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1.
In general, farmers from developing countries often use several feeding mixtures based on materials available in their vicinity resulting in a final poor-quality compost product. Human hair as a composting feed could impact on the nutrient status in prepared compost. In this study, the effect of different amount of human hair to tannery sludge, roadside pond sediment, municipal solid waste and cow dung was investigated during 70-day composting cycle. Human hair addition increased N, P and K from 1.36 to 22.85, 53.06 to 189.80 and 4.13 to 39.26%, respectively, over control. Total metal and arsenic contaminations were significantly higher than in control but lower than the Indian permissible limit. Highest amount of human hair in composting feed indicated that the germination index for tea seed (Camellia sinensis L.) was less than 80% reflecting the possible remaining phytotoxic substances. Redundancy analysis revealed that there was a significance influence of the physico-chemical variables on bacterial community.  相似文献   

2.
对上海曲阳污水厂污泥及其快速堆肥产物中的Zn．Cu，Ni．Cd，Pb，Cr等六种重金属进行了含量及化学形态分析。分析结果表明堆肥过程不会改变污泥中各重金属元素的含量．堆肥前后重金属主要以稳定的形态存在，但堆肥过程进一步提高了重金属元素稳定形态的比例。变化最为显著的是污泥中含量较高的Zn，其不稳定形态的比例由37％降为16％．使得Zn的活性与毒性大大降低。经过快速堆肥．考察的六种重金属元素的稳定性得到了提高，减小了污泥土地利用时重金属的环境危害。  相似文献   

3.
Bulk compositions of metallic Fe-Ni from two equilibrated ordinary chondrites, Jilin (H5) and Anlong (H5), and two unequilibrated ones, GRV 9919 (L3) and GRV 021603 (H3), were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The CI-, Co-normalized abundances of siderophile and chalcophile elements of metallic Fe-Ni from the unequilibrated ordinary chondrites correlate with 50% condensation temperatures (i.e., volatility) of the elements. The refractory siderophile elements (i.e., platinum group elements, Re), Au, Ni and Co show a flat pattern (1.01×CI Co-normalized), while moderate elements (As, Cu, Ag, Ga, Ge, Zn) decrease with volatility from 0.63×CI (Co-normalized, As) to 0.05×CI (Co-normalized, Zn). Cr and Mn show deficit relative to the trend, probably due to their main partition in silicates and sulfides (nonmagnetic). Metallic Fe-Ni from the equilibrated ordinary chondrites shows similar patterns, except for strong deficit of Cr, Mn, Ag and Zn. It is indicated that these elements were almost all partitioned into silicates and/or sulfides during thermal metamorphism. The similar deficit of Cr, Mn, Ag and Zn was also found in iron meteorites. Our analyses demonstrate similar behaviors of W and Mo as refractory siderophile elements during condensation of the solar nebula, except for slight depletion of Mo in the L3 and H5 chondrites. The Mo-depletion of metallic Fe-Ni from GRV 9919 (L3) relative to GRV 021603 (H3) could be due to a more oxidizing condition of the former than the latter in the solar nebula. In contrast, the Mo-depletion of the metallic Fe-Ni from the H5 chondrites may reflect partition of Mo from metal to silicates and/or sulfides during thermal metamorphism in the asteroidal body.  相似文献   

4.
湖南湘西金矿尾矿-水相互作用的动力学   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
湖南湘西金矿尾矿-水相互作用非常强烈,导致了尾矿中硫化矿物、硅酸盐矿物的溶解和金属元素的活化迁移。实验和理论分析表明,尾矿-水相互作用过程中存在多相（表面）催化和自催化作用,尾矿中金属硫化物的溶解导致水溶液酸化和SO4等介质浓度增高,并进一步促进尾矿-水相互作用和尾矿中金属元素的释放和迁移;同时,尾矿-水相互作用中释放的金属元素与水溶液中的阴离子形成稳定的络合物,金属的水解可显著加快金属络合物的形成速率,从而又进一步促进了尾矿-水的相互作用。  相似文献   

5.
The concentrations of some widely used pharmaceuticals, namely fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin C17 H18FN3O3, norfloxacin C17 H18FN3O3 and ofloxacin C18 H20FN3O4 and sulfonamides (sulfadimethoxine C12 H14N4O4s and sulfamethoxazole C10 H11N3O3S were determined in urban sewage sludge utilized for making compost. The levels of degradation of these pharmaceuticals resulting from sludge treatment were assessed. The concentrations of the studied pharmaceuticals sufficiently varied both in sewage sludge and in compost and due to this phenomenon the possible danger resulting from the presence of pharmaceuticals in sewage sludge, used for composting, can not be ignored. The concentrations of the studied pharmaceuticals were lower in compost, if compared to the relevant concentrations in sewage sludge. The highest pharmaceutical concentration in sewage sludge — 426 μg/kg — was detected in the case of ciprofloxacin. The highest concentrations present in compost were 22 μg/kg of norfloxacin and 20 μg/kg of ciprofloxacin. Results show that before using the sewage sludge for making compost or before using the compost a fertilizer for food plants, they should be carefully tested against the content of commonly used pharmaceuticals.  相似文献   

6.
元素有机相态的提取技术及应用   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
张守本  谈成龙  沈珠琴 《物探与化探》2000,24(3):203-207,229
通过成矿元素的溶解、再迁移及在地表形成各种活动相态的过程,探讨利用元素有机相态勘查隐伏金属矿床的机理,并介绍元素有机相态的提取技术及矿例。  相似文献   

7.
江汉盐湖盆地原油中微量金属元素的分布及应用   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
杨志琼  段思宏 《沉积学报》1987,5(4):137-146
利用发射光谱粉末法,定量测定江汉盐湖盆地72个原油样中的钴、锗、锆、钼、铬等13个微量金属元素后查明,这些元素在地层剖面上的分布有明显规律。除镁及铅以外,11种金属元素的含量随地层变老和原油成熟度增加而减少。如潜一段重质原油中钼、钴的含量比下伏地层高出15倍左右,锗只在潜一段原油中存在。11种元素的含量还随原油的比重、粘度、合硫量、沥青质、胶质及卟啉化合物的增加而增加。利用这些分布特点可区别不同油层的原油,也可推测油气运移的方向。  相似文献   

8.
根据表层土、深层土的采样研究资料,获取了江西某蔬菜基地的土壤主要重金属元素基准值,分析了5种重金属元素在该区表层土中的分布、分配及相关特点,分析了元素的迁移特征。对该蔬菜基地的土壤重金属污染现状作了初步评价,并提出了合理调整的相关建议。研究发现,该蔬菜基地表层土(耕作土层)中Cd、Hg、Pb存在明显的积聚现象。局部地段土壤中已超出了农业部颁发的无公害蔬菜产地以及绿色食品产地土壤环境质量标准,成了"不安全生产区"。同时发现区内重金属含量本底值并不高,重金属的污染积蓄主要与人类生产活动有关,可能来源于长期不合理的施肥与喷药。  相似文献   

9.
通过对海洋沉积物及其粘土组分的研究发现,金属元素Fe、Mn、B、Ba、Cu、V、Y等的含量与锰结核的丰度成正相关,也与粘土组分、有机物含量呈正相关,表明粘土组分是某些金属元素及有机物富集的载体;同时发现Mn、Fe、受火山、热液及碎屑的影响,致使这种相关性不及其他元素明显。  相似文献   

10.
A large-scale evaporate series is developed in Paleogene-Neogene strata in the Kuqa basin. The series is composed mainly of evaporate with thin beds of clastic rock (mainly mudstone and siltstone). In grayish white medium- and coarse-grained sandstone in Miocene strata, the formation of copper minerals is in close connection with brine. In joint planes, which are developed in vertical strata, are filled with gypsum. Gypsum and copper-mineralized sandstone contains enormous copper minerals, mainly atacamite. According to the SEM analysis for salt rock, gypsum rock, limestone, grayish green siltstone, grayish white medium-coarse-grained sandstone, some minerals are composed of metallic elements including Au, Ag, Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, Ni and U etc., in which Au occurs in a native form, Cu occurs in a native form or as atacamite in salt rock, gypsum rock and limestone, Ag occurs as silver sulfide in gypsum, and Zn, Pb, Co, Ni, U occur as compounds along with the above metallic ions in evaporate or clastic rock. From SEM images, we can see that metallic elements or their compounds (oxides or sulfides) “take root” as grains in salt or gypsum crystals, which belong to primary chemical sedimentation along with evaporate, while some grains “float” on surface of salt or gypsum. In the former case, mineral grains were formed together with salt (gypsum) crystals; while in the latter case, minerals were enriched from internal metallic ions (Paleogene evaporate samples) or external metallic ions (Neogene gypsum samples) in the late stage of evaporate formation. The metallic ions in Paleogene evaporate samples might originate from weathered or denudated materials in the south Tianshan Mountains. The metallic ions in the Neogene evaporate samples might be from metal-bearing brine, which migrated upward to surface along fractures and leached into evaporate (gypsum). Occurrence of metallic minerals and their compounds (elementary substance) in Paleogene evaporate proves that diversified metallic minerals exist in evaporate. The source of metallic ions in the Neogene evaporate series shows that evaporate could provide materials for late-stage metallic mineralization.  相似文献   

11.
This study monitored ambient air particles and the metallic elements Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, and Zn in total suspended particulate (TSP) concentrations and dry deposition during the day and nighttime sampling period at a traffic sampling site in central Taiwan from 2012 March to 2013 February. The dry deposition flux ratios and seasonal concentration variations of ambient air particles and these metallic elements are also discussed. The results indicate that for all the elements, except for Zn, the highest average concentrations in TSP occurred in the spring and summer, while the lowest average was in the fall and winter for both day and nighttime sampling periods.  相似文献   

12.
Halogen elements play an important role in the metallogenesis of metallic ore deposits and are involved in the whole process of remobilization, transport and precipitation of metallic elements. However, with the exception of fluorine, which, as a component of fluorite and mica minerals, can be occasionally concentrated in ores, Cl, Br and I are hard to enrich in the ores. Investigations have found that the halogen elements tend to diffuse toward country rocks with the development of hydrothermal alteration in the process of their involvement in metallogenesis, especially during the post-ore stage when extensive halogen diffusion halos over orebodies would be formed. Such halogen element diffusion halos over the Chadong As–Ag–Au deposit extend as widely as 200 m. The largest diffusion extent is for I and the diffusion halos of Br are most noticeable 50–130 m away from the orebodies. In areas of ore exposure and the strongly altered zone, the Cl, Br and I contents are close to those of the strata with a V-shaped distribution pattern in the periphery of the mining district. Comparatively speaking, in going away from the altered zone, the major metallic elements Au and Ag in the deposit tend to decrease suddenly to their normal contents in the strata. This variation feature of halogen elements can be used as geochemical indicators for exploring concealed orebodies at depth. In the Chadong ore deposit, halogen element anomalies can be used to predict concealed orebodies at the depth range of 0–200 m.  相似文献   

13.
安徽石台地区下寒武统黑色岩系微量元素地球化学特征   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
黑色岩系成因复杂,且与多金属元素成矿密切相关。对安徽石台地区下寒武统黑色岩系微量元素地球化学研究表明,其富集Ag、V、U、Mo、As、Sb等多种金属元素。且在这套黑色岩系地层剖面中,其中部碳质页岩的金属元素富集程度比其它岩性的富集程度明显偏高。微量元素组成及相关元素比值显示这套黑色岩系形成于海相热水沉积作用,代表了一种非正常海水沉积。沉积环境由早期缺氧的还原环境逐渐向后期的半还原-氧化环境演化,反映早寒武世安徽下扬子海由海侵向海退的逐渐过渡。  相似文献   

14.
Treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) highly rich in sulfate and multiple metal elements has been investigated in a continuous flow column experiment using organic and inorganic reactive media. Treatment substrates that composed of spent mushroom compost (SMC), limestone, activated sludge and woodchips were incorporated into bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) treatment for AMD. SMC greatly assisted the removals of sulfate and metals and acted as essential carbon source for sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Alkalinity produced by dissolution of limestone and metabolism of SRB has provided acidity neutralization capacity for AMD where pH was maintained at neutral state, thus aiding the removal of sulfate. Fe, Pb, Cu, Zn and Al were effectively removed (87–100%); however, Mn was not successfully removed despite initial Mn reduction during early phase due to interference with Fe. The first half of the treatment was an essential phase for removal of most metals where contaminants were primarily removed by the BSR in addition to carbonate dissolution function. The importance of BSR in the presence of organic materials was also supported by metal fraction analysis that primary metal accumulation occurs mainly through metal adsorption onto the organic matter, e.g., as sulfides and onto Fe/Mn oxides surfaces.  相似文献   

15.
The short-term leaching behavior of a landfilled primary Pb smelter slag from the Santo Amaro (Brazil) smelter was investigated using about 1-day contact time with acid and alkaline solutions. Strong alteration of this slag was observed only below pH 3. In this extreme environment, in addition to the previously discussed behavior of Ca, Si, Fe, Pb and Zn, the As, Cd and Cu were solubilized; however, due to the small content of these elements in the slag, the solution has low content of them. The hierarchical cluster analysis of the results of several leaching tests shows that Pb, As and Cd are part of a group related to the metallic lead phase trapped in the matrix. There is a second group related to some components of the slag matrix (Zn, Ca and Fe) likely oxides; and Si alone is part of a third group related to the slag matrix. The sequential leaching experiments indicate that the main lead solubilization is related to the oxidant environment which confirms the predominance of lead as metallic particles inside the large particles of the slag matrix. These results indicate that, despite the fact that the landfilled slag removal is needful, it is a secondary task to reduce the contamination risk of the region of the former smelter.  相似文献   

16.
Mathematic modeling and simulation of a biofilter system was developed for biofilters filled by three different packing materials such as granular activated carbon (GAC), compost mixed with diatomaceous earth (DE), and compost, respectively, and the effects of biofilter length, packing material, biological activity and the operation time of system on the removal of ethanol (influent contaminant) were studied. The mathematical model for analysis of mass transport phenomena in the biofilter was solved using a two-step, explicit finite difference approximation technique and computer simulation was carried out. The obtained results show that at the early stage of biofiltration the dominant mechanism is adsorption and after saturation of packing by contaminant, biological processes became the dominant mechanism. GAC packed biofilter needs more time to reach to steady state in comparison to the two other packing. GAC is the best adsorbent for contaminant removal; however, compost provides a better environment for microbial growth and activity. The proposed procedure is applicable to analyze the behavior of a biofiltration system used in removal of volatile organic compounds.  相似文献   

17.
The mantles of the Earth and Moon are similarly depleted in V, Cr, and Mn relative to the concentrations of these elements in chondritic meteorites. The similar depletions have been used as evidence that the Moon inherited its mantle from the Earth after a giant impact event. We have conducted liquid metal-liquid silicate partitioning experiments for V, Cr, and Mn from 3 to 14 GPa and 1723 to 2573 K to understand the behavior of these elements during planetary core formation. Our experiments have included systematic studies of the effects of temperature, silicate composition, metallic S-content, metallic C-content, and pressure. Temperature has a significant effect on the partitioning of V, Cr, Mn, with all three elements increasing their partitioning into the metallic liquid with increasing temperature. In contrast, pressure is not observed to affect the partitioning behavior. The experimental results show the partitioning of Cr and Mn are hardly dependent on the silicate composition, whereas V partitions more strongly into depolymerized silicate melts. The addition of either S or C to the metallic liquid causes increased metal-silicate partition coefficients for all three elements. Parameterizing and applying the experimental data, we find that the Earth’s mantle depletions of V, Cr, and possibly Mn can be explained by core formation in a high-temperature magma ocean under oxygen fugacity conditions about two log units below the iron-wüstite buffer, though the depletion of Mn may be due entirely to its volatility. However, more oxidizing conditions proposed in recent core formation models for the Earth cannot account for any of the depletions. Additionally, because we observe no pressure effect on the partitioning behavior, the data do not require the mantle of the Moon to be derived from the Earth’s mantle, although this is not ruled out. All that is required to create depletions of V, Cr, and Mn in a mantle is a planetary body that is hot enough and reducing enough during its core formation. Such conditions could have existed on the Moon-forming impactor.  相似文献   

18.
为合理有效地提取和利用大洋金属资源,在对大洋锰结核化学成分及矿物组成进行测定的基础上,采用分布溶解法对钴的赋存状态进行了分析.选择还原氨浸法对大洋锰结核中的多金属进行了浸取实验,并用铵黄铁矾法对浸取液进行了除铁及用硫化沉淀法对钴进行分离提取等实验.结果表明:大洋锰结核中钴的质量分数可达0.30%,且主要以硅酸钴、氧化钴和硫化钴的形式存在.氨浸提取可以有效地使金属离子从结核中溶出,其中钴的浸出率最高可达93.25%;铵黄铁矾法可将浸出液中的铁全部去除.提取的硫化钴中除含有少量铬外未见其它杂质元素.  相似文献   

19.
华南隐伏-半隐伏脉钨矿床的地表标志带   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
古菊云 《矿床地质》1984,3(1):67-76
一、脉钨矿床的形态分带和标志带概念华南地区的脉钨矿床,多与花岗岩有成因上的联系。按工业矿脉与成矿岩体的空间关系,可将脉钨矿床分成三类,即外接触带矿床、内接触带矿床和内外接触带矿床。这三类矿床都具有形态分带性。外接触带和内外接触带矿床的形态分带特征基本相同,发育良好、保存完全者在垂直方向上综观可作五形变分带,即自上而下为线脉带、细脉带、薄脉带、大脉带、消失带。下部大、薄脉是上部线、细脉合并变大而成的。内接触带矿床只能分出三个  相似文献   

20.
Municipal solid waste compost and cattle manure are used as organic fertilizers in agriculture and horticulture. These wastes, however, may also have some negative effects on the agricultural environment. This study investigates the effects of municipal solid waste compost of Kerman (MSC) and cattle manure (CM) on availability of the heavy metal in calcareous soil (extractable with EDTA) in greenhouse conditions. The MSC and CM were mixed thoroughly with soil at rates of 0%, 2%, and 4% of dry matter. After 90 days of incubation, the soil samples were analyzed. Addition of levels of each two organic wastes into soil significantly decreased the soil pH and increased the soil EC as compared with control (unamended soil).The available contents (EDTA-extractable) of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cu in the soil samples were increased because of each two organic treatments applied. The heavy metal contents in the soil samples amended with MSC were more than CM. The heavy metal contents of organic wastes were well below the maximum allowed by USEPA. It is recommended that in Iran, the legal maximum permissible limit for heavy elements in organic wastes must be determined.  相似文献   

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