The runoff and sediment load of the Loess Plateau have changed significantly due to the implementation of soil and water conservation measures since the 1970s. However, the effects of soil and water conservation measures on hydrological extremes have rarely been considered. In this study, we investigated the variations in hydrological extremes and flood processes during different periods in the Yanhe River Basin (a tributary of the Loess Plateau) based on the daily mean runoff and 117 flood event data from 1956 to 2013. The study periods were divided into reference period (1956–1969), engineering measures period (1970–1995), and biological control measures period (1996–2013) according to the change points of the annual streamflow and the actual human activity in the basin. The results of the hydrological high extremes (HF1max, HF3max, HF7max) exhibit a decreasing trend (P?<?0.01), whereas the hydrological low extremes (HBF1min, HBF3min, HBF7min) show an increasing trend during 1956–2013. Compared with the hydrological extremes during the reference period, the hydrological high extremes increased during the engineering measures period at low (<?15%) and high frequency (>?80%), whereas decreased during the biological control measures period at almost all frequencies. The hydrological low extremes generally increased during both the engineering measures and biological control measures periods, particularly during the latter period. At the flood event scale, most flood event indices in connection with the runoff and sediment during the engineering measures period were significantly higher than those during the biological control measures period. The above results indicate that the ability to withstand hydrological extremes for the biological control measures was greater than that for the engineering measures in the studied basin. This work reveals the effects of different soil and water conservation measures on hydrological extremes in a typical basin of the Loess Plateau and hence can provide a useful reference for regional soil erosion control and disaster prevention policy-making.
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吴林娜 《华北地质矿产杂志》1996,11(2):260-262,256
水文下垫面分析是水文分析计算、水文测验、水文预报、水资源评价等的基础性工作。本文试图通过对水文下垫面性质及组成水文下垫面各要素的分析，探讨水六下垫面的分类原则，分类标准，并从山西的具体情况出发，讨论了山西水文下垫面分类的具体问题。 相似文献
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同位素水文地球化学 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
最近三十年来,由于同位素分析技术的发展,水的同位素分析已经成为水文地质学的现代研究方法之一。水文地质工作者不仅研究水的化学组成,即溶解于水中的盐类的化学组成(水文地球化学)而且进而研究水本身及某些溶解盐类的同位素组成,以获得传统方法不可能得到的一些重要水文地质信息。 同位素技术应用于水文地质学领域,已形成一门新的学科——同位素水文地质学(Isotope Hydrogeology),或称为同位素水文学(Isotope Hydrology)。同位素水文地质学包括用人工同位素示踪研究局部地区的水文地质条件,以及用环境同位素研究较广泛的水文地质学和地球化学问题两个完全不同的学科分支,后一个学科分支就是同位素水文地球化学。 相似文献
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干旱地区内陆河流域水文问题的研究实践与展望 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
过去，干旱地区内陆河流域水文研究主要偏重于山区水文，注重山区来水及径流分析，而很少涉及灌区问题和生态问题，对绿洲水文和荒漠水文的研究十分缺乏。以新疆为例，通过对干旱地区河流的基本特征和水文机理的分析研究，从径流形成、水资源开发利用、生态环境保护三位一体，即从全流域水文循环的角度出发，提出了以山区水文、绿洲水文、荒漠生态水文为三大构成要素的干旱地区内陆河流域水文系统的新概念，并基于干旱地区内陆河流域水文问题的研究实践，提出了各自领域的研究内容和方向，进一步拓宽了水文问题的研究领域，对水文学科的研究与发展提出了新的思路，注入了新的内容。 相似文献
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我国水文情报预报工作的主要成就及展望 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
新中国成立５０年来,水文情报预报工作取得了成就,在水情信息采集和传输方面,全国已有水文报汛站８０００余处,在２５处重点防洪河段和１５０座大型水库上建立了水文自动测报系统,共计有遥测站近２０００个,已有２２个省（市,区）和７个流域管理机构的水情部门通过计算机广域网互传水情信息。在水文预报技术方面,开发研制了适合中国特色的许多水文模型。随着计算机的广泛应用,水利信息中心初步建立了水雨情信息服务系统,包 相似文献
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利用ＯＲＡＣＬＥ开发分布式水文数据库戴俊明，史金松（河海大学）１引言“七五”期间，根据水利部有关全国分布式水文数据库试点工作的安排，我们与江西省水文总站、水利部水调中心水文数据处一起用ＤＴＲ完成了江西水文数据库系统的试点工作。之后，又用ＯＲＡＣＬＥ对... 相似文献
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以淮河小柳巷水文站以上各支流组成的流域为研究对象,应用ESSI分布式水文模型对流域出口的年、月、日径流以及流域水文空间过程进行模拟以验证模型的适用性和模拟精度。选取合理的模型运行方案组合,以2001~2004年作为模型校准期,率定出模型参数,并用2006~2009年的实测水文数据进行模型验证。结果表明ESSI模型率定得到的参数在研究区具有一定的代表性,较为准确地概化描述了研究区的水文过程,在淮河流域中上游具有良好的适用性;此外,模拟的水文空间过程与淮河流域的客观规律相近,表明ESSI模型对各水文过程具有合理的描述和表达,为水资源的时空动态变化规律研究提供良好的模拟平台。 相似文献
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在充分调研成武县农村土地管理工作和当前农村土地管理政策和管理现状的基础上,认为目前成武县农村土地管理存在集体土地所有权部分弱化,土地市场流转机制不畅以及集体土地管理不规范。应强化农村土地所有权主体的权利,严格执行土地用途管制制度,完善土地管理制度和法律法规,同时进行针对性的规划和监管。 相似文献
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Climate and hydrological models to assess the impact of climate change on hydrological regime: a review 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Quantitative knowledge about the impacts of climate change on the hydrological regime is essential in order to achieve meaningful insights to address various adverse consequences related to water such as water scarcity, flooding, drought, etc. General circulation models (GCMs) have been developed to simulate the present climate and to predict future climatic change. But, the coarse resolution of their outputs is inefficient to resolve significant regional scale features for assessing the effects of climate change on the hydrological regimes, thus restricting their direct implementation in hydrological models. This article reviews hierarchy and development of climate models from the early times, importance and inter-comparison of downscaling techniques and development of hydrological models. Also recent research developments regarding the evaluation of climate change impact on the hydrological regime have been discussed. The article also provides some suggestions to improve the effectiveness of modelling approaches involved in the assessment of climate change impact on hydrological regime. 相似文献
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分布式水文模型对流域水文过程的应用深度及广度不断加深,常与数值天气及气候预报相结合,面临巨大的计算量。近年来GPU技术的进步使普通电脑能够实现高效而又廉价的并行计算。提出了资料插值、单元产流以及单元汇流采用GPU并行计算,马斯京根法河道汇流采用一种非并行的递归方法。基于笔记本电脑和NVIDIA GPU/CUDA结合C#语言,由分布式新安江模型在沂河流域的模拟应用表明,降水量空间插值及新安江产流的并行执行效率为普通CPU上C#的8~9倍。使用直接递归法实现马斯京根汇流演算比以往采用汇流次序表的执行效率提升0.5~0.9倍。 相似文献
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Edier Aristizábal Jaime Ignacio Vélez Hernán Eduardo Martínez Michel Jaboyedoff 《Landslides》2016,13(3):497-517
Landslides are a main cause of human and economic losses worldwide. For this reason, landslide hazard assessment and the capacity to predict this phenomenon have been topics of great interest within the scientific community for the implementation of early warning systems. Although several models have been proposed to forecast shallow landslides triggered by rainfall, few models have incorporated geotechnical factors into a complete hydrological model of a basin that can simulate the storage and movement of rainwater through the soil profile. These basin and full hydrological models have adopted a physically based approach. This paper develops a conceptual and physically based model called open and distributed hydrological simulation and landslides—SHIA_Landslide (Simulación HIdrológica Abierta, or SHIA, in Spanish)—that is supported by geotechnical and hydrological features occurring on a basin-wide scale in tropical and mountainous terrains. SHIA_Landslide is an original and significant contribution that offers a new perspective with which to analyse shallow landslide processes by incorporating a comprehensive distributed hydrological tank model that includes water storage in the soil coupled with a classical analysis of infinite slope stability under saturated conditions. SHIA_Landslide can be distinguished by the following: (i) its capacity to capture surface topography and effects concerning the subsurface flow; (ii) its use of digital terrain model (DTM) to establish the relationships among cells, geomorphological parameters, slope angle, direction, etc.; (iii) its continuous simulation of rainfall data over long periods and event simulations of specific storms; (iv) its consideration of the effects of horizontal and vertical flow; and (vi) its inclusion of a hydrologically complete water process that allows for hydrological calibration. SHIA_Landslide can be combined with real-time rainfall data and implemented in early warning systems. 相似文献
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水文地球化学反应-迁移-分异模型 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为水资源水质评价和环境水化学研究奠定理论基础和科学依据 ,将理论化学与传统水文地球化学融合在一起 ,运用三相平衡原理 ,矿物溶解的偏平衡理论 ,建立了典型水文地质蓄水构造的水文地球化学反应 -迁移 -分异模型 ,研究了蓄水构造内不同区带的主要化学反应 -迁移 -分异特点 ,探讨了水文地球化学分带代表性矿物 ,化学指标和水化学类型分带特征。全面系统地论述了补给区—补给迳流区—迳流区—排泄区 ,地下水中物质成分的形成和演化规律 ,并提出矿物饱和指数的新意义。实例表明 ,该模型具有理论和应用价值。 相似文献
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西部干旱区内陆河流域脆弱生态环境研究进展——以新疆塔里木河流域为例 总被引：28，自引：1，他引：28
干旱区内陆河流域的脆弱生态环境是在长期的演变过程中形成的。人类对自然资源，特别是水资源的不合理利用，加剧了脆弱生态环境的演变过程，影响了干旱区的生态安全。从国内外脆弱生态环境研究进展状况以及以塔里木河流域为典型代表的干旱区内陆河流域自然地理特征分析中，揭示了脆弱生态环境的特征及演变规律。近一个世纪以来，人们针对内陆河流域的人与环境问题、水资源问题（包括水文地质、水资源变化特征、水环境变化特征）、气候以及自然地理学领域做了大量的研究工作。随着国家西部发展战略的逐步实施，干旱区内陆河流域将成为西部地区重要的资源开发与经济发展潜力巨大的地区。 相似文献
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长江中游地区地质构造及其对洪灾治理的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文分３个层次论述了地质构造对长江中游地区洪灾发生、治理的作用,按地质规律提出了对螺山扩卡、退田还湖和堤防基础等的认识及＂上部堵,下部疏,中部堤防重基础”的治理方针。 相似文献
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