辽宁本溪大台沟铁矿地球化学特征及其地质意义     

张朋 《地质与资源》2016,25(1):56-59

通过主量元素和稀土元素相结合的方法,对大台沟铁矿成矿物质来源提出了有效制约.研究表明：大台沟铁矿化学成分主要由TFe₂O₃和SiO₂组成,并且具有较低的Al₂O₃和TiO₂含量,这一特征与鞍本地区及山西五台山和冀东迁安地区铁矿一致,表明大台沟铁矿为火山沉积变质铁矿.稀土元素呈现轻稀土亏损、重稀土富集的特征,具有明显的Eu正异常特征,这些特征表明成矿物质来源于火山热液和海水的混合液.  相似文献   

河北迁安杏山铁矿床地球化学特征及其对成矿物质来源的指示   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

丁文君  陈正乐  陈柏林  董法先  崔玲玲 《地质力学学报》2009,15(4):363-373

不同学者曾对迁安地区铁矿床的前寒武地质、岩石学和地球化学等方面进行了深入的研究,但是其成矿物质来源至今没有进行深入探讨。危机矿山勘察在迁安杏山矿床中发现了富大铁矿体,但其成因不明。本文通过对迁安富矿和普通矿石的主量、微量元素和稀土元素研究,结果表明它们的化学成分主要由Fe₂O₃(T)、SiO₂组成,并且Al₂O₃和TiO₂具有较低的含量,指示其形成时几乎没有碎屑物质的加入。而经PAAS标准化后,稀土元素的配分模式表现轻稀土亏损、重稀土富集的特征,无论是富矿还是普通矿石,都具有Eu正异常、其Co/Zn和Ni/Zn比值与热液类似的特征,表明形成时有高温热液加入;其Y/Ho > 44、Y的正异常表明其有海水的成因;La/La*表明其没有陆源碎屑加入;La_N/YV_N < 1,表明既有海水特征,又有热液特征,所有这些数据都显示了迁安铁矿矿石的物质来源为海水和热液,与其他地方BIF铁矿物质来源一致。由于富矿和普通矿石的物质来源一致、主微量及稀土元素含量和分布类似、铁矿物主要为磁铁矿、原始沉积条带明显,推断富矿可能是火山一沉积建造原始沉积时由于局部富铁环境而形成的。   相似文献   

鞍山-本溪地区条带状铁建造的铁同位素与稀土元素特征及其对成矿物质来源的指示   总被引：45，自引：4，他引：41       下载免费PDF全文

李志红  朱祥坤  唐索寒 《岩石矿物学杂志》2008,27(4):285-290

通过Fe同位素、稀土元素与主量元素相结合的方法,对辽宁省鞍山-本溪地区新太古代条带状铁建造(BIF)的成矿物质来源提出了有效制约.BIF的化学成分主要由TFe2O3和SiO2组成,并且具有较低的Al2O3和TiO2含量,表明该地区BIF型贫铁矿是由极少碎屑物质加入的化学沉积岩.稀土元素的总量较低,经页岩标准化后的稀土元素配分模式呈现轻稀土亏损、重稀土富集的特征,具有明显的Eu、Y、La正异常,这些特征表明该地区BIF是古海洋的化学沉积岩,同时具有明显的火山热液贡献特征.用多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MCICP-MS)测定Fe同位素的结果表明,相对于标准IRMM-014,所测样品均显示Fe的重同位素富集,且Fe同位素组成与Eu异常存在明显的正相关关系,表明该地区BIF中铁的来源与海底火山热液活动密切相关,首次从成矿元素Fe本身为条带状铁建造的成矿物质来源提供了直接的证据.  相似文献   

河南舞阳铁山铁矿床地球化学特征及其地质意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李永峰  谢克家  罗正传  李俊平 《地质学报》2013,87(9):1377-1398

河南舞阳铁山铁矿床为新太古代大型鞍山式铁矿床,本文对铁山矿床进行了岩石学、地球化学方面的研究,并与国内外该类型矿床进行了对比。通过对铁山铁矿床赋矿围岩和矿石的地球化学分析,得出本区条带状硅铁建造可能与海相火山沉积物有关,属前寒武纪火山沉积变质型铁矿床。流体包裹体测温结果表明,含矿围岩中的包裹体均一温度集中在120³60℃之间,矿石中包裹体均一温度峰值为120³20℃,成矿流体具有低盐度[w（NaCl）为1%¹4%]、低密度（0.75¹.00g/crn³）特征。成矿溶液是一种低盐度的Na⁺、Ca²⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-型水,并含有较高的CO₂和一定量的O₂、N₂及少量CH₄。岩石学研究结果认为其经受了绿片岩相至低角闪岩相变质作用,磁铁矿部分受到变质重结晶,但局部仍保存有化学沉积的特征。在TFe-（CaO+MgO）-SiO₂图解中,其分布与鞍山、五台山条带状铁矿和世界条带状铁矿分布区一致。铁山矿床稀土元素含量较低,具有太古宙海洋沉积的特征,在PAAS（太古宙后平均澳大利亚沉积岩）标准化的稀土配分曲线中显示轻稀土的相对亏损和重稀土的相对富集,具有明显的Eu正异常（Eu/Eu*=0.30².21）和明显的Y正异常（Y/Y*=1.34³.19）,具有一定的La正异常（La/La*=0.81¹.60）和轻微Ce负异常（Ce/Ce*=0.87¹.01）,这一特征与我国鞍山弓长岭和五台山及世界许多地区的太古宙BIF特征一致。微量元素中Ti、V、Co、Ni、Mn、Sr、Ba等元素的含量都较低,在原始地幔标准化的微量元素配分曲线中具U、Ta、La、Ce、P正异常,K、Nb、Sr、Hf、Zr负异常。对铁山条带状铁矿中Sr/Ba、Ti/V等元素的比值与其他地区进行了对比。综合研究结果认为铁山条带状铁矿具有与火山热液伴生的铁质,形成于缺氧的海洋化学沉积环境。铁矿床经历了前期含硅铁沉积物的沉积阶段和后期的区域变质作用阶段,变质成矿流体发生了不混溶现象,对成矿元素的富集起到一定的促进作用。  相似文献   

滇东南晚二叠世铝土矿地球化学特征及物源分析     

张启明  秦建华  廖震文  刘才泽 《现代地质》2015,29(1):32-44

滇东南地区晚二叠世铝土矿属典型的喀斯特型铝土矿,矿体赋存于上二叠统吴家坪组(龙潭组),分析其地球化学特征对研究其物质来源具有重要意义。全岩分析显示铝土矿石成分以Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、SiO₂和TiO₂为主,其中Al₂O₃与Fe₂O₃ 、SiO₂具有较好的负相关关系。微量元素Cr、Zr、 Hf、Ta、Th、U和稀土元素在铝土矿矿化过程中不断富集,元素Zr-Hf、Nb-Ta之间具有明显的正相关关系。lgCr-lgNi图解、稳定元素比值(Zr/Hf)及稀土元素配分模式等地球化学特征说明峨眉山玄武岩为铝土矿的形成提供了主要的物质来源,同时下伏碳酸盐岩也提供了部分成矿物质。  相似文献   

藏南彭错林硅质岩地球化学特征及沉积环境分析   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  

何俊国  周永章  杨志军  李红中  王晓悦 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2009,39(6):1055-1065

通过野外地质调查和系统的岩石化学、常量元素、微量元素以及稀土元素等研究,探讨了藏南彭错林硅质岩的地球化学特征及其沉积环境。研究表明,呈厚层状产出的绿色、棕褐色硅质岩具有较高的SiO₂含量,局部受Fe、Mn矿化,Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)比值小,在Fe-Mn-Al三角成因判别图解中,大部分硅质岩样品落入热水沉积区域,微量元素Sr、Zr、Cu、Zn和Ba含量较高,稀土元素∑REE较低,Ce负异常,Eu正异常,北美页岩标准化后配分模式稍向左倾,体现出热水沉积特征;在沉积环境判别图100×Fe₂O₃/SiO₂-100×Al₂O₃/SiO₂、Fe₂O₃/(100-SiO₂)-Al₂O₃/(100-SiO₂)和Fe₂O₃/TiO₂-Al₂O₃/(Al₂O₃+Fe₂O₃)中,硅质岩样品投影到洋中脊和深海区域,说明形成于大洋中脊和深海盆地环境;硅质岩常量和稀土参数变化特征图显示,在剖面中PCL-1、PCL-5和PCL-7采样位置更接近热液中心;硅质岩的形成与板块的汇聚消减产生的以洋中脊和海底热点为中心的洋壳热水系统有关。  相似文献   

吉林省白山市板石沟铁矿断裂构造地球化学特征     

穆宏玉  刘正宏  贾大成  李鹏川  路恩兰 《地质与资源》2017,26(5):479-488

断裂构造中元素的迁移变化规律是构造地球化学研究的主要内容.白山市板石沟铁矿断裂构造发育,是开展断裂构造地球化学研究的有利地区.通过对板石沟铁矿17矿组和赵家沟矿组典型逆断层剖面测量,采集构造岩和周围岩石,分析常量元素和微量元素,利用构造地球化学剖面法、质量等比线法和特征元素比值来反映元素在逆断层中分布特征和迁移变化规律.通过分析认为在逆断层中常量元素SiO₂、Fe₂O₃、CaO、Na₂O亏损,Al₂O₃、K₂O富集,微量元素中Rb、Sr等离子半径较大元素富集,离子半径较小元素Co、Cr、Ni亏损,K₂O/Na₂O、V/Cr、Rb/（Ni+Co）在逆断层中呈现出高值,SiO₂/Al₂O₃、（Fe₂O₃+CaO+MgO）/Al₂O₃呈现出低值.依据这些构造地球化学特征可以用来判断断裂构造的存在,为断裂构造地球化学研究和板石沟铁矿勘查提供构造地球化学依据.  相似文献   

丰宁黄土-古土壤剖面常量元素地球化学特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

毛欣  刘林敬  李长安  张玉芬  赵红梅  毕志伟  姜高磊 《地球科学》2017,42(10):1750-1759

丰宁滦河上游的河谷地带有多处黄土堆积,由于该地区黄土分布零星、厚度较小,在以往的研究中却很少引起人们的关注,然而该地区黄土堆积是河北坝上地区环境演化和气候变化的重要地质记录.为了探讨该地区黄土的成因、物源以及化学风化强度,选取代表性的黄土-古土壤剖面77个样品进行了常量元素分析,并与已知典型风成堆积物的地球化学元素特征进行对比.结果表明:(1) 丰宁剖面的主要常量元素(SiO₂、Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃)之和以及UCC(Upper Continental Crust)标准化曲线均与典型风成堆积物具有较好的相似性, 表明丰宁黄土和古土壤为风成成因;(2) 丰宁黄土处于初等化学风化阶段,古土壤则进入了中等化学风化阶段.与典型风成堆积物相比,化学风化强度序列为:宣城风成红土＞＞西峰红黏土、镇江下蜀土＞丰宁古土壤、洛川古土壤＞洛川黄土＞丰宁黄土;(3) 常量元素迁移特征表明丰宁黄土和古土壤的化学风化已完成了早期去Na、Ca阶段,并进入到了中期去K阶段;(4) 丰宁黄土、古土壤的K₂O/Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃比值与洛川黄土、洛川古土壤、镇江下蜀土、西峰红黏土较为接近,表明这些风成堆积物可能具有相似的源区.而TiO₂/Al₂O₃比值小于其他风成堆积物, 指示丰宁剖面具有其他物源.   相似文献   

辽宁弓长岭富铁矿成矿过程元素迁移特征研究     

侯婷婷  姚玉增  付建飞  刘静  张永利  郭荣荣 《现代地质》2024,(1):56-67

辽宁弓长岭富铁矿是我国规模最大且唯一具有工业开采价值的沉积变质型(BIF)磁铁矿富矿床,目前其成因仍存在争议。本文系统采集了弓长岭二矿区四层铁中典型贫铁矿石和富铁矿石样品进行地球化学成分分析,采用质量平衡计算方法探究了弓长岭富铁矿形成过程中的元素迁移变化规律。结果表明,(1)主量元素主要表现为TFe₂O₃的强烈富集和SiO₂的强烈亏损且二者存在明显的负相关关系,同时伴有地球化学性质活泼的碱金属和碱土金属如Na、K、Ca和Mg等迁出,而P₂O₅、BaO和Cr₂O₃在富铁矿石中相对富集,应与富铁矿成矿流体性质有关;(2)微量元素中高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta、U表现为富集,Ce、Th、Zr等元素亏损,而Hf、Ti等元素变化不明显;大离子亲石元素(LILE)Ba和Cs表现为富集,而Rb和Sr亏损,说明弓长岭富铁矿与其蚀变围岩中Nb、Ta等稀有金属矿化是同一地质作用的产物;(3)稀土元素中La、Ce、Pr、Nd等轻稀土亏损明显,而其它稀土...  相似文献   

冀东、五台和吕梁地区条带状铁矿的稀土元素特征及其地质意义   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

李志红  朱祥坤  唐索寒  李津  刘辉 《现代地质》2010,24(5):840-846

详细报道了冀东、五台和吕梁地区条带状铁矿全岩样品的稀土元素分析结果。结果表明,研究区BIF具有非常相似的特征：稀土总量均较低;经页岩标准化的稀土元素配分模式均呈现轻稀土亏损、重稀土富集的特征;Y/Ho比值较高;具有明显的Eu、Y、La的正异常,且这些特征表明研究区BIF的稀土元素来源于火山热液和海水的混合溶液。虽然BIF均显示Eu正异常,但不同类型、不同沉积年龄BIF的铕异常程度不同：与吕梁地区Superior型铁矿相比,冀东和五台地区的Algoma型铁矿显示了更大的Eu正异常;并且自中太古代-新太古代-古元古代,BIF的铕正异常逐渐减小,这可能反映了随着BIF沉积年龄的减小,进入到该地区海水中的高温热液流体逐渐减少;同时,研究区BIF缺乏明显的Ce负异常,可能暗示在BIF沉积时海水的氧化还原状态为缺氧环境。  相似文献   

辽宁本溪大台沟铁矿床地球化学特征及成因探讨     

李莹  何保  滕寿仁  邓颖 《矿物岩石》2019,39(1):74-81

为探讨辽宁大台沟铁矿床的成矿物质来源及形成环境,选取典型铁矿石5块进行主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素分析测试。结果显示:大台沟铁矿床保存有明显的化学沉积特征,化学成分主要由Fe_2O_3,FeO和SiO_2组成(Fe_2O_3+FeO+SiO_2=87.33%～96%),其他组分(MnO,MgO,CaO,Na_2O,K_2O,TiO_2,P_2O_5,Al_2O_3)含量较低;页岩标准化后的稀土元素配分曲线显示为稀土总量低(ΣREE平均为19.65×10^-6),轻稀土元素相对亏损,重稀土元素相对富集;且具有一定的Eu(Eu/Eu~*=1.52～2.72),Y(Y/Y~*=1.18～1.52),La(La/La~*=1.17～2.26)的正异常,弱的Ce(Ce/Ce~*=0.79～0.92)异常;Y/Ho值平均34.19接近于海水的分布范围;Sr/Ba值平均1.79,属于火山岩和海相沉积物;Ti/V值平均38.84,属于火山建造。这些特征表明:该矿床的形成可能与海相火山沉积物有关,属于火山沉积变质型铁矿范围;成矿物质来源于热水和海水的混合作用;矿床形成于相对于缺氧的环境。  相似文献   

冀东柞栏杖子BIF地球化学特征、形成时代及其地质意义     

陈靖  李厚民  罗迪柯  李立兴  杨秀清  刘明军  姚通  胡彬 《地质通报》2015,34(5):919-929

冀东地区柞栏杖子BIF出露于绿片岩相—低角闪岩相朱杖子岩群变质岩中。铁矿石主要由石英和磁铁矿组成,还含有少量透闪石和黑云母。主量元素主要为Si O2、Fe2O3和Fe O,其次为少量的Ca O和Mg O。较低的Al2O3含量、极低的Ti O2含量和高场强元素(HFSE)暗示,铁矿石中陆源碎屑物质含量很低。铁矿石的稀土元素含量较低,稀土元素配分模式特征为轻稀土元素相对亏损、重稀土元素相对富集。较明显的Eu正异常、轻微的Y正异常及较高的Y/Ho值的稀土元素特征,类似于高温热液和海水的混合热液,暗示成矿物质主要来自于海水和高温热液。对柞栏杖子BIF矿体夹层黑云斜长变粒岩进行SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年,207Pb/206Pb年龄加权平均值为2572±8Ma(MSWD=5.8),可代表柞栏杖子BIF的形成年龄。综合前人研究,认为冀东地区变质级别不同的BIF物质来源相同、形成年代相近,BIF的变质可能和2500Ma左右华北克拉通东部陆块发生的地幔岩浆底侵事件有关。  相似文献   

山东韩旺新太古代条带状铁矿的稀土和微量元素特征   总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16  

沈其韩  宋会侠  赵子然 《地球学报》2009,30(6):693-699

山东韩旺条带状铁矿是一个新太古代大型鞍山式铁矿床, 本文主要对韩旺条带状铁矿进行了岩石学和岩石化学方面的研究, 并与国内外该类型矿床进行对比。岩石学研究结果认为其经受了绿片岩相至低角闪岩相变质作用, 磁铁矿部分受到变质重结晶, 但局部仍保存有化学沉积的特征。在TFe-(CaO+MgO)-SiO2图解中, 其分布与五台山条带状铁矿和世界条带状铁矿分布区一致。韩旺铁矿稀土元素含量较低, 具有太古宙海洋沉积的特征, 在PAAS(太古宙后平均澳大利亚沉积岩)标准化的稀土配分曲线中显示轻稀土的相对亏损和重稀土的相对富集, 具有较强的Eu的正异常和明显的Y的正异常, 无明显的Ce异常, 这一特征与我国鞍山弓长岭和五台山及世界许多地区的太古宙BIF特征一致。微量元素中Ti、V、Co、Ni、Mn、Sr、Ba等元素的含量都较低, 在原始地幔标准化的微量元素配分曲线中具U、Ta、La、Ce、P正异常, K、Nb、Sr、Hf、Zr负异常。文章中也对韩旺条带状铁矿中Sr/Ba、Ti/V等元素的比值与其他地区进行了对比。综合研究结果认为韩旺条带状铁矿具有与火山热液伴生的铁质, 形成于海洋化学沉积环境。  相似文献   

淮南采煤沉陷区表层沉积物稀土元素地球化学特征     

钱英华  郑刘根  陈园平  姜春露  陈星  陈永春 《煤田地质与勘探》2022,50(4):77-83

稀土元素由于其独特的化学特征被广泛应用于环境地球化学分析过程研究。以淮南采煤沉陷区表层沉积物中稀土元素(REEs)为研究对象,采集研究区潘一、顾桥、谢桥沉陷区的表层沉积物样品共12个,采用ICP-MS对样品的稀土元素含量进行测试分析,探讨了表层沉积物中稀土元素的含量分布特征、控制因素及其物质来源。结果表明:研究区表层沉积物中稀土元素含量为54.63~130.45 μg/g,平均102.60 μg/g;LREE/HREE比值为11.89~20.55,平均14.29,轻稀土呈现明显富集现象;相关性分析结果显示,REEs趋向于黏土组分中富集;研究区养殖和捕捞活动导致表层沉积物中稀土元素含量的降低;球粒陨石标准化结果表明,研究区稀土元素呈现不同程度的La和Gd正异常,其中,Gd正异常主要是受到燃煤的影响,而La正异常主要与燃煤和化肥有关。结合Pearson相关性、球粒陨石标准化和(La/Yb)_N-(La/Sm)_N-(Gd/Yb)_N三元图判别,认为研究区水体表层沉积物中稀土元素与人类活动(燃煤和化肥)有关,研究认识为污染物的源头控制和煤矿区环境的生态治理提供参考依据。   相似文献   

Geochemical Characteristics of Wuyang Siliceous Rocks in the Southern Margin of North China Craton and its Constraint on the Formation Environment of BIF of Tieshanmiao Formation     

LI Hongzhong  HE Junguo  LIANG Jin  YANG Fei  ZHAI Mingguo  ZHANG Lianchang  Voudouris PANAGIOTIS 《《地质学报》英文版》2019,93(6):1738-1754

Precambrian banded iron formation(BIF) is one of the most important mineral resources in China, mostly abundant in the North China Craton(NCC) with relatively less common in South China. Since the BIF and siliceous rocks both originated from chemical deposition, the syngenetic BIF and Siliceous rocks can help evaluate their environment of formation. We examine here the mineralogy and geochemistry of siliceous rocks associated with the Tieshanmiao Formation BIF, aiming to decipher the conditions of formation of both BIF and Siliceous rocks in the Wuyang area in the NCC. Analysis of the geochemical characteristics of whole rock shows that the Si O2 content of the siliceous rock ranges from 90.11% to 94.85% and is relatively high overall. Trace element contents of Ba and U are also high, the Ba/Sr ratio ranges from 3.89 to 25.28 and the U/Th ratio ranges from 0.09 to 0.20. Finally, the ΣREE value of rare earth elements ranges from 57.03 ppm to 152.59 ppm, and these indexes all indicate that siliceous rock resulted from hydrothermal deposition. Plots of Al2 O3-Si O2, Si O2/(K2 O+Na2 O)-Mn O2/Ti O2 and Mn-10×(Cu+Co+Ni)-Fe in discrimination diagrams also verify this interpretation. However, both the Mg O content, ranging from 0.16 to 0.32, and the Fe/Ti ratio, ranging from 2.50 to 9.72, suggest that terrigenous material was added during the depositional process. Major and trace element parameters of siliceous rock, such as the Al/(A1+Fe+Mn) ratio(from 0.81 to 0.93), Mn O/Ti O2(from 0.00 to 0.17), Al/(Al+Fe)(from 0.82 to 0.93), Sc/Th ratio(from 0.21 to 0.50), U/Th(from 0.09 to 0.20),(La/Yb)N(from 0.83 to 3.04), and the(La/Ce)N(from 0.01 to 0.02) all imply that the siliceous rock formed in a continental margin. In addition, the Sr/Ba ratio from 0.08 to 0.26, the δCe value from 0.31 to 0.90, and the δEu value from 0.14 to 0.58, all indicate that the siliceous rock was formed at a relatively deeper water depth and under weak hydrodynamic conditions. Siliceous rock and BIF formed in the same geological setting, with the Si O2/(K2 O+Na2 O) ratio of siliceous rock ranging from 28.61 to 47.43, the Si O2/Al2 O3 ratio from 16.53 to 32.37, and the Si O2/Mg O ratio from 287.28 to 592.81, which are all in agreement with chemical deposition associated with volcanic eruptions. The Al2 O3/Ti O2 ratio from 37.82 to 50.30 indicates that the magma source of siliceous rock was of slightly intermediate composition. During the Late Archean in the Wuyang area, the high concentration and high purity Si O2 quickly precipitated from hydrothermal fluids to finally result in the accumulation of siliceous rock in a marginal sea, while the input corresponding to iron formation components was deposited to form iron formation layers, and limestone was only the product formed during the deposition intervals of siliceous rock and iron formations. In this study, the synsedimentary siliceous rocks of BIF act as a new way to provide direct evidence to understand the formation environment of BIF due to its high geochemical stability.  相似文献   

BIF-hosted iron mineral system: A review     

《Ore Geology Reviews》2016

The BIF-hosted iron ore system represents the world's largest and highest grade iron ore districts and deposits. BIF, the precursor to low- and high-grade BIF hosted iron ore, consists of Archean and Paleoproterozoic Algoma-type BIF (e.g., Serra Norte iron ore district in the Carajás Mineral Province), Proterozoic Lake Superior-type BIF (e.g., deposits in the Hamersley Province and craton), and Neoproterozoic Rapitan-type BIF (e.g., the Urucum iron ore district).The BIF-hosted iron ore system is structurally controlled, mostly via km-scale normal and strike-slips fault systems, which allow large volumes of ascending and descending hydrothermal fluids to circulate during Archean or Proterozoic deformation or early extensional events. Structures are also (passively) accessed via downward flowing supergene fluids during Cenozoic times.At the depositional site the transformation of BIF to low- and high-grade iron ore is controlled by: (1) structural permeability, (2) hypogene alteration caused by ascending deep fluids (largely magmatic or basinal brines), and descending ancient meteoric water, and (3) supergene enrichment via weathering processes. Hematite- and magnetite-based iron ores include a combination of microplaty hematite–martite, microplaty hematite with little or no goethite, martite–goethite, granoblastic hematite, specular hematite and magnetite, magnetite–martite, magnetite-specular hematite and magnetite–amphibole, respectively. Goethite ores with variable amounts of hematite and magnetite are mainly encountered in the weathering zone.In most large deposits, three major hypogene and one supergene ore stages are observed: (1) silica leaching and formation of magnetite and locally carbonate, (2) oxidation of magnetite to hematite (martitisation), further dissolution of quartz and formation of carbonate, (3) further martitisation, replacement of Fe silicates by hematite, new microplaty hematite and specular hematite formation and dissolution of carbonates, and (4) replacement of magnetite and any remaining carbonate by goethite and magnetite and formation of fibrous quartz and clay minerals.Hypogene alteration of BIF and surrounding country rocks is characterised by: (1) changes in the oxide mineralogy and textures, (2) development of distinct vertical and lateral distal, intermediate and proximal alteration zones defined by distinct oxide–silicate–carbonate assemblages, and (3) mass negative reactions such as de-silicification and de-carbonatisation, which significantly increase the porosity of high-grade iron ore, or lead to volume reduction by textural collapse or layer-compaction. Supergene alteration, up to depths of 200 m, is characterised by leaching of hypogene silica and carbonates, and dissolution precipitation of the iron oxyhydroxides.Carbonates in ore stages 2 and 3 are sourced from external fluids with respect to BIF. In the case of basin-related deposits, carbon is interpreted to be derived from deposits underlying carbonate sequences, whereas in the case of greenstone belt deposits carbonate is interpreted to be of magmatic origin. There is only limited mass balance analyses conducted, but those provide evidence for variable mobilization of Fe and depletion of SiO₂. In the high-grade ore zone a volume reduction of up to 25% is observed.Mass balance calculations for proximal alteration zones in mafic wall rocks relative to least altered examples at Beebyn display enrichment in LOI, F, MgO, Ni, Fe₂O_3total, C, Zn, Cr and P₂O₅ and depletions of CaO, S, K₂O, Rb, Ba, Sr and Na₂O. The Y/Ho and Sm/Yb ratios of mineralised BIF at Windarling and Koolyanobbing reflect distinct carbonate generations derived from substantial fluid–rock reactions between hydrothermal fluids and igneous country rocks, and a chemical carbonate-inheritance preserved in supergene goethite.Hypogene and supergene fluids are paramount for the formation of high-grade BIF-hosted iron ore because of the enormous amount of: (1) warm (100–200 °C) silica-undersaturated alkaline fluids necessary to dissolve quartz in BIF, (2) oxidized fluids that cause the oxidation of magnetite to hematite, (3) weakly acid (with moderate CO₂ content) to alkaline fluids that are necessary to form widespread metasomatic carbonate, (4) carbonate-undersaturated fluids that dissolve the diagenetic and metasomatic carbonates, and (5) oxidized fluids to form hematite species in the hypogene- and supergene-enriched zone and hydroxides in the supergene zone.Four discrete end-member models for Archean and Proterozoic hypogene and supergene-only BIF hosted iron ore are proposed: (1) granite–greenstone belt hosted, strike-slip fault zone controlled Carajás-type model, sourced by early magmatic (± metamorphic) fluids and ancient “warm” meteoric water; (2) sedimentary basin, normal fault zone controlled Hamersley-type model, sourced by early basinal (± evaporitic) brines and ancient “warm” meteoric water. A variation of the latter is the metamorphosed basin model, where BIF (ore) is significantly metamorphosed and deformed during distinct orogenic events (e.g., deposits in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero and Simandou Range). It is during the orogenic event that the upgrade of BIF to medium- and high-grade hypogene iron took place; (3) sedimentary basin hosted, early graben structure controlled Urucum-type model, where glaciomarine BIF and subsequent diagenesis to very low-grade metamorphism is responsible for variable gangue leaching and hematite mineralisation. All of these hypogene iron ore models do not preclude a stage of supergene modification, including iron hydroxide mineralisation, phosphorous, and additional gangue leaching during substantial weathering in ancient or Recent times; and (4) supergene enriched BIF Capanema-type model, which comprises goethitic iron ore deposits with no evidence for deep hypogene roots. A variation of this model is ancient supergene iron ores of the Sishen-type, where blocks of BIF slumped into underlying karstic carbonate units and subsequently experienced Fe upgrade during deep lateritic weathering.  相似文献   

广西新元古代BIF的铁同位素特征及其地质意义   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9  

闫斌  朱祥坤  唐索寒  朱茂炎  朱祥坤 《地质学报》2010,84(7):1080-1086

通过分析广西三江地区新元古代条带状含铁建造的Fe同位素和主量元素组成,对海水的氧化还原状态提供了制约,为富禄期的地球处于间冰期提供了证据。相对于标准物质IRMM-014,新元古代含铁建造不同条带全岩样品的δ57Fe值变化范围1.60‰～2.20‰,平均值为1.85‰,表明BIF样品富集铁的重同位素。条带状含铁建造主要由Fe2O3和SiO2组成,但却具有较高的Al2O3含量。这表明条带状含铁建造样品不是纯净的化学沉积物,而是具有一定的碎屑物质输入。碎屑输入量的不同引起深色和浅色条带之间铁同位素组成存在着0.4‰的差别。剔除碎屑的影响,新元古代BIF从海水中沉淀的赤铁矿δ57Fe的平均值在2‰左右,略高于太古代条带状铁建造的Fe同位素组成,这表明当时海水的氧逸度可能比太古代还低。这说明在富禄期绝大部分海洋仍旧被冰盖覆盖,只在局部出现融化。因此,富禄期的地球可能出于冰期的相对温暖阶段,而不是间冰期。  相似文献   

Leaching of silica bands and concentration of magnetite in Archean BIF by hypogene fluids: Beebyn Fe ore deposit, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Paul Duuring  Steffen Hagemann 《Mineralium Deposita》2013,48(3):341-370

The ~2,752-Ma Weld Range greenstone belt in the Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia hosts several Fe ore deposits that provide insights into the role of early hypogene fluids in the formation of high-grade (>55 wt% Fe) magnetite-rich ore in banded iron formation (BIF). The 1.5-km-long Beebyn orebody comprises a series of steeply dipping, discontinuous, <50-m-thick lenses of magnetite–(martite)-rich ore zones in BIF that extend from surface to vertical depths of at least 250 m. The ore zones are enveloped by a 3-km-long, 150-m-wide outer halo of hypogene siderite and ferroan dolomite in BIF and mafic igneous country rocks. Ferroan chlorite characterises 20-m-wide proximal alteration zones in mafic country rocks. The magnetite-rich Beebyn orebody is primarily the product of hypogene fluids that circulated through reverse shear zones during the formation of an Archean isoclinal fold-and-thrust belt. Two discrete stages of hypogene fluid flow caused the pseudomorphic replacement of silica-rich bands in BIF by Stage 1 siderite and magnetite and later by Stage 2 ferroan dolomite. The resulting carbonate-altered BIF is markedly depleted in SiO₂ and enriched in CaO, MgO, LOI, P₂O₅ and Fe₂O_3(total) compared with the least-altered BIF. Subsequent reactivation of these shear zones and circulation of hypogene fluids resulted in the leaching of existing hypogene carbonate minerals and the concentration of residual magnetite-rich bands. These Stage 3 magnetite-rich ore zones are depleted in SiO₂ and enriched in K₂O, CaO, MgO, P₂O₅ and Fe₂O_3(total) relative to the least-altered BIF. Proximal wall rock hypogene alteration zones in mafic igneous country rocks (up to 20 m from the BIF contact) are depleted in SiO₂, CaO, Na₂O, and K₂O and are enriched in Fe₂O_3(total), MgO and P₂O₅ compared with distal zones. Recent supergene alteration affects all rocks within about 100 m below the present surface, disturbing hypogene mineral and the geochemical zonation patterns associated with magnetite-rich ore zones. The key vectors for identifying hypogene magnetite-rich Fe ore in weathered outcrop include textural changes in BIF (from thickly to thinly banded), crenulated bands and collapse breccias that indicate volume reduction. Useful indicators of hypogene ore in less weathered rocks include an outer carbonate–magnetite alteration halo in BIF and ferroan chlorite in mafic country rocks.  相似文献   

辽宁弓长岭铁矿床磁铁矿稀土元素特征及其地质意义   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

杨秀清  李厚民  李立兴  刘明军  陈靖  白云 《岩矿测试》2012,31(6):1058-1066

辽宁弓长岭铁矿床是我国著名的沉积变质型铁矿床,其二矿区的磁铁富矿达大型规模,属国内之最.为探讨弓长岭铁矿床铁矿的物质来源、形成环境和富矿成因,本文以二矿区六个铁矿体的贫铁矿石和富铁矿石中磁铁矿单矿物为研究对象,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱进行了系统的稀土元素测试.结果表明,所有样品中磁铁矿的稀土元素总量(∑REEs)和Y具有非常一致的特征:稀土元素总量较低,Y/Ho比值较高;经太古界后平均澳大利亚页岩( PAAS)标准化呈现重稀土相对富集、轻稀土相对亏损的分馏模式,大部分呈现La正异常,所有样品都有明显的Eu和Y正异常,这些特征表明研究区的磁铁矿成矿物质主要来源于海底高温热液和海水;虽然磁铁矿的Ce/Ce*为0.69～ 0.97,但大多数样品缺乏真正意义的Ce负异常,这暗示其沉积于还原的海水环境;富铁矿石磁铁矿的稀土元素总量和Eu含量明显高于贫铁矿石的磁铁矿,而且含富矿的上含铁带Eu异常明显较高,表明富铁矿石磁铁矿具有更明显的热液特征,是在贫铁矿石的基础上受热液活动形成的.  相似文献   

Seawater-like trace element signatures (REE + Y) of Eoarchaean chemical sedimentary rocks from southern West Greenland,and their corruption during high-grade metamorphism   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

C. R. L. Friend  A. P. Nutman  V. C. Bennett  M. D. Norman 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2008,155(2):229-246

Modern chemical sediments display a distinctive rare earth element + yttrium (REE + Y) pattern involving depleted LREE, positive La/La*_SN, Eu/Eu*_SN, and Y_SN anomalies (SN = shale normalised) that is related to precipitation from circumneutral to high pH waters with solution complexation of the REEs dominated by carbonate ions. This is often interpreted as reflecting precipitation from surface waters (usually marine). The oldest broadly accepted chemical sediments are c. 3,700 Ma amphibolite facies banded iron-formation (BIF) units in the Isua supracrustal belt, Greenland. Isua BIFs, including the BIF international reference material IF-G are generally considered to be seawater precipitates, and display these REE + Y patterns (Bolhar et al. in Earth Planet Sci Lett 222:43–60, 2004). Greenland Eoarchaean BIF metamorphosed up to granulite facies from several localities in the vicinity of Akilia (island), display REE + Y patterns identical to Isua BIF, consistent with an origin by chemical sedimentation from seawater and a paucity of clastic input. Furthermore, the much-debated magnetite-bearing siliceous unit of “earliest life” rocks (sample G91/26) from Akilia has the same REE + Y pattern. This suggests that sample G91/26 is also a chemical sediment, contrary to previous assertions (Bolhar et al. in Earth Planet Sci Lett 222:43–60, 2004), and including suggestions that the Akilia unit containing G91/26 consists entirely of silica-penetrated, metasomatised, mafic rock (Fedo and Whitehouse 2002a). Integration of our trace element data with those of Bolhar et al. (Earth Planet Sci Lett 222:43–60, 2004) demonstrates that Eoarchaean siliceous rocks in Greenland, with ages from 3.6 to 3.85 Ga, have diverse trace element signatures. There are now geographically-dispersed, widespread examples with Isua BIF-like REE + Y signatures, that are interpreted as chemically unaltered, albeit metamorphosed, chemical sediments. Other samples retain remnants of LREE depletion but are beginning to lose the distinct La, Eu and Y positive anomalies and are interpreted as metasomatised chemical sediments. Finally there are some siliceous samples with completely different trace element patterns that are interpreted as rocks of non-sedimentary origin, and include metasomatised mafic rocks. The positive La/La*_SN, Eu/Eu*_SN and Y_SN anomalies found in Isua BIFs and other Eoarchaean Greenland samples, such as G91/26 from Akilia, suggests that the processes of carbonate ion complexation controlling the REE − Y patterns were already established in the hydrosphere at the start of the sedimentary record 3,600–3,850 Ma ago. This is in accord with the presence of Eoarchaean siderite-bearing marbles of sedimentary origin, and suggests that CO₂ may have been a significant greenhouse gas at that time.  相似文献