共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 312 毫秒
1.
涌流型浊流形成及发展的实验模拟 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
对涌流型浊流及底流型浊流的动量方程进行了比较,结果表明涌流型浊流不仅从其前部卷吸水体,同时从其顶面卷吸水体。在 0°、5°、10°底坡上开展的涌流型浊流的模拟实验发现 :涌流型浊流的悬浮云是悬伸而向前凸出的,在横向上形成近乎周期性出现的船艄形的凸起和凹陷;涌流型浊流的主体比头部运动速度快,运动过程表现为波浪式前进、后波超前波的特征;涌流型浊流的流体厚度及速度与搬运距离和底坡成正比;流体密度在其底部较大,顶部较小,而底流型浊流不具上述特征。 相似文献
2.
This short note reports a series of density current experiments designed to model turbidity underflows caused by flood-stage discharge of lake-tributaries. In a 5.8 m long tank filled with freshwater, saltwater was fed in continuously, flowing down a 15°‘delta’ slope onto a horizontal floor. These density currents maintained steady state characteristics. The main objectives of this investigation were to determine (1) the flow regime of the density currents and (2) the underflow-induced movements in the freshwater. Reynolds numbers for thirty-five runs ranged from 70 to 4100. Experiments with laminar flow reproduced kinematic (Froudian) models of underflows measured in the Walensee (Switzerland). Flow was rapid on the slope (Froude number, Fr > 1) and tranquil (Fr<1) on the floor. Turbulent flow experiments yielded velocity profiles (with a maximum at the flow interface) which approximate natural conditions. Movements in formerly stagnant water body are induced by interfacial shear stress: a layer of freshwater is dragged along by the density current and replaced by the backward flow of an equal amount of overlying water (mass conservation). Extrapolated to a natural setting, circulation induced by underflows is probably an important mechanism for oxygenating deep lacustrine basins. 相似文献
3.
OCTAVIO E. SEQUEIROS BENOIT SPINEWINE RICK T. BEAUBOUEF TAO SUN MARCELO H. GARCIA GARY PARKER 《Sedimentology》2010,57(6):1463-1490
Turbidity currents in the ocean are driven by suspended sediment. Yet results from surveys of the modern sea floor and turbidite outcrops indicate that they are capable of transporting as bedload and depositing particles as coarse as cobble sizes. While bedload cannot drive turbidity currents, it can strongly influence the nature of the deposits they emplace. This paper reports on the first set of experiments which focus on bedload transport of granular material by density underflows. These underflows include saline density flows, hybrid saline/turbidity currents and a pure turbidity current. The use of dissolved salt is a surrogate for suspended mud which is so fine that it does not settle out readily. Thus, all the currents can be considered to be model turbidity currents. The data cover four bed conditions: plane bed, dunes, upstream‐migrating antidunes and downstream‐migrating antidunes. The bedload transport relation obtained from the data is very similar to those obtained for open‐channel flows and, in fact, is fitted well by an existing relation determined for open‐channel flows. In the case of dunes and downstream‐migrating antidunes, for which flow separation on the lee sides was observed, form drag falls in a range that is similar to that due to dunes in sand‐bed rivers. This form drag can be removed from the total bed shear stress using an existing relation developed for rivers. Once this form drag is subtracted, the bedload data for these cases collapse to follow the same relation as for plane beds and upstream‐migrating antidunes, for which no flow separation was observed. A relation for flow resistance developed for open‐channel flows agrees well with the data when adapted to density underflows. Comparison of the data with a regime diagram for field‐scale sand‐bed rivers at bankfull flow and field‐scale measurements of turbidity currents at Monterey Submarine Canyon, together with Shields number and densimetric Froude number similarity analyses, provide strong evidence that the experimental relations apply at field scale as well. 相似文献
4.
Dating of recent varve-like sediments from the perialpine Lake of Walenstadt (=Walensee) indicates that the number of laminae deposited in the 165 years between 1811 and 1976 ranges from 300 to 360 depending on sample location. Direct evidence that up to five graded laminae may be deposited during one year was found in 1912 by an engineer of the Swiss Federal Hydrological Agency who was using sediment traps to determine the annual accumulation rate. These layers are considered to be deposits of continuous-fed turbidity currents generated by hyperpycnal inflow during river-flood stages. Current measurements revealed that these underflows can occur sporadically throughout the year, but are especially common during the snow-melting season and after heavy rainfalls. Currents with bottom-velocities up to 50 cm s?1 were detected during summertime when the lake is thermally stratified, indicating that such stratification is no obstacle to the generation of turbidity underflows. The laminated sediments of the Walensee do not represent deposition of annual cycles and these non-annual varve-like sediments seem to be less regularly rhythmic than the annual varves of Lake Zurich. 相似文献
5.
Three series of density-current experiments were performed in a 5.76 m flume. In the first series, the flume was horizontal, and in the second and third, it was inclined with a positive slope and negative slope, respectively. Energy relations during successive stages of density-current movement were computed from observed data, which showed an appreciable frictional energy dissipation. The computed friction factors of our experimental density-flows were compared to the friction factors for pipe flows (Moody diagram), and while the calculated friction factor increases with increasing Reynold's number within the range of our experiments (Re 2 × 103?2 × 104), it is concluded that with increasing Reynold's number above about 5 × 104 the friction factor decreases. For natural turbidity currents, the Moody diagram gives a reasonable estimate of the friction factor between the current and sediment bed. The value of the friction factor for the interface between the current and overlying water was found to be about 0.2 times the friction factor for the current and flume. However, due to errors inherent in measuring the depth of the current, a value of 0.4 would be more reasonable for density-currents in our range of Reynold's number. Friction tends to decrease the value of the dimensionless coefficient in Keulegan's law of saline front and to decrease the thickness of the flow. In contrast, the presence of a slope in the direction of flow tends to compensate the effect of friction. The angle θc that provides the potential energy to exactly offset the energy losses incurred during movement by the density-currents in our experiments has a calculated value of 31′. An empirical formula φ= 0.935θ—0·57 relating friction, in terms of the hydraulic gradient φ, to the slope angle θ was obtained. Since the thickness of the current can be computed from the relationship between φ and θ, we estimated the thickness of naturally occurring density-currents in Swiss lakes. The results suggest the applicability of our experimental results to small turbidity currents in nature. Our analysis further indicates that large turbidity currents have a small φ and can be expected to flow very long distances on a flat abyssal plain. 相似文献
6.
JAN ALEXANDER STUART J. MCLELLAND† THOMAS E. GRAY CHRIS E. VINCENT MIKE R. LEEDER SUSANNA ELLETT 《Sedimentology》2008,55(4):845-868
The turbulent flow structure, suspended sediment dynamics and deposits of experimental sustained turbidity currents exiting a channel across a break in slope into a wide tank are documented. The data shed light on the flow evolution and deposit geometry of analogous natural channel‐fed submarine fans. Flows generated in a 0·3 m wide, sloping (0°, 6°, 9° or 20°) channel crossed an angular slope break and spread onto a horizontal tank floor. Flow development comprised: (i) channelized phase (unsteady channel flow developing into steady channel flow); (ii) initial lateral expansion phase (unsteady‐spreading wall jet phase); (iii) constant lateral expansion phase (steady‐spreading wall jet phase); and (iv) rapid waning phase. Phases (i) and (iv) are similar to laterally constrained turbidity currents, but phases (ii) and (iii) are considerably different from such two‐dimensional currents. Steeper channel slopes produced greater flow velocities and turbulence intensities, but these effects diminished markedly with distance from the channel mouth. Flow velocity vectors in the tank had similar patterns for all channel slopes, with a central core of faster velocity and narrow vector dispersion and slower flow with larger dispersion at the jet margins. Suspended sediment concentrations were higher within flow heads and dense basal layers in flow bodies. Time‐averaged acoustic backscatter data showed vertical concentration gradients, confirmed by siphon samples. The deposits comprised a thick central ridge, of similar order width to the channel mouth, with abrupt margins and a surrounding, very thin, fan‐like sheet. The ridge was coarser grained and better sorted than the original sediment, with grain‐size fining downstream, particularly over the fan‐like sheet. The formation of a central ridge suggests that, in the tank, vertical turbulent momentum exchange is more significant for sediment dynamics than spanwise momentum exchange due to lateral expansion. The streamwise elongate geometry of the ridge contrasts with conventional fan‐like geometry found with surge‐type turbidity flows, a result that has widespread stratigraphic and economic implications. 相似文献
7.
海底浊流在坡道转换处的流动及沉积的数值模拟 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
根据一经多项试验数据验证的基于三维不可压缩流体Navier-Stokes方程和湍流 k-ε 模型的重力流数值计算的数学模型,模拟并分析了单粒径沉积物的海底浊流沿不同斜坡流至近似平坦坡的流动及沉积特征。模拟结果显示了有关海底浊流的一些重要特征:连续入流的浊流在斜坡上的流速随着斜坡的增大而增大,同时浊流厚度由于对环境水体的夹带而渐渐增厚,坡度越大,增厚越快;流至近水平坡时,流速均有明显的降低,但大斜坡入流依然保持相对较高的流速。在沉积方面,初步的模拟结果显示对给定的沉积物来说存在一相对应的临界坡度:当坡度小时,坡上沉积多,坡下少,这样整体的坡度有逐渐增大之势;当坡度大时,坡上沉积少或为侵蚀,而坡下沉积相对较多,坡度有整体减小之势。了解了不同坡度转换的浊流沉积的上述特点,对于我们根据实测的浊流沉积的剖面特征推测其形成的环境,进而推测相关油气储层的分布状况会有一定的参考作用。 相似文献
8.
Pickering & Hiscott, (1985) have demonstrated amply the presence of reverse-flow units within the thick-bedded calcareous wacke (TCW) beds of the turbiditic Cloridorme Formation (Middle Ordovician, Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec, Canada). These reverse-flow units are underlain and overlain by units which reveal flow in the primary (obverse) direction. In this paper, a model is proposed for this reverse flow, based on the probable nature of the primary turbidity flow. It appears that the initial flow was highly elongated (thickness h? length L), with h～ 500 m, velocity U～ 2 m s-1 and sediment concentration C～ 1·25%o. The rate of momentum loss of the flow is estimated by means of a useful parameter which we call the ‘drag distance’, symbol dD, defined by where h and L are the thickness and length of the flow, respectively; cCd is a combined drag coefficient representing friction on the bottom and at the upper interface; and fCd is a form-drag coefficient related to the shape and size of the head. dD is the distance travelled by a current of constant h and L, flowing over a horizontal bottom and obeying a quadratic friction law, for an e-fold reduction in velocity. Simple considerations, confirmed by our own experiments (described in this paper), show that such an elongated turbidity current cannot be reflected as a whole from an adverse slope: when the nose of the current reaches the slope, it forms a hump, which surges backwards and sooner or later breaks up into a series of internal solitons. The latter, probably numbering 4–7, will cause reverse flow at a given point as they pass by, provided that the residual velocity in the tail is not too great. Flow in the original (obverse) direction will be re-established after the passage of the solitons. Quiescent periods in front of, between and behind the solitons, when soliton-associated currents cancelled out the residual obverse flow, would allow the deposition of thin mud-drapes. Additional flow reversals observed in a few of the TCW beds cannot be explained readily by the re-passage of solitons, since wave breaking at the ends of the basin would cause massive energy loss; internal seiches are the preferred explanation for these later reversals. 相似文献
9.
Speed and direction of bottom currents induced by density underflow of two sediment-laden rivers were measured by oceanographic current meters in the Walensee (= Lake of Walenstadt), Switzerland. The apparently shooting flow of currents (up to 30 cm/s in this study) is suggested as an explanation for laminations in turbidite sequences. The current speed apparently stabilizes on slopes around 2°; this angle seems to correspond to the critical slope where the flow of the measured currents becomes steady. Current direction is controlled by bottom topography and direction of river inflow. Reversal of current direction observed at two sites is probably due to the underflow-induced backward motion of the overlying lake water. Underflow activity in Walensee is correlative with density peaks of the river water input. The currents are compared to Lake Mead (Southwestern U.S.) underflows and sporadic currents in some submarine canyons. 相似文献
10.
Climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination is most commonly deposited by turbidity currents when suspended load fallout and bedload transport occur contemporaneously. The angle of ripple climb reflects the ratio of suspended load fallout and bedload sedimentation rates, allowing for the calculation of the flow properties and durations of turbidity currents. Three areas exhibiting thick (>50 m) sections of deep‐water climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination deposits are the focus of this study: (i) the Miocene upper Mount Messenger Formation in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand; (ii) the Permian Skoorsteenberg Formation in the Tanqua depocentre of the Karoo Basin, South Africa; and (iii) the lower Pleistocene Magnolia Field in the Titan Basin, Gulf of Mexico. Facies distributions and local contextual information indicate that climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination in each area was deposited in an ‘off‐axis’ setting where flows were expanding due to loss of confinement or a decrease in slope gradient. The resultant reduction in flow thickness, Reynolds number, shear stress and capacity promoted suspension fallout and thus climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination formation. Climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination in the New Zealand study area was deposited both outside of and within channels at an inferred break in slope, where flows were decelerating and expanding. In the South Africa study area, climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination was deposited due to a loss of flow confinement. In the Magnolia study area, an abrupt decrease in gradient near a basin sill caused flow deceleration and climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination deposition in off‐axis settings. Sedimentation rate and accumulation time were calculated for 44 climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination sedimentation units from the three areas using TDURE, a mathematical model developed by Baas et al. (2000) . For Tc divisions and Tbc beds averaging 26 cm and 37 cm thick, respectively, average climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination and whole bed sedimentation rates were 0·15 mm sec?1 and 0·26 mm sec?1 and average accumulation times were 27 min and 35 min, respectively. In some instances, distinct stratigraphic trends of sedimentation rate give insight into the evolution of the depositional environment. Climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination in the three study areas is developed in very fine‐grained to fine‐grained sand, suggesting a grain size dependence on turbidite climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination formation. Indeed, the calculated sedimentation rates correlate well with the rate of sedimentation due to hindered settling of very fine‐grained and fine‐grained sand–water suspensions at concentrations of up to 20% and 2·5%, respectively. For coarser grains, hindered settling rates at all concentrations are much too high to form climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination, resulting in the formation of massive/structureless S3 or Ta divisions. 相似文献
11.
Side-scan sonar, seismic and core data are used to identify mega-flutes, transverse and ‘V’ shaped bedforms in turbidites around the Valencia channel mouth, north-west Mediterranean. Long-range side-scan sonar data reveal a broad, curved, asymmetric, channel, that widens and terminates downfan. The western channel bank near the channel mouth has been partly eroded by turbidity currents that spilled out of the channel. Transverse bedforms on the east of the channel floor are interpreted as antidunes and, if this interpretation is correct, they indicate that the flow was probably supercritical at least locally within the channel. Trains of mega-flutes, are incised into coarse-grained sediments of the channel floor near the channel mouth. The association of mega-flutes and antidunes is thought to be diagnostic of channel–lobe transitions on deep-sea fans. The mega-flutes pass downfan into an area of streaks that diverge at up to 45° and indicates flow expansion from the channel mouth. About 75 km downfan from the channel mouth, deep-towed side-scan data record transverse bedforms (interpreted as antidunes) passing downfan into an area covered by ‘V’ shaped bedforms with upflow pointing apices (named chevrons here). The chevrons are commonly c. 200 m from limb to limb and c. 2 m in amplitude with flow-parallel wavelengths of c. 400 m. We propose that chevrons were formed by a strong, probably supercritical (or near critical) turbidity current spreading from the channel mouth and flowing towards the Balearic Abyssal Plain. Thinning of the turbidity current, resulting from flow spreading would allow the Froude number to remain high up to 100 km from the channel mouth and could explain the observed reduction in antidune wavelength. 相似文献
12.
Due to the steep slope of mountainous watersheds and large changes in vegetation coverage degree, flood response processes after rainstorms are complicated. The flow concentration time of the slope is a key parameter for the simulation of flood processes. The most widely used flow concentration time formula currently in the distributed hydrological model is T?=?L0.6n0.6i?0.4S?0.3, which is derived from the kinematic wave theory (Melesse and Graham in J Am Water Resour As 40(4):863–879, 2004; Lee in Hydrol Sci 53(2):323–337, 2008). The flow confluence time T is characterized by the constant exponent of the slope length L, roughness n, effective rainfall intensity i and slope S, and the influence of vegetation on the flow concentration time is implied by the roughness. In this study, a series of heavy rainfall slope surface confluence tests under different slopes and vegetation coverage were carried out, a vegetation coverage factor, C, which was introduced, a statistical analysis method was used, and the vegetation coverage index was fitted. The results showed that the types of vegetation have a certain influence on the flow concentration time of slope, and the flow confluence time under turf vegetation was larger than the flow confluence time under shrubs vegetation; especially in the slope of the larger slope, the relative impact is more significant; at the same time, the influence of vegetation coverage on the flow concentration time of slope was more significant; no matter the condition of turf or shrub, the slope confluence time increased obviously with the increase in vegetation coverage. The index of vegetation coverage factor C varied with the slope and rain intensity. In general, the index of vegetation coverage factor C increased with the decrease in slope and decreased with the increase in rain intensity. In regard to the turf vegetation coverage index, when the slope is 45° and 30°, the decreasing trend of the vegetation coverage index a0 is obvious with increasing rainfall intensity. When the slope is 15°, the vegetation coverage index a0 also decreases with increasing rainfall intensity. When the slope is 5°, the vegetation coverage index a0 basically has no change. In regard to the shrubs vegetation coverage index, when the slope is 45° and 30°, the decreasing trend of the vegetation coverage index a0 is obvious with increasing rainfall intensity. When the slope is 15°, the vegetation coverage index a0 also decreases with increasing rainfall intensity. When the slope is 5°, the vegetation coverage index a0 basically has no change.
相似文献13.
The early Holocene S-1 sapropelic sequence in the northwest Hellenic Trench has been studied in six piston cores from the Zakinthos and Strofadhes basins. The S-1 sequence, 0.7-3.5 m thick, consists principally of silt to mud turbidites, with rare, thick, disorganized, sandy turbidites. These lithofacies are described and compared with fine-grained turbidites from the literature. Petrographical data, including the abundance of organic carbon and planktonic microfossils, indicate that the principal source of sediment to the turbidites was from the continental slope. On the basis of composition and texture, five turbidite units can be correlated between the two basins. These basins are fed by separate but adjacent drainage systems. The apparently synchronous occurrence of turbidites in the two drainage systems suggests that the turbidity currents were seismically triggered. Some of the turbidites show poorly organized beds which may reflect the slump origin and the short (30 km) distances of travel. Turbidites were deposited more frequently in the S-1 sapropelic interval than in the over- and underlying sediments. Application of slope stability analysis shows that on the 8° slopes above the basins, a 10-cm-thick sapropel would have a factor of safety of about 2, and would fail with earthquake accelerations in excess of 0.08 g. The frequency of earthquakes likely to produce such accelerations is similar to the observed frequency of turbidites. The low strength of the sapropelic sediment makes it particularly susceptible to such failure. Similar thin-skinned slumping may be an important process for the initiation of turbidity currents in other environments where there are steep slopes or high sedimentation rates. 相似文献
14.
泥沙淤积是影响多沙河流水库寿命的一大难题,而异重流排沙是减少库区淤积的重要措施之一。异重流的潜入现象是异重流开始形成的直观标志,研究异重流潜入条件的判别方法有助于掌握异重流在库区内的演进规律。总结了水库异重流潜入条件的定性描述及定量计算方法,指出已有的潜入点判别公式的优缺点及适用范围,改进了描述异重流运动的动量方程,同时分析了异重流流速与含沙量沿垂线不均匀分布对动量传递的影响;在此基础上提出新的异重流潜入条件判别式,并用多组室内及野外实测资料对该判别条件进行率定与验证。分析结果表明,新的计算公式可用于判别小浪底库区异重流的潜入条件。 相似文献
15.
Alexandre Normandeau Jordan B. R. Eamer Pascal Bernatchez David Didier Patrick Lajeunesse Audrey Limoges Jean-Carlos Montero-Serrano 《Sedimentology》2023,70(1):100-120
Deltas are at the transition between fluvial and marine sedimentary environments where sediment density flows are often triggered during high river discharge events, forming submarine channels and sediment waves. On wave-influenced deltas, longshore currents are particularly efficient at transporting sediment alongshore, reducing the likelihood of sediment density flows from occurring at river mouths. This study describes four deltaic sedimentary systems at different stages of their evolution on a formerly glaciated continental inner shelf of eastern Canada in order to better understand the distribution of sediment density flows on wave-influenced deltas. Three types of settings are recognized as being prone to sediment density flows: (i) in the early stages of wave-influence and on large deltas, converging longshore currents can lead to offshelf sediment transport; (ii) on wave-influenced to wave-dominated deltas, a sandy spit can re-route the river mouth and sediment density flows form where the spit intersects the delta lip; (iii) in advanced stages of wave-dominated deltas and during their demise, rocky headlands are exposed and can intersect the slope, where off-shelf sediment transport occurs. These types of sediment density flows were all characterized by debris flows or surge-type turbidity currents which have limited offshore run-out. More rarely, hyperpycnal flows form at the river mouths, especially where the river incises glaciomarine clays prone to landsliding in the river, which increases fine-grained fluvial suspended sediment concentration. Overall, these results highlight the predominance of fluvial-dominated deltas during a phase of relative sea-level fall combined with high sediment supply. However, as soon as sediment supply diminishes, wave action remobilizes sediment alongshore modifying the distribution and types of sediment density flows occurring on wave-influenced deltas. 相似文献
16.
The record of density-induced underflows in a glacial lake 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
FRANK WEIRICH 《Sedimentology》1986,33(2):261-277
As part of an overall study of sedimentation processes in a proglacial lake an effort was made to compare field results with some of the general equations for density flows. The results suggest that in relatively small glacial lakes the occurrence of underflows with lower sediment loads involves a complex interplay between thermal and sediment effects which is extremely sensitive to varying hydrologic and climatic conditions. In terms of actual transport mechanics the results: (i) indicate that a higher α value of 0·6 or 0·7 gives a closer agreement between the measured velocity values and the established equations on moderately shallow slopes; (ii) provide field support for the experimentally derived relationship of Britter & Linden (1980) for the velocity of underflows and suggest the equation may be applicable in situations below 5° slopes; and (iii) support the relationship between velocity of the front and body of a continuous underflow for moderate slope situations suggested by Middleton (1966b). Finally the velocity values measured by electromagnetic current meters stationed in the lake, the grain-size data obtained from mapping core data, and the application of other criteria support the concept that in this environment the underflows are capable of erosion. 相似文献
17.
The formation of large mudwaves by turbidity currents on the levees of the Toyama deep-sea channel, Japan Sea 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
The development of mudwaves on the levees of the modern Toyama deep‐sea channel has been studied using gravity core samples combined with 3·5‐kHz echosounder data and airgun seismic reflection profiles. The mudwaves have developed on the overbank flanks of a clockwise bend of the channel in the Yamato Basin, Japan Sea, and the mudwave field covers an area of 4000 km2. Mudwave lengths range from 0·2 to 3·6 km and heights vary from 2 to 44 m, and the pattern of mudwave aggradation indicates an upslope migration direction. Sediment cores show that the mudwaves consist of an alternation of fine‐grained turbidites and hemipelagites whereas contourites are absent. Core samples demonstrate that the sedimentation rate ranged from 10 to 14 cm ka?1 on the lee sides to 17–40 cm ka?1 on the stoss sides. A layer‐by‐layer correlation of the deposits across the mudwaves shows that the individual turbidite beds are up to 20 times thicker on the stoss side than on the lee side, whereas hemipelagite thicknesses are uniform. This differential accretion of turbidites is thought to have resulted in the pattern of upcurrent climbing mudwave crests, which supports the notion that the mudwaves have been formed by spillover turbidity currents. The mudwaves are interpreted to have been instigated by pre‐existing large sand dunes that are up to 30 m thick and were created by high‐velocity (10°ms?1), thick (c. 500 m) turbidity currents spilling over the channel banks at the time of the maximum uplift of the Northern Japan Alps during the latest Pliocene to Early Pleistocene. Draping of the dunes by the subsequent, lower‐velocity (10?1ms?1), mud‐laden turbidity currents is thought to have resulted in the formation of the accretionary mudwaves and the pattern of upflow climbing. The dune stoss slopes are argued to have acted as obstacles to the flow, causing localized loss of flow strength and leading to differential draping by the muddy turbidites, with greater accretion occurring on the stoss side than on the lee slope. The two overbank flanks of the clockwise channel bend show some interesting differences in mudwave development. The mudwaves have a mean height of 9·8 m on the outer‐bank levee and 6·2 m on the inner bank. The turbidites accreted on the stoss sides of the mudwaves are 4–6 times thicker on the outer‐bank levee than their counterparts on the inner‐bank levee. These differences are attributed to the greater flow volume (thickness) and sediment flux of the outer‐bank spillover flow due to the more intense stripping of the turbidity currents at the outer bank of the channel bend. Differential development of mudwave fields may therefore be a useful indicator in the reconstruction of deep‐sea channels and their flow hydraulics. 相似文献
18.
《Sedimentology》2018,65(6):1947-1972
Submarine channels convey turbidity currents, the primary means for distributing sand and coarser sediments to the deep ocean. In some cases, submarine channels have been shown to braid, in a similar way to rivers. Yet the strength of the analogy between the subaerial and submarine braided channels is incompletely understood. Six experiments with subaqueous density currents and two experiments with subaerial rivers were conducted to quantify: (i) submarine channel kinematics; and (ii) the responses of channel and bar geometry to subaerial versus submarine basin conditions, inlet conditions and the ratio of ‘flow to sediment’ discharge (Q w/Q s). For a range of Q w/Q s values spanning a factor of 2·7, subaqueous braided channels consistently developed, were deeper upstream compared to downstream, and alternated with zones of sheet flow downstream. Topographic analyses included spatial statistics and mapping bars and channels using a reduced‐complexity flow model. The ratio of the estimated depth‐slope product for the submarine channels versus the subaerial channels was greater than unity, consistent with theoretical predictions, but with downstream variations ranging over a factor of 10. For the same inlet geometry and Q w/Q s, a subaqueous experiment produced deeper, steeper channels with fewer channel threads than its subaerial counterpart. For the subaqueous cases, neither slope, nor braiding index, nor bar aspect ratio varied consistently with Q w/Q s. For the subaqueous channels, the timescale for avulsion was double the time to migrate one channel width, and one‐third the time to aggrade one channel depth. The experiments inform a new stratigraphic model for submarine braided channels, wherein sand bodies are more laterally connected and less vertically persistent than those formed by submarine meandering channels. 相似文献
19.
EMPLACEMENT OF FLYSCH-TYPE SAND BEDS 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
PH. H. KUENEN 《Sedimentology》1967,9(3):203-243
Recently several attempts have been made to explain deep-sea sands or flysch-type sandstone beds by normal currents, instead of by turbidity currents. The arguments that are offered against turbidity currents and those in favour of normal currents are inconclusive. Current measurements and calculations indicate 1 m from the bottom on abyssal plains velocities are less than 30 cm/sec. The ubiquitous structures: sole markings, graded bedding, fine-grained ripple mark between a lower and a covering set of horizontal laminae, and convolution, are shown each in turn to be inexplicable on the basis of normal traction currents and the same holds for the uniform bed thickness. On the other hand these features develop readily in a circular flume from overloaded suspension currents. These experiments show that to support a heavy charge of fine sand in a clay suspension a current must exceed 100 cm/sec, and in clear water double that amount is needed. The inadequacy of normal currents both in velocity and kind is thus established. This lends powerful support to the case for turbidity currents. Many authors claim to have found evidence for the deflection of turbidity currents or for currents flowing across the paleo-slope. Explanations offered include the Coriolis force, normal currents, multiple turbidity currents, or surge waves. Analysis shows that all are open to serious doubts. The author suggests, quite tentatively, that the deflections may be only simulated by the development of lamination and grain orientation oblique and perpendicular to the current direction. Sagging of the trough floor may also play a part by confusing the determination of paleo-slope. Another possibility is that the turbidity current deviated from its original direction by “internal slope”, by momentum, by centrifugal force, or by lack of space. Admittedly, a problem remains, for the swift deposition deduced from the climbing ripples is in contradiction with the supposed stretching of the turbidity current inferred from grading. 相似文献
20.
Sediment waves are commonly observed on the sea floor and often vary in morphology and geometry according to factors such as seabed slope, density and discharge of turbidity currents, and the presence of persistent contour currents. This paper documents the morphology, internal geometry and distribution of deep‐water (4000 to 5000 m) bedforms observed on the sea floor offshore eastern Canada using high‐resolution multibeam bathymetry data and seismic stratigraphy. The bedforms have wavelengths of >1 km but fundamentally vary in terms of morphology and internal stratigraphy, and are distinguished into three main types. The first type, characterized by their long‐wavelength crescentic shape, is interpreted as net‐erosional cyclic steps. These cyclic steps were formed by turbidity currents flowing through canyons and overtopping and breaching levées. The second type, characterized by their linear shape and presence on levées, is interpreted as net‐depositional cyclic steps. These upslope migrating bedforms are strongly aggradational, indicating high sediment deposition from turbidity currents. The third type, characterized by their obliqueness to canyons, is observed on an open slope and is interpreted as antidunes. These antidunes were formed by the deflection of the upper dilute, low‐density parts of turbidity currents by contour currents. The modelling of the behaviour of these different types of turbidity currents reveals that fast‐flowing flows form cyclic steps while their upper parts overspill and are entrained westward by contour currents. The interaction between turbidity currents and contour currents results in flow thickening and reduced sediment concentration, which leads to lower flow velocities. Lower velocities, in turn, allow the formation of antidunes instead of cyclic steps because the densiometric Froude number (Fr′) decreases. Therefore, this study shows that both net‐erosional and net‐depositional cyclic steps are distributed along channels where turbidity currents prevail whereas antidunes form on open slopes, in a mixed turbidite/contourite system. This study provides insights into the influence of turbidity currents versus contour currents on the morphology, geometry and distribution of bedforms in a mixed turbidite–contourite system. 相似文献