水沉积矿物主要为铝硅酸盐和碳酸盐,含少量黄铁矿、重晶石、萤石等矿物。这些矿物在空间上具有特定的先后关系或位置关系: (1)在纹层状岩层中,由下到上从铝硅酸盐过渡为碳酸盐。在铝硅酸盐矿物组合中,首先出现的是方沸石,其次是钠沸石,再次为钠长石;在碳酸盐矿物中,首先出现的是菱镁矿,其次是菱铁矿,再次为铁白云石,有时还可见到方解石,但其含量很低。(2)在凝絮状团块中,团块中心为黄铁矿,从中心向外依次过渡为方沸石、钠沸石、菱镁矿、菱铁矿,最外层为铁白云石。在纹层状岩层和凝絮状团块中,有时还能见到上述顺序的逆顺序。(3)在后期充填的裂缝中,边部为沸石或绿泥石等铝硅酸盐矿物,向中心逐渐过渡为铁白云石碳酸盐。综合研究区所有的矿物序列来看,最完整的序列应为黄铁矿—钾长石—方沸石—钠沸石—钠长石—菱镁矿—菱铁矿—白云石—方解石,但是这种完整的序列是不常见的,通常仅为其中某几种矿物的组合,然而不管是哪些矿物进行组合,其出现的顺序都不变。推测该矿物序列的类型受热液喷流和溢流阶段、时间、温度和热水化学性质控制,早期高温、高盐度条件下出现的铝硅酸盐矿物序列较多,而晚期主要形成碳酸盐矿物序列。 相似文献
11.
通过对潘谢矿区新生界底部沉积物岩性特征、厚度分布、物质来源及沉积剖面等综合分析,得出该矿区古地形主要受构造、岩性以及风化作用等控制,在此基础上形成的底部砾石层与"红层"在整个空间分布呈非均匀性的特征,东部潘集矿区以砂砾层、砂层和含砾石粘土层为主,沉积厚度大,物源为就地风化和远处水流搬运物;西部张谢矿区以"红层"为主,成分混杂,厚度小,不连续,主要分布在山前低洼处,为山区"剥高填低、就地沉积"的沉积特征。底部松散沉积物主要有洪积环境、坡积环境以及河流环境下形成的沉积物,并依此推断了潘谢矿区底部松散层的沉积演化过程,洪积和河流冲刷作用对沉积物的形成及改造较为突出。研究成果为矿井在开采浅部煤层过程中,对于"底含"水的防治提供了重要的参考依据。 相似文献
12.
黑龙江饶河枕状玄武岩地质、地球化学特征及其构造属性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了确定饶河玄武岩的构造属性,在野外地质观察的基础上,对玄武岩进行岩石学研究和地球化学分析。玄武岩具有典型的枕状构造、淬冷边、中空骸晶和鬣刺结构等特征,反映其形成于海底喷发环境。化学分析样品具有高TiO_2、MgO和低Al_2O_3、CaO、P_2O_5、K_2O等特征,富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Sr和Ba),微量元素蛛网图呈向上隆起形态,稀土元素配分曲线为右倾型(∑LREE/∑HREE为5.8~6.5),无δEu异常(0.92~0.97),表明样品具有洋岛玄武岩特征。主量和微量元素构造环境判别图指示了样品形成于洋岛或板内环境。样品与亚速尔型和夏威夷型洋岛玄武岩地球化学特征对比,表现出明显的夏威夷型洋岛玄武岩特征。岩石源区分析揭示出岩浆具有地幔热柱起源,并有先期交代地幔熔体的混入,岩浆源区还受壳幔循环的影响。研究表明,饶河枕状玄武岩为夏威夷型洋岛玄武岩,形成于洋壳消减阶段的洋中脊轴外板内喷发环境,为饶河地区存在成熟的洋盆提供直接证据。结合区域研究成果,认为饶河地区经历了古太平洋板块的扩张、洋中脊轴外板内地幔柱上涌、洋壳俯冲消减以及向佳木斯地块仰冲增生的构造演化过程。 相似文献
13.
The changing vision of marine minerals 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Non-fuel marine minerals are reviewed from the perspective of resources and their value as active analogs that can advance understanding of types of ancient ore deposits that formed in marine settings. The theory of plate tectonics is the largest influence in expanding our vision of marine minerals and in developing our understanding of geologic controls of mineralization in space and time. Prior to the advent of plate tectonics, we viewed the ocean basins as passive sinks that served as containers for particulate and dissolved material eroded from land. This view adequately explained marine placer deposits (heavy minerals and gems), aggregates (sand and gravel), and precipitates (phosphorites and manganese nodules). Although numerous sites of placer mineral deposits are known on continental shelves worldwide, current activity pertains to diamond mining off southwestern Africa, tin mining off southeastern Asia, and intermittent gold mining off northwestern North America, which are all surpassed economically by worldwide recovery of marine sand and gravel, in turn dwarfed by offshore oil and gas. With the advent of plate tectonics, plate boundaries in ocean basins are recognized as active sources of mineralization in the form of hydrothermal massive sulfide deposits and proximal lower-temperature deposits hosted in oceanic crust (mafic at ocean ridges and felsic at volcanic island arcs), and of magmatic Ni–Cu sulfide, chromite and PGE deposits inferred to be present in the oceanic upper mantle–lower crust based on their occurrence in ophiolites. Some 300 sites of hydrothermal active and relict mineralization, most of them minor, are known at this early stage of seafloor exploration on ocean ridges, in fore-arc volcanoes, at back-arc spreading axes, and in arc rifts; deposits formed at spreading axes and transported off-axis by spreading are present in oceanic lithosphere but are virtually unknown. The TAG (Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse) hydrothermal field in the axial valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (latitude 26° N) is considered to exemplify a major Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) deposit forming at a spreading axis. The most prospective of these occurrences lie within the 200 nautical mile (370 km)-wide Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the nations of the volcanic island arcs of the western Pacific where metal content of massive sulfides (Ag, Au, Ba, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn) exceeds that at ocean ridges. Plate tectonics early provided a framework for mineralization on the scale of global plate boundaries and is providing guidance to gradually converge on sites of mineralization through regional scales of plate reorganization, with the potential to elucidate the occurrence of individual deposits (e.g., Eocene Carlin-type gold deposits). Investigation of the spectrum of marine minerals as active analogs of types of ancient mineral deposits is contributing to this convergence. Consideration of questions posed by Brian Skinner (1997) of what we do and do not know about ancient hydrothermal mineral deposits demonstrates the ongoing advances in understanding driven by investigation of marine minerals. 相似文献
14.
四川会东小街金矿床为川西产于元古宙绿片岩地层中的菱铁矿型金矿床的典型代表。金矿体呈脉状产于中元古界会理群青龙山组碳质板岩、流纹质凝灰岩、变粗面炭和花岗斑岩的内外接触带中,受ＥＷ向基底断裂的次级断裂和层间破碎带的严格控制。矿石矿物组合为黄铁矿、毒砂、黄铜矿、黔铜矿族、Ａｕ－Ａｇ系列矿物,石英和菱铁矿。其成矿元素组成为Ａｕ－Ｃｕ－Ａｇ－Ｐｂ－Ｓｂ－Ａｓ－Ｆｅ。围岩蚀变以硅化、粘土化和碳酸盐化（菱铁矿化 相似文献
15.
The paper presents results of the study of assemblages of clastic heavy minerals and geochemical features of some assemblages in several Permian-Mesozoic cherty and siliceous-clayey sequences of Sikhote Alin. They are composed of pelagic and hemipelagic sediments of the Panthalassa (Paleopacific) Ocean. Four typical mineral assemblages and their environments are established. In one of the ocean segments, where sedimentary cover formed during the Late Paleozoic-Early Cretaceous, the Permian pelagic domain was characterized by the amphibole-pyroxene assemblage with heavy minerals derived from ophiolites. The Triassic-Jurassic stage was marked by development of the clinopyroxene assemblage with heavy minerals derived from intraplate alkaline volcanic complexes. Middle-Late Jurassic hemipelagic sediments host the zircon-clinopyroxene assemblage with a greater role of continental environments and the presence of volcanic products of the convergence zone. Another segment of the ocean accumulated red cherts and siliceous-clayey sediments during the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous under the influence of island-arc volcanism. 相似文献
16.
Response of Reactive Phosphorus Burial to the Sedimentary Transition from Cretaceous Black Shales to Oceanic Red Beds in Southern Tibet 
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下载免费PDF全文 The mechanism of sedimentary transition from the Cretaceous black shales to the oceanic red beds is a new and important direction of Cretaceous research. Chemical sequential extraction is applied to study the burial records of reactive phosphorus in the black shale of the Gyabula Formation and oceanic red beds of the Chuangde Formation, Southern Tibet. Results indicate that the principal reactive phosphorus species is the authigenic and carbonate-associated phosphorus (CaP) in the Gyabula Formation and iron oxides-associated phosphorus (FeP) in the Chuangde Formation which accounts for more than half of their own total phosphorus content. While the authigenic and carbonate-associated phosphorus (CaP) is almost equal in the two Formations; the iron oxides-associated phosphorus is about 1.6 times higher in the Chuangde Formation than that in the Gyabula Formation resulting in a higher content of the total phosphorus in the Chuangde Formation. According to the observations on the marine phosphorus cycle in Modern Ocean, it is found that preferential burial and regeneration of reactive phosphorus corresponds to highly oxic and reducing conditions, respectively, leading to the different distribution of phosphorus in these two distinct type of marine sediments. It is the redox-sensitive behavior of phosphorus cycle to the different redox conditions in the ocean and the controlling effects of phosphorus to the marine production that stimulate the local sedimentary transition from the Cretaceous black shale to the oceanic red beds. 相似文献
17.
扬子及周缘地区上奥陶统-下志留统烃源岩发育环境及其控制因素 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
扬子地区下古生界发育了上奥陶统五峰组和下志留统龙马溪组两套有效烃源岩,查清其发育环境及其控制因素具有重要的科学理论和油气勘探意义.晚奥陶世开始,扬子地区进入碎屑岩陆棚演化阶段;五峰期-龙马溪期,扬子地区主体为局限的深水陆棚环境,总体呈现出浅水陆棚、深水陆棚、次深海共存的古地理格局.沉积体系展布和沉积演化主要受扬子陆块与华夏陆块的汇聚作用控制.扬子地区上奥陶统-下志留统烃源岩的形成与生烃母质生物的高生产力和高埋藏率、冰期-冰后期之交的气温快速转暖、海平面快速上升以及粘土矿物在有机质富集保存过程中的赋存驻留作用等密切相关. 相似文献
18.
Zhenguo ZHANG Nianqiao FANG Lianfeng GAO Baoling GUI Muhua CUI 《Frontiers of Earth Science》2008,2(1):41-48
The Cretaceous is an important period in which many geological events occurred, especially the OAEs (oceanic anoxic events)
which are characterized by black shale, and the oxic process characterized by CORBs (Cretaceous oceanic red beds). In this
paper, the causative mechanism behind the formation of black shale and the oceanic red beds are described in detail. This
may explain how the oceanic environment changed from anoxic to oxic in the Cretaceous period. It is suggested that these two
different events happened because of the same cause. On the one hand, the large-scale magma activities in Cretaceous caused
the concentration of CO2, the release of the inner energy of the earth, superficial change in the ocean-land, and finally, the increase of atmospheric
temperature. These changes implied the same tendency as the oceanic water temperature show, and caused the decrease in O2 concentration in the Cretaceous ocean, and finally resulted in the occurrence of the OAEs. On the other hand, violent and
frequent volcanic eruptions in the Cretaceous produced plenty of Fe-enriched lava on the seafloor. When the seawater reacted
with the lava, the element Fe became dissolved in seawater. Iron, which could help phytoplankton grow rapidly, is a micronutrient
essential to the synthesis of enzymes required for photosynthesis in the oceanic environment. Phytoplankton, which grows in
much of the oceans around the world, can consume carbon dioxide in the air and the ocean. Meanwhile, an equal quantity of
oxygen can be produced by the phytoplankton during its growth. Finally, the oxic environment characterized by red sediment
rich in Fe3+ appeared. The anoxic and oxic conditions in the Cretaceous ocean were caused by volcanic activities, but they stemmed from
different causative mechanisms. The former was based on physical and chemical processes, while the latter involved more complicated
bio-oceanic-geochemical processes.
__________
Translated from Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2007, 27(3): 69–75 [译自: 海洋地质与第四纪地质] 相似文献
19.
Sedimentary-exhalative (sedex) ore deposits were formed by discharge of metal-rich brines into ancient ocean basins. Chemical, isotopic, and geologic data from several Paleozoic sedex districts suggest that the brine discharges also supplied enormous quantities of radiogenic Sr and biolimiting nutrients to the oceans. Seven middle Paleozoic sedex events appear to coincide with short-duration positive excursions (“spikes”) in the global marine Sr-isotope record that are not explained by current oceanic models. These strong temporal correlations, combined with mass balance evidence and oceanographic modeling, suggest the flux of radiogenic Sr-rich sedex brines may have been sufficient to cause these prominent spikes. If these sedex hydrothermal events are recorded in the secular record, then the 87Sr/86Sr record may provide a unique tool for ore genesis studies and for assessing the mineral potential of sedimentary basins of different ages.The apex of these enigmatic 87Sr/86Sr spikes correlate with global δ13C and δ18O spikes, periods of global anoxia, deposition of metal-rich black shales, deposition of ironstones, climate change, metal-induced malformation (teratology) of marine organisms and significant mass extinctions. While the relationships among these phenomena remain poorly understood and diverse models for these events have been proposed, most invoke an increased flux of biolimiting nutrients resulting in ocean eutrophication. Evidence that the flux of key biolimiting nutrients and metals contained in sedex brines may have been equivalent to or surpass that of the total modern riverine flux to the ocean suggests that these sedex brine exhalations may have triggered global chemical and biological events. 相似文献
20.
西藏南部中白垩世黑色页岩的碳氧同位素组成及大洋缺氧事件的讨论 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
本文对西藏南部中白垩世黑色页岩中的氧同位素组成特征和两次大洋缺氧事件的形成、发展过程作了较为详细的分析讨论。西藏南部中白垩世期内,在仲玛期及其稍后的沉积时期存在两次大洋缺氧事件,定两次缺氧事件在时间上可与国际上的Ｃｅｎ－Ｔｕｒ和Ｃｏｎ－Ｓａｎｔ时期的全球大洋缺氧事件相对应;该区这两闪大洋缺氧事件的形成、发展,是与当时全球特定的的生态环境和全球性的地壳构造运动、大规模的海侵、火山喷发等重大地质灾变事 相似文献