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1.
Rayner Murray J. Moss Stephen W. Lorenz Volker Jaques A. Lynton Boxer Grant L. Smith Chris B. Webb Kimberley 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2018,112(2):351-363
Underground mining and deep drilling of the richly diamondiferous ~1.2 Ga Argyle lamproite in Western Australia has prompted a re-evaluation of the geology of the pipe. Argyle is considered to be a composite pipe that formed by the coalescence of several diatremes and has been offset and elongated by post-emplacement faulting. Recent geological studies have recognised at least five distinct volcaniclastic lamproite lithofacies with differing diamond grades. The new data suggest that the centre of the southern (main) diatreme is occupied by well-bedded, olivine lamproite lapilli tuff with very high diamond grades (>10 ct/t). Characteristic features include a clast-supported fabric and high modal abundance of densely packed lamproite lapilli and coarse-grained, likely mantle-derived olivine now replaced by serpentine and/or talc. The persistence of small-scale graded and cross-bedding in this lithofacies to depths of ~1.5 km below the original surface prior to erosion suggests phreatomagmatic volcanism forming the diatreme was syn-eruptively accompanied by subsidence of the tephra, maintaining a steep-walled diatreme in the water-saturated country rock sediments.
相似文献2.
目前所知产金刚石的岩石类型包括金伯利岩、钾镁煌斑岩、榴辉岩、蛇绿岩套、碱性超基性杂岩、碱性超基性煌斑岩和橄榄岩类(方辉橄榄岩、纯橄榄岩等) 等偏碱性超镁铁质岩石, 而有经济价值的金刚石原生矿床仅见于金伯利岩和钾镁煌斑岩中, 除此之外的其他岩石类型中仅见有少量微粒金刚石.金伯利岩和钾镁煌斑岩都起源于地幔深部, 就此意义上讲, 二者是同源的, 但其岩石化学成分、主要矿物组成、产出大地构造背景以及同位素资料等, 却存在着比较明显的差异.由此构成了金刚石原生矿床的两个成矿系列: 金伯利岩成矿系列和钾镁煌斑岩成矿系列.金伯利岩成矿系列又可以根据其化学成分划分为3个亚系列, 即: 高Cr, Ti, Mg成矿亚系列, 低Cr, Ti, Mg成矿亚系列和介于二者之间的一种具有复杂化学成分的成矿亚系列.钾镁煌斑岩成矿系列则可以根据其主要矿物组成, 划分出橄榄石钾镁煌斑岩成矿亚系列、白榴石钾镁煌斑岩成矿亚系列以及介于两者之间的白榴石-橄榄石钾镁煌斑岩成矿亚系列共3种次级成矿系列.与此同时, 无论是金伯利岩成矿系列, 还是钾镁煌斑岩成矿系列, 又都可以根据其野外地质产状, 划分为以下3个成矿亚系列(形成时间从早到晚) : (1) 火山沉积凝灰岩成矿亚系列; (2) 火山凝灰角砾岩成矿亚系列; (3) 火山-次火山侵入相成矿亚系列. 相似文献
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4.
?K.?Viljoen 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2002,144(1):98-108
The Venetia kimberlites in the Northern Province of South Africa sampled diamonds from the lithosphere underlying the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt. Given the general correlation of diamond-bearing kimberlites with old stable cratons, this tectonic setting is somewhat anomalous and, therefore, it is desirable to characterise the diamonds in terms of their infrared characteristics. A suite of diamonds of known paragenesis from the Venetia mine spans a large range of nitrogen concentrations from less than the detection limit to 1,355 ppm. Diamond nitrogen contents are, on average, higher in the eclogitic diamond population relative to the websteritic and peridotitic diamonds. Nitrogen aggregation states are variable, ranging from almost pure type IaA diamond (poorly aggregated nitrogen) to pure type IaB diamond (highly aggregated nitrogen). On a nitrogen aggregation diagram two distinct groups can be identified based on nitrogen content and nitrogen aggregation state. These are a minor population of diamonds with nitrogen contents generally higher than 500 ppm and nitrogen aggregation states of less than 40% IaB, and another, dominant population that is characterised by higher and more variable nitrogen aggregation. The unusually aggregated nature of the majority of the diamonds analysed is unique to Venetia relative to other intrusives on the Kaapvaal-Kalahari craton, but is similar to aggregation states observed for diamonds from other craton margin or adjacent mobile belt settings such as the Argyle lamproite and the George Creek kimberlite. This could be a consequence of diamond mantle residence at mantle temperatures higher than the norm for other kimberlites from the interior of cratons. Deformation of the mantle, associated with dynamic processes such as orogenesis or subduction, might also be responsible for accelerating the rate of nitrogen aggregation in these diamonds. Low numbers of diamonds with degradation of platelets at the Venetia kimberlite, relative to diamonds from the Argyle lamproite, indicate that deformation was at a significantly lower level. The comparatively low value of diamonds from Argyle (at approximately US8/carat) as opposed to Venetia (US8/carat) as opposed to Venetia (US90/carat) is in large part because of the very high abundance of brown diamonds at Argyle. Therefore, it is apparent that deformational history of the mantle in which the diamonds were resident prior to or during sampling by the host may have an important role to play in the profitability of a primary diamond deposit. The apparently consistent association of diamonds with unusually aggregated nitrogen with kimberlites, or lamproites intruded into craton margin or mobile belt settings suggests that it may be possible to recognise such contributory sources in alluvial diamond deposits, through the study of the infrared characteristics of the diamonds. Electronic supplementary material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer Link server located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-002-0385-2 相似文献
5.
迄今为止,对金刚石矿床的研究已取得了新的进展,国内外学音认为:“金伯利岩不是金刚石矿床的唯一母岩”,并且在碱性杂岩体中发现了许多具有工业价值的金刚石矿床。 通过对比辽宁凤城碱性杂岩与有关含金刚石矿床母岩(主要是钾镁煌斑岩)及其共生岩类的构造背景、岩石类型组合、矿物成分组合及岩石的主元素、微量元素和稀土元素特征,发现本区碱性杂岩体岩石与西澳钾镁煌斑岩很相似,尤其是与西澳白榴石钾镁煌斑岩最为接近,而在岩石类型和矿物组合特点上,又与美国阿肯色碱性岩区金刚石矿床母岩及其共生岩类组合颇为相似,这为我们进一步找寻金刚石矿床提供某些有益的信息。 相似文献
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R. Fleischer 《Mineralium Deposita》1998,33(3):238-254
Although several hundred kimberlites have been discovered in the past 20 years in Brazil, the Brazilian diamond production
has been derived almost entirely from sedimentary deposits: diamond-bearing conglomerates of different ages and recent alluvials
or terraces. Conglomerates as a source of diamond production may not be very significant in economic terms but are extremely
important in geological terms because they are the main, known sources of the recent alluvial deposits of Brazil. In this
sense, Brazil shows a sharp contrast with other large-scale producing countries, such as South Africa, Botswana, Russia and
Australia, where the production comes largely from kimberlites. It has similarities with Angola and India. In the former,
the Calonda conglomerates and, in the latter, the Banganapalli conglomerates are as important as sources as are the kimberlites,
either because diamonds are recovered from them directly or because they feed the alluvials. But Brazil differs from these
countries regarding the age of the oldest diamond finds. While in Angola they are restricted to the Cretaceous and in India
to the Upper Proterozoic, in Brazil they spread from the Lower/Middle Proterozoic to the Cretaceous. Brazil is thus a very
privileged area to study diamond sedimentary deposits, not only because they are numerous and have economic importance, but
also and mainly because they occur in sedimentary sequences of at least four different ages. The recognition of common geological
features in diamond sedimentary sequences of different ages led to the conclusion that their recurrence through time reflect
fundamental processes which can be put together in a rift evolutionary model. In this study seven different diamondiferous
districts in Brazil are briefly described and their rift-related features are emphasised. These features include the position
in the sedimentary pile both of the diamond-bearing conglomerates and the volcanic events, as well as the proximal character
in relation to growth-faults and the horizontal linear distribution of the conglomerates. The proposed model, stems from a
sedimentary reasoning. It links primary diamond sources and related volcanism to rifts, and substantiates the idea that kimberlite/lamproite
extrusions predate tectonic paroxysm such that, after erosion, diamonds from those extrusions end up in proximal rift-infill
sediments. Here the timing of the extrusion of the primary diamond source rocks is similar to the one determined by White
et al. who produced structural evidence to establish their model.
Received: 13 January 1997 / Accepted: 22 July 1997 相似文献
8.
Two diamond bearing xenoliths found at Finsch Mine are coarse garnet lherzolites, texturally and chemically similar to the dominant mantle xenoliths in that kimberlite. A total of 46 diamonds weighing 0.053 carats have been recovered from one and 53 diamonds weighing 0.332 carats from the other. The diamonds are less corroded than diamonds recovered from the kimberlite. Geothermobarometric calculations indicate that the xenoliths equilibrated at 1,130° C and pressures 50 kb which is within the diamond stability field; this corresponds to depths of 160 km and would place the rocks on a shield geotherm at slightly greater depths than most coarse garnet lherzolites from kimberlite. The primary minerals in the two rocks are very similar to each other but distinctly different to the majority of mineral inclusions in Finsch diamonds. This suggests a different origin for the diamonds in the kimberlite and the diamonds in the xenoliths although the equilibration conditions for both suites are approximately coincident and close to the wet peridotite solidus. 相似文献
9.
The Orange River, the principal conduit transporting diamonds from hinterland sources to the Namibian coast in post-Cretaceous times, is characterised by an extreme wave dominated delta that has given rise to a progression of coarse rudaceous littoral deposits preserved onshore for > 150 km north of the mouth. Under the long-lived, prevailing vigorous wave, wind and northward longshore drift regimes, the Orange River outfall has been reworked into, amongst others, a series of economically viable, diamondiferous Plio-Pleistocene onshore gravel beach deposits. These placers comprise spits and barrier beaches in the proximal reach within the palaeo-Orange River mouth that, after ca. 5 km northwards, merge into extensive but narrow linear beaches that, in turn after ca. 70 km, give way to pocket beaches. Gravel and diamond size decreases northwards away from the ancestral Orange River mouth. The linear and pocket beach types have considerably higher diamond content but lower average diamond stone size than the two proximal units that are characterised by low diamond grade but comparatively large average diamond size. Given the risk of delineating low grade alluvial diamond deposits accurately, we present here sedimentological reconstructions of the subtidal, intertidal and supra-tidal facies that constitute the spit and barrier beach sequences, based largely on face mapping of exploration trenches and open-cast, mine cuts, as well as the results of large tonnage, sampling campaigns. Diamond distribution is also linked convincingly to basic littoral processes that were operational within the palaeo-Orange River mouth during the complex transgression that gave rise to the + 30 m package in Plio-Pleistocene times. In both the spit and barrier beach settings, the intertidal deposits prove to be the most promising targets whereas the subtidal sediments are the least economic. The constant raking associated with coarse, cobble–boulder-sized gravel foreshore deposits in an energetic micro-tidal wave regime increased the average diamond stone size in the intertidal deposits to 1 to 2 carats per stone (cts/stn), but the lack of fixed trapsites (no competent footwall within the palaeo-Orange River mouth at that level) prohibited the accumulation of substantially enriched diamondiferous gravels. Consequently, grades of only 1.5 to 6 carats per 100 tons (cpht) are realised. The highest grades (2 to 6 cpht) are found in the landward-facing, intertidal beach deposits on the spits where gentle reworking in that sheltered environment had somewhat enriched and preserved the diamond content. Significantly, the low average stone size of ca. 0.5 cts/stn in this lower energy setting probably reflects that of the general diamond population available at that time. In contrast, the sand-rich subtidal deposits in the spit sequence return the lowest grades (0.1 to 0.5 cpht), similar to those in the slightly younger, subtidal transgressive boulder lags of the barrier beaches. However, the stone size in the spit subtidal sediments is also low (0.1 to 0.5 cts/stn) due to the highly mobile, fine-grained character of those deposits, whereas that in the subtidal transgressive lag is large (2 to 3 cts/stn) as a result of the local, semi-permanent turbulence associated with the boulder-sized clasts in these gravel sheets. Diamond distribution is therefore also influenced by littoral facies and associated beach types, in addition to the spatial and temporal parameters that have already been documented for the onshore marine placers of the southern Namibian coast. 相似文献
10.
Geomorphic controls on mercury accumulation in soils from a historically mined watershed, Central California Coast Range, USA 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Historic Hg mining in the Cache Creek watershed in the Central California Coast Range has contributed to the downstream transport of Hg to the San Francisco Bay-Delta. Different aspects of Hg mobilization in soils, including pedogenesis, fluvial redistribution of sediment, volatilization and eolian transport were considered. The greatest soil concentrations (>30 mg Hg kg−1) in Cache Creek are associated with mineralized serpentinite, the host rock for Hg deposits. Upland soils with non-mineralized serpentine and sedimentary parent material also had elevated concentrations (0.9–3.7 mg Hg kg−1) relative to the average concentration in the region and throughout the conterminous United States (0.06 mg kg−1). Erosion of soil and destabilized rock and mobilization of tailings and calcines into surrounding streams have contributed to Hg-rich alluvial soil forming in wetlands and floodplains. The concentration of Hg in floodplain sediment shows sediment dispersion from low-order catchments (5.6–9.6 mg Hg kg−1 in Sulphur Creek; 0.5–61 mg Hg kg−1 in Davis Creek) to Cache Creek (0.1–0.4 mg Hg kg−1). These sediments, deposited onto the floodplain during high-flow storm events, yield elevated Hg concentrations (0.2–55 mg Hg kg−1) in alluvial soils in upland watersheds. Alluvial soils within the Cache Creek watershed accumulate Hg from upstream mining areas, with concentrations between 0.06 and 0.22 mg Hg kg−1 measured in soils 90 km downstream from Hg mining areas. Alluvial soils have accumulated Hg released through historic mining activities, remobilizing this Hg to streams as the soils erode. 相似文献
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12.
金刚石及其寄主岩石是人类认识地球深部物质组成和性质、壳幔和核幔物质循环重要研究对象。本文总结了中国不同金刚石类型的分布,着重对比了博茨瓦纳和中国含金刚石金伯利岩的地质特征,取得如下认识:(1)博茨瓦纳含矿原生岩石仅为金伯利岩,而中国含矿岩石成分复杂,金伯利岩主要出露在华北克拉通,展布于郯庐、华北中央和华北北缘金伯利岩带,具有工业价值的蒙阴和瓦房店矿床分布于郯庐金伯利岩带中;钾镁煌斑岩主要出露在华南克拉通,重点分布在江南和华南北缘钾镁煌斑岩带中;(2)钙钛矿原位U-Pb年龄和Sr、Nd同位素显示,86～97 Ma奥拉帕金伯利岩群和456～470 Ma蒙阴和瓦房店金伯利岩均具有低87Sr/86Sr(0.703～0.705)和中等εNd(t)(-0.09～+5)特征,指示金伯利岩浆源自弱亏损地幔或初始地幔源区;(3)博茨瓦纳金伯利岩体绝大多数以岩筒产出,而中国以脉状为主岩筒次之;博茨瓦纳岩筒绝大部分为火山口相,中国均为根部相,岩筒地表面积普遍小于前者;(4)奥拉帕A/K1和朱瓦能金伯利岩体是世界上为数不多的主要产出榴辉岩捕虏体和E型金刚石的岩筒之一,而同位于奥拉帕岩群的莱特拉卡内、丹姆沙和卡罗韦岩体与我国郯庐带的金伯利岩体类似,均主要产出地幔橄榄岩捕虏体以及P型和E型金刚石;(5)寻找含矿金伯利岩重点注意以下几点:克拉通内部和周缘深大断裂带是重要的控岩构造;镁铝榴石、镁钛铁矿、铬透辉石、铬尖晶石和铬金红石等是寻找含金刚石金伯利岩重要的指示矿物;航磁等地球物理测量需与土壤取样找矿方法相结合才能取得更好效果;(6)郯庐金伯利岩带、江南钾镁煌斑岩带和塔里木地块是中国重要含矿岩石的找矿靶区,冲积型金刚石成矿潜力巨大。 相似文献
13.
A.A. Marakushev A.V. Bobrov N.A. Paneyakh V.K. Garanin Lu Fengxiang Sang Longkang Chen Meihua 《地学前缘》2007,14(2):109-128
金刚石母岩可以是榴辉岩、辉石岩、橄榄岩等多种岩石,它们与金刚石都是在地幔深处形成的,并上侵最终固结于地壳中。母岩中的金刚石等矿物在地壳中又发生准稳定生长。地壳中金伯利岩和钾镁煌斑岩岩浆作用对金刚石母岩侵入体进行改造,使原生金刚石发生破碎、溶解、再生长等一系列变化,并形成巨晶、劣质金刚石和黑金刚石等新类型,这些现象不是在金刚石母岩形成之初发生的。 相似文献
14.
本文根据贵定平伐地区水系砂矿金刚石和泥盆系碎屑岩金刚石信息,结合黔东钾镁煌斑岩乃至华北地台金刚石成矿于奥陶纪(末)的时间域,贵州地史演化特征和此时都匀运动的地质构造格架,综合分析认为,仍处海相沉积建造进程中的黔东有一系列(含金刚石)钾镁煌斑岩侵入,作为上扬子地台中相对刚性的黔中隆起块体,应更利于钾镁煌斑岩型甚至金伯利岩型金刚石的成矿,贵定平伐泥盆系碎屑岩金刚石或许就是来源于黔中隆起区原生金刚石矿的剥蚀扩散补给,并因此相伴形成碎屑岩区水系砂矿金刚石及其指示矿物的重砂异常。 相似文献
15.
山西大同钾镁煌斑岩地质地球化学特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
根据饮牛沟钾镁煌斑岩的岩石学、岩石化学、矿物化学、微量及稀土元素地球化学特征,本文认为该岩体属钾镁煌斑岩,但在矿物成分及化学成分上与世界上典型的含金刚石的钾镁煌斑岩相比,相对贫钛和钾,未出现含Ｋ,Ｂａ,Ｔｉ,Ｚｒ的副矿物。该岩体的成因可能为母岩部分熔融后又经分离结晶作用而形成的,岩浆起源于贫钛的金云母二辉橄榄岩,形成深度１００ｋｍ左右。 相似文献
16.
扬子克拉通金刚石原生矿找矿问题一直是极具争议和挑战性的课题,而贵州镇远作为扬子克拉通最丰富的含金刚石母岩出露区,对该区岩体侵位模式及找矿前景的研究,可为扬子克拉通金刚石成矿与找矿研究、地球深部重大科学问题探讨等提供新的思路和方法。通过梳理分析以往该区形成的勘查、研究资料,认为贵州东部所出露的一系列钾镁煌斑岩体受控于北东向的玉屏-施洞-三都断裂,就镇远马坪而言,至少出露2期钾镁煌斑岩侵入活动,在其深冲断层东侧可能存在未被剥蚀的岩体,仍具有一定的找矿前景。 相似文献
17.
贵州镇远马坪"东方一号"岩体为中国最早发现的原生金刚石矿,受当时只有金伯利岩才含金刚石矿及后来西澳阿盖尔钾镁煌斑岩型金刚石原生矿等的影响,先后定名为金伯利岩、钾镁煌斑岩、金云火山岩等。最近专题调查分析研究表明,镇远马坪地区含金刚石母岩,其岩石学矿物学和地球化学特征均更接近澳大利亚典型金伯利岩,白坟地区岩体则类似于澳大利亚典型钾镁煌斑岩,建议将镇远马坪地区"东方一号"等岩类定名为角砾凝灰质金伯利岩,白坟地区岩类定名为钾碱镁闪石-透辉石-金云母钾镁煌斑岩,镇远地区兼有金伯利岩和钾镁煌斑岩的特征,与西澳大利亚极其类似,镇远地区乃至黔东地区具有较大的金刚石原生矿找矿勘查潜力和研究意义。 相似文献
18.
Methods for assessing natural background water quality of streams affected by historical mining are vigorously debated. An empirical method is proposed in which stream-specific estimation equations are generated from relationships between either pH or dissolved Cu concentration in stream water and the Fe/Cu concentration ratio in Fe-precipitates presently forming in the stream. The equations and Fe/Cu ratios for pre-mining deposits of alluvial ferricrete then were used to reconstruct estimated pre-mining longitudinal profiles for pH and dissolved Cu in three acidic streams in Montana, USA. Primary assumptions underlying the proposed method are that alluvial ferricretes and modern Fe-precipitates share a common origin, that the Cu content of Fe-precipitates remains constant during and after conversion to ferricrete, and that geochemical factors other than pH and dissolved Cu concentration play a lesser role in determining Fe/Cu ratios in Fe-precipitates. The method was evaluated by applying it in a fourth, naturally acidic stream unaffected by mining, where estimated pre-mining pH and Cu concentrations were similar to present-day values, and by demonstrating that inflows, particularly from unmined areas, had consistent effects on both the pre-mining and measured profiles of pH and Cu concentration. Using this method, it was estimated that mining has affected about 480 m of Daisy Creek, 1.8 km of Fisher Creek, and at least 1 km of Swift Gulch. Mean values of pH decreased by about 0.6 pH units to about 3.2 in Daisy Creek and by 1–1.5 pH units to about 3.5 in Fisher Creek. In Swift Gulch, mining appears to have decreased pH from about 5.5 to as low as 3.6. Dissolved Cu concentrations increased due to mining almost 40% in Daisy Creek to a mean of 11.7 mg/L and as much as 230% in Fisher Creek to 0.690 mg/L. Uncertainty in the fate of Cu during the conversion of Fe-precipitates to ferricrete translates to potential errors in pre-mining estimates of as much as 0.25 units for pH and 22% for dissolved Cu concentration. The method warrants further testing in other mined and unmined watersheds. Comparison of pre-mining water-quality estimates derived from the ferricrete and other methods in single watersheds would be particularly valuable. The method has potential for use in monitoring remedial efforts at mine sites with ferricrete deposits. A reasonable remediation objective might be realized when the downstream pattern of Fe/Cu ratios in modern streambed Fe-precipitates corresponds to the pattern in pre-mining alluvial ferricrete deposits along a stream valley. 相似文献
19.
Sigismond A. Wilson 《GeoJournal》2011,76(3):191-212
Although the Kimberley Process Certificate Scheme has considerably reduced the flow of conflict diamonds from 4% to less than
1%, other forms of illicit diamonds are estimated at 20% of global production. While scholars and policy makers have given
considerable attention to illicit mining and smuggling (with some success), illicit exploitation still hinders revenue generation
that is needed for economic growth and development in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries heavily reliant on alluvial minerals.
Based on surveys of 240 households in four diamondiferous chiefdoms in Kono District in Sierra Leone, key informant interviews,
focus groups and secondary data, and drawing from the actor-oriented approach and Le Billon (Fuelling war: natural resources
and armed conflict. London, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2005) conceptualization of the political geography of the resource, this paper examines the problem of illicit diamond exploitation
in post-conflict Sierra Leone. It investigates: (1) the causes of illicit diamond mining and smuggling; (2) the spatial and
temporal aspects of illicit mining and smuggling, and (3) possible solutions to illicit diamond exploitation. The paper argues
that the ineffectiveness of national mining laws/policies has created conditions that are exploited by local and international
actors in the diamond industry. This is further exacerbated by the political geography of the resource. Study findings reveal
that while better mining regulation could reduce illicit exploitation, bringing buyers closers to miners and offering them
better prices for rough diamonds will minimize smuggling and thus increase government’s mineral revenue base. 相似文献
20.
金刚石产地来源的确定是国际性难题,其中由于砂矿金刚石可能存在搬运过程的混合,其产地来源的确定更加具有争议性。巴西金刚石绝大部分来源于砂矿,从成矿地质背景、形貌和颜色、内部结构、矿物包裹体、微量元素、C同位素组成分布等六个要素总结分析了巴西金刚石研究的相关成果,为国际砂矿来源金刚石产地辨识提供参考。研究结果显示,巴西大部分矿区金刚石的特征与世界范围其它矿区的相似,以橄榄岩型为主,难以相互区分。但其中Juina地区和Machado河产地的金刚石具有独特的氮含量（无氮的Ⅱ型为主）和聚集状态,内部结构、矿物包裹体组合及温压环境特征均显示出深部地幔来源的特点,和巴西其它产地具有一定的区分度。与世界范围不同产地砂矿来源金刚石的基本特征对比显示,不同国家具体地区砂矿金刚石在上述不同要素的组合上存在一定的差异性,但总体上要借助现有资料进行产地来源的准确判断还非常困难,需要进行更深入细致的工作。 相似文献