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1.
Conventional stream sediment sampling in which sediments are taken from the active channels during reconnaissance regional geochemical surveys in gold exploration has over the years failed to delineate prospective target zones in northern Ghana, where the relict is flat. Whereas the technique has been successful in the south western Ghana, which is characterised by moderate to high relief, generally the savannah north is associated with low relief, commonly with flat topographies and generally decoupled stream channels. Geochemical comparison of active stream and overbank sediments in this study demonstrate that active stream channels may contain contaminated materials of recent origin, but overbank sediments, except for the uppermost horizons, represent alluvial regolith of earlier depositional cycles over time. Based on gold value repeatability, composite samples taken from the overbank sediment layers were relatively less erratic and are considered to be an appropriate geochemical medium in delineating potential regional gold targets for follow up. The results show that overbank sediment sampling can be used as a cost-effective method to define broad anomalous zones; and the technique must be considered useful during reconnaissance geochemical surveys in the savannah regions. 相似文献
2.
R. Swennen J. van der Sluys R. Hindel A. Brusselmans 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1998,62(1-3)
A geochemical survey of Belgium and Luxembourg was carried out as part of an international research project entitled ‘Regional geochemical mapping of Western Europe towards the year 2000'. The aim of this research was to map regional background geochemical patterns based on pristine or at least pre-industrial overbank samples and to deduce regional information on the degree of environmental pollution of floodplain and present-day river sediments. Over the entire study area (about 33,000 km2), 66 overbank sites have been sampled. Catchment areas range between 60 and 600 km2. At each site an overbank profile has been dug out in the immediate vicinity of the river and described in detail. A first composite sample was taken 5–25 cm below the surface. This sample is supposed to represent deposition over the last centuries. Human interferences in this interval are often inferable based on changed sedimentary characteristics and the presence of anthropogenic particles such as charcoal, slags and brick fragments. A second composite sample was taken at depth, usually >1.5 m below the surface over an interval of about 20 cm. In most sites, the profile characteristics allowed to assume pre-industrial or even pristine conditions for this lower overbank sample. In some profiles this was confirmed by 14C-dating and/or by the absence of anthropogenic particles. Finally, a present-day stream sediment was sampled on the site to infer the actual pollution status. After drying at 80°C, disaggregation and sieving, the <125 μm fractions of the three sediment samples were analysed by XRF for major elements and several trace elements. Lower overbank samples generally show a direct link with the geological substrate and allow to assess natural background concentrations. Results from the mapping exercise as well as from the statistical analyses display a clear contrast between the northern part of Belgium where Cenozoic unconsolidated sandy and silty formations dominate which are especially vulnerable for erosion, and the southern part of Belgium and Luxembourg where Paleozoic and Mesozoic sandstones, carbonates, marls and shales are the prevalent lithologies. Here the shales are the most intensively eroded lithologies. This is especially reflected in the element patterns of Al2O3, MgO, K2O, Ga, Ni, Rb, Sc and V which negatively correlate with SiO2. Despite the human related pollution, the geological contrast between north and south Belgium is still recognisable in the geochemical pattern of the upper overbank and present-day stream sediment samples for the above-mentioned elements. Furthermore there is a clear increase in heavy metal contents (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu), As and in certain locations in Ba from the lower to the upper overbank sediment, as well as to the present-day stream sediment. The relative increase in element content allows to assess the degree of pollution and helps to define those drainage areas where more detailed research is needed. 相似文献
3.
The comparison of two multiple regression models is based on the assumption that geochemical composition of the drainage basin
alluvial sediments is derived primarily from the underlying bedrock lithology. The parent material is integrated with both
stream sediment and overbank sediment geochemistry via the two essentially different approaches as regards the drainage basin
geomorphological data: (1) as the relative area of influence representing a portion of the catchment basin occupied by a specific
rock type and (2) as the relative “line” of influence representing a narrow zone of the underlying bedrock traversed by the
perennial streams which form the active stream network. The model comparison is established on the goodness-of-fit test for
both experimental designs and for the same set of data. Both experiments converge on the linear approach as the more appropriate
model in evaluating the lithologic influence on the analysed sample media in small mountainous watersheds. 相似文献
4.
To develop a technique of implementing global ultra-low density geochemical sampling and as a contribution to the International Geochemical Mapping Program (IGCP Project No. 259), an orientation study in the use of deep (lower-layer) overbank sediments was conducted in Jiangxi Province of Southeast China in 1989–1990. Ninety-four samples were collected at depths of 50 to 120 cm from overbank terraces at an average density of 1 site per 1800 km2. The total area of sampled catchment basins is approximately equivalent to 18% of Jiangxi Province. Most of the samples were collected at outflow sites of catchment basins with areas of 100 to 800 km2. The samples were analyzed for 39 elements.The representativity of wide-spaced lower-layer overbank sediment sampling is discussed from various perspectives; the following features have been observed: (1) Widespaced lower-layer overbank sediment data and the data from China's national geochemical mapping (RGNR) project show similar geochemical patterns for W, Sn, Pb, Cu and Zn. (2) The results of wide-spaced lower-layer overbank sediment sampling demonstrate that catchment basins with areas of 100 to 800 km2 are suitable sample site locations for the global geochemical reference network. (3) Wide-spaced lower-layer overbank sediment sampling is a fast and cost-effective way to identify geochemical provinces and has strategic significance in mineral exploration. (4) There is a significant correlation between the W content of wide-spaced lower-layer overbank sediment samples and the presence of W mineralizations within the catchment basins. (5) The distributions of Ni, Cr and V in wide-spaced lower-layer overbank sediment samples distinctly reveals the boundary between the Yangtze sedimentary platform and the South China Caledonian fold system in Jiangxi Province. (6) Distributions of Rb and Be coincide with the Yanshan granites, which are closely related to the major ore-forming episodes in Jiangxi Province. 相似文献
5.
与基性-超基性岩相比,我国的峨 眉山玄武岩具有高含量的Pt、Pd地球化学背景。从峨眉山玄武岩分布区分辨出与基性、超基性侵入岩有关的Pt、Pd地球化学异常,是我国Pt、Pd找矿获得重大突破的关键技术。在贵州西部开展的1∶5万 水系沉积物测量显示,采用岩石背景衬值法可有效区分岩性和矿致Pt、Pd异常。在红岩村附近茅口组灰岩与玄武岩接触带及北东向断层的复合部位圈出了浓度分度清晰的As、Sb、Hg、Pb、Cr、Ni、Pt、 Pd组合异常,推测在该组合异常下方可能存在一个赋存有Pt、Pd矿的隐伏基性-超基性含矿岩体(脉)。 相似文献
6.
Molybdenum mining in the Knabena—Kvina drainage basin (1918–1973) left more than eight million tons of tailings in two small lakes in the headwater area of the Knabena river. The piles, that reach above the water surface, were freely eroded until a dam was built to reduce the dispersion in 1976. Sampling of tailings and fluvial sediments took place almost 20 years later. Sampling media were natural sediment sources, 1-cm-thick slices of overbank sediments of various depths, material from the tailings pond, sandbars, stream sediments, fjord sediments, and integrated samples of floodplain surfaces (0–25 cm). In total 734 samples were collected. Chemical analysis (ICP-AES after aqua regia or HNO3 extraction) showed that overbank sediments at a certain depth represent the pre-industrial trace metal concentrations within the drainage basin. The tailings and recent fluvial sediments were enriched in approximately the same element suite. The highest enrichment factors were obtained for Cu (8–53) and Mo (22–57). Fluvial processes in the tailings pond have probably selectively eroded fine-grained, low-density particles. Thus, coarse chalcopyrite may have been left behind, while molybdate associated with fine-grained particles may have been selectively entrained causing dilution of Cu and enrichment of Mo in the downstream fluvial sediments. In the sandbars, the highest Cu and Mo concentrations were found in fine-grained sediments downstream of a low-gradient reach that act as a bedload trap. On the floodplains, it is seen that the first areas to be inundated in a flood situation (proximal to the river and in depressions) have the highest metal concentrations. For regional geochemical mapping it is suggested that overbank sediment profiles along river reaches with a laterally stable or slowly migrating channel, should be sampled. In such floodplains, pre-industrial overbank sediments are usually preserved at depth. In case of laterally unstable reaches upstream of the sampling point, polluted and unpolluted sediments may be interlayered or mixed. Therefore, samples should be collected from various depths or sedimentary units in such profiles. A similar sampling strategy should probably be adopted to detect vertical migration of elements especially in areas with acid rain and low bedrock buffer capacity. To obtain high contrasts between polluted and unpolluted drainage basins, the overbank sediment profiles should be within the proximal part of the floodplain. 相似文献
7.
An anomalous area (100 km2) revealed by a previous regional overbank sediment sampling survey by the Geological Survey of Norway was followed-up for Ti, Nb, Y, Zr, La and Ce by drainage and lithogeochemical sampling and analyses. The drainage samples were anomalous in the same elements as in the overbank samples and contained similar concentrations. The lithogeochemical results did not indicate mineralization and showed only a small enhancement of Ti, Zr, La and Ce in mylonitic rocks.Mineralogical studies of the drainage samples revealed, apart from proportions of quartz and feldspars, that stream sediments and heavy mineral concentrates are similar in mineralogy, with epidote predomination and several vol% of fine-grained titanite and zircon. Drainage samples contained amounts of Nb, Y, and Zr up to ten times larger than average contents of rock samples. Enhanced light REE (La and Ce) and Nb reflect host minerals, titanite, and enhanced Y possibly zircon and/or allanite.Anomalies in both media do not relate to mineralization. The overbank samples and the drainage samples provide comparable geochemical data. 相似文献
8.
Labrador has been covered by reconnaissance-scale geochemical surveys under the National Geochemical Reconnaissance program. Lake sediment and water were the chief sample media, but stream sediment and water were employed in the mountainous terrain of northern Labrador. The main objective of these surveys was mineral resource assessment, but the data are also relevant to geological and environmental studies, and would be most useful to the non-specialist if the data from the two drainage types could be combined to produce unified element distribution maps for the whole region.A comparison of stream and lake data for a 5,700-km2 area where both drainage types were sampled suggests that only the pH of the lake and stream waters are directly comparable, showing a common range and similar spatial distribution. Comparing the two types of sediment, most elements show obvious differences in either median content or range or both, indicating that stream and lake sediment are geochemically distinct media, and their element contents cannot be compared directly. The distribution patterns of Cu, Ni and U reflect similar bedrock features in both sediment types. In contrast, Co, F, Fe, Hg, Mn, V and Zn show little or no spatial correlation between stream and lake sediment, but are strongly intercorrelated in the stream sediment data set.The sediments collected from lakes in Labrador represent disturbed column, about 40 cm in length, of organic debris that accumulated over the past several hundred years. Metal accumulation in the sediment is largely through fixation from inflowing surface and groundwater by microorganisms, coprecipitation with hydrous Fe and Mn oxides, sorption by clay minerals and chemical and biochemical processes at and just below the sediment/water interface. The stream sediments in this study were collected from active sediment, and represent principally the mechanical-weathering products of bedrock, with variable amounts of organic matter and hydrous Fe and Mn oxides. Considering the difference in the two sediment types, it is probably not surprising that there is rather limited spatial correlation between the geochemistry of the two sediment types indicating that to a large extent each medium reflects a different facet of the bedrock geochemistry. Only for a few elements should the data sets be merged. The degree of spatial correlation for U, Ni and Cu increases as the data are generalized by averaging into larger blocks, suggesting that the combined data sets will be more successful in defining broad crustal geochemical features rather than local details. The implication of this study for international geochemical mapping is that geochemical patterns for many elements are strongly dependent on the sample medium chosen. Therefore, when it is necessary to change sample media in passing from one terrain type to another, a comparative study must be carried out to determine how the geochemistry of the different sample media compare spatially. 相似文献
9.
本文是通过赣西北地区重新扫面的水系沉积物样品,按四平方公里一个组合样进行二十一个元素和氧化物定量分析的1:50万地球化学图,运用于地质找矿方面的部分研究成果。着重阐述了异常初步评价、成矿远景区划、钒成矿区预测和地层地化分层,揭示了区域地球化学资料所反映的多方面的地化信息,提供了较多的基础地化资料、有关的特征标志和重要的找矿线索。 相似文献
10.
Overbank and medium-order stream sediment samples were collected in Belgium and Luxembourg from 66 sampling locations (area of about 33,000 km2) and analysed for major and trace elements among which Zn, Pb, Cu and As. At each sampling location large bulk samples were taken, namely in the lower (normally at ≥1.5 m depth, over an interval of about 20–40 cm) and upper (normally upper 5–25 cm) parts of the overbank profiles and from the stream sediments. Furthermore, at a number of these sites, a detailed geochemical analysis of vertical overbank sediment profiles (sampling intervals of 10–20 cm) was subsequently carried out to unravel element variations through time and to help in the overall evaluation. For most sampled sections evidences such as 14C-dating and the absence of anthropogenic particles point towards a pre-industrial and often pristine origin of the lower overbank sediment samples. From the latter bulk samples, mean background concentrations were deduced. They reveal the existence of significant differences between the northern and southern part of Belgium (incl. Luxembourg) which relate to the difference in geological substrate. In the north dominantly non-lithified Quaternary and Tertiary sands, marls and clays occur while in the south Palaeozoic sandstones, shales and carbonate rocks outcrop. Consequently separate mean background values were calculated for the two areas. In the southern study area, some anomalous metal concentrations have been recorded in pre-industrial sediments. They are derived from mineralised Palaeozoic rocks, a feature which could be of interest for base metal exploration. In the upper overbank and stream sediments, in general, higher heavy metal and As contents were recorded with highest values in areas with metal mining, metal melting and cokes treatment industries. By comparing the trace element concentrations of the upper overbank or stream sediment samples with the concentrations detected in the lower overbank samples at each of the sampling locations, and by evaluating the vertical distribution patterns where available, the degree of pollution of the alluvial plain and the present-day stream sediments can be assessed. From this exercise, it is clear that highest pollution occurs in the northern part of Belgium, which relates to its high population density and industrial development. 相似文献
11.
黔西北地区多元素地球化学特征与找矿标志 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
黔西北地区是一个裂谷盆地构造区,盆地内发育铅锌矿床,矿化受断裂和地层的联合控制。从区域地球化学、水系沉积物地球化学、地层地球化学以及地球化学块体等几个方面的特征进行了较为系统的研究。断裂两侧及断裂交汇处、岩体接触带、Pb-Zn组合异常区以及地球化学块体的浓集中心为该区的主要找矿标志,应注重多元素组合异常区内的研究。另外,该区具条带状的地球化学块体浓集带和高强度的Pb、Zn元素化探组合异常之特点,具有良好的Pb、Zn元素成矿背景;建议进行综合研究,尽早发现大型甚至超大型铅锌矿床。 相似文献
12.
依据化探成果对东昆仑地质背景的讨论 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在东昆仑地区 6 0 0 0 0多km2 的地域内 ,按照 4km2 的采样单元 ,共采集了 15 0 0 0多件水系沉积物样品。按照 16km2 的网格加工成 4 0 0 0多件组合样后 ,定量分析了 4 0种微量元素的含量。在对这些数据进行数学处理的基础上 ,利用斜交因子的分析结果 ,讨论了东昆仑地区的区域地层、断裂构造和中酸性岩浆岩的特征。根据区域地球化学成果 ,进一步明确了昆中、昆南断裂对本区地层和侵入岩分布的控制作用。基于元素区域地球化学背景的对比 ,提出了昆中断裂应向东延伸的证据 ,并指出了东大滩、布青山两个地区经历了相似的地质 地球化学作用 相似文献
13.
为了响应国际地球化学旗图计划(ICCP259)中的全球地球化学采样子计划的实施,研制超低密度地球化学采样的最佳方法,1989～1990年在江西省开展了一项试点研究.在约15.7万平方公里的可采面积内采集了121件河漫滩沉积物样品.平均采样密度约为五个点/1300km2.采样覆盖度为24%.采样点主要布置在100-500km2的汇水盆地口上,其中有33个采样点控制的汇水盆地面积在400～2000km2之间.河漫滩沉积物样品来自深度在0.5m以下到1.2m的柱状剖面.样品定量分析了38种元素.文章从多方面讨论了超低密度河漫滩沉积物地球化学术样的代表性,并得出以下主要结论:1.在400-2000km2的汇水盆地口上采集河漫滩沉积物样品能较好地反映上游汇水盆地中的主要矿化.2.超低密度采样和以2个点/km2采集水系沉积物样品所获得的W、Sn、Cu、Pb和Zn五个元素的地球化学趋势相似.3.超低密度样品中W、Ph、Be、Rb等元素的分布特征与省内花岗岩的分布相吻合.4.超低密来样品中“3Ni+Cr+V”的分布能较好地反映扬子准地台与华南加里东精皱系在省内的分界线. 相似文献
14.
总结了内蒙古大石寨地区1∶25万区域地球化学调查获得的1点/4km2的水系沉积物组合样品中的La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu、Y等15种稀土元素的区域地球化学分布特征。稀土元素分布与研究区中部的黑云母花岗岩密切相关,轻稀土主要分布在该岩体外围的二叠系地层中,重稀土主要分布在该岩体上方。该岩体上方和外围地层的稀土元素分布、稀土元素总量、轻重稀土比及δCe、δEu、(La/Sm)N、(La/Tb)N、(La/Lu)N、(Ce/Yb)N、(Gd/Lu)N等稀土元素分馏特征的差异明显。利用区域地球化学调查水系沉积物样品中的稀土元素含量,可获得研究区可靠的稀土元素区域地球化学分布特征,也可反映研究区地质特点,并为区域地球化学异常解译提供参考资料。 相似文献
15.
Lake sediment composition as an indicator of mineralization within the catchment area has found widespread application in recent years, particularly in Canada. Results have indicated, however, the existence of varying relationships between lake sediment composition and mineralization resulting from local features of the limnological environment. Accordingly it was considered appropriate to examine the nature of metal transport in the lake and stream environment, the partitioning of metal between the stream waters and stream sediments and between lake waters and lake sediments to obtain some understanding of the factors that affect the lake sediment-mineralization relationship. This investigation was carried out over an area containing Pb-Zn occurrences of supposed “Mississippi-Valley type” in Grenville and Paleozoic bedrock in southeastern Ontario.The headwater drainage systems comprise active streams, swamps, beaver ponds and small lake-bog systems giving way downstream to open lakes. The beaver swamps and seasonal swamps act as drainage sinks for metals, restricting the extent of geochemical dispersion in drainage systems adjacent to mineralization. Selective extraction analysis of bog, stream and lake sediments indicates that metals are preferentially concentrated with amorphous iron oxides, which readily adsorb and complex lead and zinc and are stable in the alkaline environment common in swamps adjacent to carbonate-hosted lead-zinc mineralization. The accumulation of lead and zinc with amorphous iron oxides combined with the adsorbing and chelating action of organic matter on lead and zinc makes organic-rich sediments from these small swampy areas an excellent sample medium for reflecting local mineralization. Down drainage anomalies of these elements can be accentuated by selective analysis for the amorphous iron oxide-held metal, involving selective extraction techniques.In contrast, within larger lake systems, the analysis of water samples indicates that geochemical dispersion in surface waters in the high pH environment (pH = 8.0) associated with the carbonate-hosted lead-zinc deposits is extremely restricted. In this environment, anomalous metal contents in lake water were not evident in lakes adjacent to mineralization, while anomalous lake sediment compositions exist only in lakes immediately adjacent to Pb-Zn mineralization and do not extend down the drainage system. The restricted dispersion necessitates basing geochemical reconnaissance surveys on collection and analysis of samples from the headwater organic-rich swamps at a higher sample density and resulting higher cost than in areas where a lower sample density is acceptable due to a wider dispersion. 相似文献
16.
A geochemical investigation was carried out mainly in a 14-km thick sedimentary sequence of late Precambrian age. The project included analysis of rock samples and drainage samples for Cu, Co, and Zn. The drainage samples were heavy-mineral concentrates and stream sediment samples.The results for the drainage sediments distinguish three well defined cupriferous horizons in the sedimentary column. Lithogeochemical studies of quartzites, pelites, and carbonates confirm that the anomalous values obtained in the drainage sediments arise from several Cu-mineralized horizons.The study has shown that geochemical prospecting appears to be well suited to Cu prospecting in Central East Greenland under arctic climate conditions even with a low sampling density of one sample per 5–10 km2 for the drainage samples, and one sample per 10–100 m of the sedimentary stratigraphic column for the rock samples. 相似文献
17.
通过对大桥金矿成矿地质特征研究的基础上,对矿区1∶20万区域化探异常特征、1∶5万水系沉积物测量异常特征及1∶1万土壤测量异常特征进行了分析和对比,认为该区化探工作随着比例尺的增大,异常元素增多,异常强度增强,异常浓集中心更加明显,显示出主成矿元素异常和相关伴生元素的继承性和多样性。异常元素组合显示,矿区中、大比例尺化探工作圈定的异常中,金、汞、砷、锑、银等中、低温元素异常发育,成为大桥金矿重要的找矿指示元素和直接找矿指标。原生晕特征标明,金及伴生元素异常展布与矿体产状基本一致,而异常强度在顶、底板明显减弱,说明赋矿层位和岩性对矿体的分布控制作用明显。本文旨在探讨该矿床不同介质系列化探异常特征,为西秦岭区化探找金工作提供新的范例。 相似文献
18.
Spatial distribution of major and trace elements in shallow reservoir sediments: an example from Lake Waco, Texas 总被引：11，自引：4，他引：7
J. Abraham 《Environmental Geology》1998,36(3-4):349-363
Sediment geochemistry of a shallow (6-m average) reservoir (Lake Waco) was evaluated for the spatial distribution of major
and trace elements. Sixty bottom and core samples along a 21-km transect within the reservoir, 18 overbank sediment samples,
and 8 rock types in the drainage area were collected and analyzed for major (Al, Ca, Fe) and trace elements (As, Ba, Cr, Cu,
Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn). Elemental concentrations in the reservoir sediments closely correspond to concentrations in the
regional rocks and represent a mixture of overbank sediment composition of the tributaries. Elemental concentrations were
statistically regressed against Al concentrations in order to establish regional baseline levels and thereby distinguish natural
from anthropogenic sources. Spatial geochemical trends, considered in terms of element-to-Al ratio versus V-to-Al ratio, relate
to the natural and anthropogenic sources contributing to the elemental concentrations. The spatial elemental distribution
in the reservoir, which receive sediments from two mineralogically contrasting basins, reflect textural and mineralogical
transition within the reservoir and suggest a progressive mixing of sediment from the tributaries. The spatial elemental distribution
and sediment texture suggest that the sediment-source, which determines the sediment-type, has a greater influence on the
major- and trace-element distributions in shallow reservoir sediments than bathymetry.
Received: 25 September 1997 · Accepted: 3 February 1998 相似文献
19.
The Sample Catchment Basin Approach (SCBA) is one of the techniques widely employed in the analysis of stream sediment geochemical data and delineation of anomalous catchments. However, this method fails to take into account the real catchment basin boundaries of each sample by incorporating only the incremental area between two adjacent samples. In other words, the SCBA incorrectly assumes that the geochemistry of every sample catchment within a drainage is independent from upstream sample catchment(s) feeding into this drainage. The chemical composition of sediment at the basin outlet originates from the whole basin upstream and not the incremental area as postulated in the SCBA. Consequently, the calculated background values for various lithologies and the background value for the element of interest at the basin outlet might be far from reality.This study used a True Sample Catchment Basin Approach (TSCBA), that reflects the true catchment boundary of every stream sediment sample, and in which all calculations are carried out on the premise that this boundary and the true area affect the composition of each sample. The results obtained from the application of both the SCBA and TSCBA to a gold endowed study area in western Iran clearly illustrated the superiority of the TSCBA over the SCBA. In addition, this study demonstrated the advantage of using the modified dilution correction equation of Mokhtari and Garousi Nezhad (2015), as compared to the existing Hawkes’s equation commonly used for dilution correction of residual values. 相似文献
20.
本文通过对云南西南部两个1:5万图幅地球化学水系沉积物测量、土壤测量和岩石测量三种区域化探方法的试验,从找矿、经济两个方面进行对比,得出了三种化探方法找矿效果相近的结论,但水系沉积物测量以其异常衬度高、野外采样工作量小、样品分析费用少而明显优于土壤测量。在试验中得到的另一发现是低密度(每平方公里约2个样)的岩石测量在发现异常信息和了解微量元素分布区域性变化规律方面有好的效果。岩石测量作为一种有效的区域化探方法值得重视和进一步研究。 相似文献