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1.
Katherine L. Pering 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1973,37(3):401-417
A bitumen deposit in north Derbyshire, England, is described and studied using the techniques of gas chromatography, infra-red spectrophotometry and elemental analysis. The bitumens are associated with lead-zinc-fluorite ore minerals concentrated along an unconformable contact between the Carboniferous Limestone and the overlying shales. Three varieties of bitumen are distinguished and are compared with the dispersed bitumens in both the Carboniferous Limestone and the Edale Shales, with crude oils believed to be derived from these shales, and with inclusions in the hydrothermal mineral fiuorite, associated with the limestone-shale contact. One of the varieties recognized, a brittle brown solid, contains aliphatic hydrocarbons very similar to those of the shales and to those of the crude oils likely derived from these shales. The other two are a viscous oil and a brittle, black solid, which geologic evidence suggests were originally derived from the limestone. They contain a very complex mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons quite different from those in the limestone, however. Aliphatic hydrocarbons isolated from fluorite, which is hydrothermally formed, in nearby massive deposits are almost identical to those of the limestone and shale. This observation indicates that alteration of the aliphatic hydrocarbons in the sediment by hydrothermal fluids is an unlikely explanation for the origin of the complex mixtures of hydrocarbons in the viscous oil and brittle, black solid. On the basis of indirect evidence of high nitrogen content, presence of unsaturated hydrocarbons, and suitability of the environment for bacterial growth, it is suggested that selective bacterial alteration of the aliphatic hydrocarbons is the main process responsible for their present composition. A geologic history for the deposit is postulated that involves a two-phase introduction of bitumens. Each phase is suggested to have begun as a pulse of warm saline fluids migrating along the shale-limestone unconformity passed through the topographic high at Windy Knoll. Microbial oxidation of the bitumens may have taken place during the deposition process or, more likely, as a recent secondary oxidation process. 相似文献
2.
前人在柴达木盆地东部石炭系地层中发现了大量的天然沥青出露,并证实柴达木盆地石炭系烃源岩有过生烃过程。因此,深入开展该地区天然沥青特征和形成模式分析,对该地区下一步的油气勘探有着重要的指导意义。文中采用物理和地球化学实验的方法,研究了石炭系天然沥青物理特征和地球化学特征;分析了石炭系天然沥青物理特征和地球化学特征,并总结出石炭系沥青遭受了轻微的生物降解和氧化作用的蚀变特性;通过对沥青形成的地质背景及构造活动的分析和研究,探究了德令哈坳陷沥青的形成模式,发现该区石炭系、侏罗系广泛分布的烃源岩是沥青形成的物质基础;局部的优质储层,为有利的油气储集空间;不整合面和断裂体系非常发育,不仅对该区油气的运移起着控制作用,也是油气藏破坏而暴露地表形成沥青的重要因素;这三个主控因素对该区天然沥青的形成起着决定性的作用 相似文献
3.
《Gondwana Research》2016,29(4):1415-1433
The Upper Devonian Munster Basin of southern Ireland has traditionally been viewed as a post-orogenic molasse deposit that was sourced from the Caledonides of central Ireland and subsequently deformed by the end Carboniferous Variscan orogenic event. The basin fill is composed of super-mature quartz arenite sandstone that clearly represents a second cycle of deposition. The source of this detritus is now recognized as Lower Devonian Dingle Basin red bed sequences to the north. This genetic link is based on the degree of similarity in the detrital mica chemistry in both of these units; micas plot in identical fields and define the same trends. In addition, the two sequences show increased textural and chemical maturity up-sequence and define indistinguishable 40Ar/39Ar age ranges for the detrital mica grains. Partial resetting of the Ar ages can be attributed to elevated heat flow in the region caused by Munster Basin extension and subsequent Variscan deformation. The combined evidence from southwest Ireland therefore points to a Caledonian or possibly Taconian primary source area that initially shed detritus into the Lower Devonian Dingle Basin which was subsequently recycled into the Upper Devonian Munster Basin following mid-Devonian Acadian basin inversion. 相似文献
4.
IVOR A. J. MacCARTHY 《Sedimentology》1987,34(3):389-422
This paper describes the sedimentation style associated with the basal Carboniferous transgression in southern Ireland and the influence which this event had on the palaeogeography of the region. The transgression as marked by the base of the Carboniferous succession is shown to represent one of several genetically related transgressive pulses which commenced during the Late Devonian. At this time an east-west trending graben, the South Munster Basin, developed in southern Ireland. This was initially a non-marine depositional site in which sediment was derived from the north and west. Subsidence and eustatic sea-level rise resulted in a marine transgression which proceeded in a rhythmic style resulting in a number of transgressive-stillstand pulses. The first transgressive pulse (T1) advanced in a westerly direction along the basin axis resulting in the development of an epicontinental-like sea. The shoreline remained essentially static along the northern basin margin initially until a second transgressive pulse (T2) resulted in expansion of the marine area. The latter proceeded by gradual northward erosive advance of a barred coastal area as far as the northern basin margin where the stability of the bounding platform halted its progress. Erosion of the barrier shoreface was insufficient to destroy all the backbarrier lagoonal deposits which are preserved as a thin transgressive diachronous unit which grades northwards to a coastal alluvial plain. Immediately preceding the basal Carboniferous transgression (T3), a shallow, wave-dominated, storm-influenced shelf sea occupied the basinal area. Two sublittoral sand bar complexes developed on the shelf under the influence of shore-parallel current regimes, apparently derived from source areas located on either side of the epicontinental sea The basal Carboniferous transgression took place in two pulses. The first (T3a) resulted in a rapid reduction in sand supply to the shelf and deposition of clay. The barrier shoreline responded by erosively retreating across the lagoon, leaving a transgressive lag in its wake. Its northwards advance was, however, limited due to the relative stability of the northern platform. Sand supply to the shelf was completely terminated in the second pulse (T3b) and the barrier rapidly migrated erosively across the northern platform for a considerable distance such that the coastal plain is overlain by a thin transgressive lag. This transgressive phase was immediately followed by shoreline stillstand and progressive shallowing of the shelf. An open sandy shelf developed on which offshore sand bars accumulated under a storm and wave dominated regime. Clay deposition continued in the deeper part of the basinal area but was eventually terminated as the shelf sands prograded centripetally into the basin. The main factor that controlled the style of the overall transgression was an interplay between eustatic sea level rise and basin subsidence. The rate of relative sea-level rise together with the effect of differential subsidence and fluvial input from the north appear to have diminished with time. The rate at which successive transgressive pulses advanced northwards shows an overall progressive increase. 相似文献
5.
We compare the diagenetic evolution of deeply buried Rotliegend (Permian) red bed sandstones at the southern and northern
margin of the Central European Basin (CEB) in Germany. Main target is to evaluate the influence of maturation products from
hydrocarbon (HC) source rocks during red bed diagenesis. At the southern margin of the CEB, thick coal-bearing Carboniferous
source rocks are omnipresent beneath the Rotliegend. They contain dominantly gas-prone terrigenous organic material and some
oil source rocks. Hydrocarbons were generated from Late Carboniferous onwards throughout most of basin subsidence. At the
northern margin of the CEB, source rocks are almost absent due to deep erosion of Carboniferous rocks and a low TOC of local
Lower Carboniferous relics. Early diagenetic processes are comparable at both basin margins. Significant differences in burial
diagenetic evolution are spatially correlated to the occurrence of hydrocarbon source rocks. Burial diagenesis at the southern
margin of the CEB is characterized especially by bleaching of red beds, major dissolution events, pervasive illite formation,
impregnation of pore surfaces with bitumen, and formation of late Fe-rich cements. Almost none of these features were detected
at the northern basin margin. Instead, relatively early cements are preserved down to maximum burial depths. This suggests
that major diagenetic mineral reactions in deeply buried red bed sandstones are controlled by the presence or absence of maturing
hydrocarbon source rocks. 相似文献
6.
东天山大南湖岛弧带石炭纪岩石地层与构造演化 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
详细的地质解剖工作表明,东天山地区大南湖岛弧带石炭纪出露4套岩石地层组合,即早石炭世小热泉子组火山岩、晚石炭世底坎儿组碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩、晚石炭世企鹅山组火山岩、晚石炭世脐山组碎屑岩夹碳酸盐岩。根据其岩石组合、岩石地球化学、生物化石、同位素资料以及彼此的产出关系,认为这4套岩石地层组合的沉积环境分别为岛弧、残余海盆、岛弧和弧后盆地。结合区域资料重塑了大南湖岛弧带晚古生代的构造格架及演化模式。早、晚石炭世的4套岩石地层组合并置体现了东天山的复杂增生过程。 相似文献
7.
8.
John R. Graham 《Sedimentary Geology》1981,30(3):195-211
A succession of about 300 m of fluvial sediments from the Lower Carboniferous of northwest Ireland is described and interpreted. A lower, mainly red, formation contains fluvial channel deposits dominated by flat laminated sandstone. These are separated by interbedded sandstones and mudrocks with local caliche horizons and abundant mudcracks interpreted as levee and flood basin deposits. An upper, mainly non-red, formation contains fluvial channel deposits with common trough cross-stratification and epsilon cross-stratification also separated by interbedded sandstones and mudrocks. Evidence of desiccation is less common in the uppermost beds which pass transitionally upwards into marine sediments.The change in fluvial channel style is interpreted as due to increasing sinuosity and permanence of flow which may have been partly temporally and partly spatially controlled. The predominance of coarse sediments is thought to be largely controlled by limited subsidence. The Lower Carboniferous transgression was the major overall control of alluviation. 相似文献
9.
Energy Field Adjustment and Hydrocarbon Phase Evolution in Sinian-Lower Paleozoic,Sichuan Basin 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
The Sinian-Lower Paleozoic (also called the lower association) in Sichuan (四川) basin has undergone geologic evolution for several hundred million years.The subsidence history of the Sinian-Lower Paleozoic can be divided into four stages:the stable subsidence during Cambrian and Silurian; the uplift and denudation during Devonian and Carboniferous; the subsidence (main process)during Permian to Late Cretaceous; and the rapid uplift and denudation since Late Cretaceous.The later two stages could be regarded as critical factors for the development of oil and gas in the lower association.The evolution of energy field such as temperature,pressure,and hydrocarbon phase in the lower association during the deep burial and uplift in the third stage might be induced as follows:(1)super-high pressure was developed during oil-cracking,previous super-high pressure was sustained,or changed as normal pressure during late uplift; (2) temperature increased with deep burial during persistent subsidence and decreased during uplift in late stage; (3) as a response to the change of the energy field,hydrocarbon phase experienced a series of changes such as organic material (solid),oil (liquid),oil-cracking gas (gaseous) + bitumen (solid) + abnormal high pressure,gas cap gas with super-high pressure (gaseous) + bitumen (solid) + water soluble gas (liquid),and gas in pool (gaseous) + water soluble gas (liquid) + bitumen (solid).The restoration of hydrocarbon phase evolution is of important value for the exploration of natural gas in the Sinian-Lower Paleozoic in Sichuan basin. 相似文献
10.
Within the Central European Zechstein Basin the Permian Kupferschiefer has been deposited under anoxic conditions. In most parts of the basin, the metal content does not exceed values commonly observed in black shales. However, in areas near to the Zechstein sea-shore which are simultaneously related to rift zones a significant base metal enrichment is observed. Organic geochemical analyses of the copper-mineralized sections in the Kupferschiefer from Southwest Poland show that significant changes in the composition of organic matter are associated with the metal enrichment processes. Porphyrins, commonly abundant constituents of the shale, have been decomposed by oxidizing fluids. Additionally, aliphatic hydrocarbons have been largely removed from the bitumen and alkylated aromatic systems were affected by side-chain degradation. This particular type of alteration is explained by ascending oxidizing solutions which transported high amounts of base metals from Lower Permian red beds into the Kupferschiefer horizon acting as a geochemical trap. The metal precipitation is suggested to be a result of thermochemical sulphide production with organic matter acting as hydrogen source. In areas such as the Lower Rhine Basin in the bottom section of the Kupferschiefer the base metals lead and zinc as well as barium have been accumulated from basinal Carboniferous formation waters. Copper enrichment is not observed because potential source rocks are missing in this area. However, the observed compositional changes of the organic matter do not point towards thermochemical redox processes. 相似文献
11.
Fusain in Carboniferous shallow marine sediments, Donegal, Ireland: the sedimentological effects of wildfire 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Evidence from fusain deposits in Lower Carboniferous rocks of western Ireland indicates that a catastrophic wildfire destroyed thousands of square kilometres of Carboniferous ‘forest’. In addition to yielding large quantities of charcoal, this wildfire event resulted in increased surface water runoff which affected sedimentation in an adjacent estuarine environment where the fusain is now preserved. This is the oldest documented evidence for a catastrophic palaeowildfire and a clear example of the sedimentological effects of large-scale fires. The Lower Carboniferous (Visean) rocks in the Largymore Syncline of western Donegal, Ireland, are shallow marine sandstones, mudstones and limestones. The Upper Shalwy Beds are mudstones and cross-bedded sandstones which show bi-polar cross-stratification and mud drapes on cross-bed foresets indicating deposition in a tidal environment, probably a large estuary. In three coastal exposures a bed containing up to 20% fusain is found at the same stratigraphic horizon. The fusain is interpreted as fossil charcoal produced by palaeowildfire in a land area to the north-west. The volume of fusain present in the unit can be estimated and by comparison with charcoal production in modern wildfires it has been calculated that around 95 000 km2 (more than the present land area of Ireland) was burnt. Along with the fusain, other effects of the wildfire can be seen in the deposits, which are poorly sorted compared to the rest of the Upper Shalwy Beds and are characterized by inclined heterolithic stratification produced by the draping of underlying bedforms. These features are considered to be due to a considerably increased sediment load in the estuary, resulting from enhanced surface runoff and soil erosion due to the wildfire. 相似文献
12.
对鄂尔多斯盆地石油、煤、含铀砂岩及其围岩的氯仿沥青进行了Sm-Nd同位素研究。结果表明,盆地流体(包括深部流体)活动具有多期性,且后期的流体活动对铀矿床的形成具有重要作用;赋存于同一套地层中的含铀砂岩沥青、煤沥青及石油沥青,虽然均具有富集地幔特征,但并非同期活动的产物;东胜矿区侏罗系直罗组煤沥青和盆地西南部陈家山矿区侏罗系延安组的煤沥青,源区时代上存在较大差异,伴生沥青并非全部由煤的热演化形成,可能还存在外来流体的加入,且东胜直罗组煤的伴生沥青较延安组煤的伴生沥青来源深度更大;盆地内马岭油田的直罗组石油沥青、陈家山延安组煤层石油沥青及其煤沥青在源区特征上具有内在联系。 相似文献
13.
伊宁地块石炭纪火山岩及其对构造演化的约束 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
西天山伊宁地块的构造格局及其演化之认识久存争议,倍受关注。分歧焦点有三:(1)石炭纪有无洋盆存在?(2)若有洋盆,何时闭合?(3)"沟-弧-盆"消亡时究竟是单向俯冲还是双向俯冲?若是单向俯冲,俯冲方向是由北向南或是相反(即俯冲极性)?因此,这些重大地质问题均聚焦于本区的火山岩。石炭纪火山岩是伊宁地块中的最主要建造和指示构造演化的关键层位,争论长久而激烈。本文认为,伊宁地块早石炭世发育弧前-岛弧-弧后盆地钙碱性火山-沉积建造,是塔里木板块北缘的主要组成部分;而晚石炭世碱性系列双峰式火山岩及其沉积组合则是大陆裂谷火山-沉积建造,形成于区域性伸展构造环境,是准噶尔板块与塔里木板块缝合后的陆内建造,因而古洋盆的关闭时限是早石炭世晚期(鄯善运动)。依据区内早石炭世建造的空间分布和变化规律,作者们认为古天山洋盆与当今地学界作为典型的日本沟-弧-盆体系有着极好的相似性和空间分布可对比性。石炭纪火山岩为本区的构造演化研究提供了重要的约束信息。 相似文献
14.
D.J. Mossman W.E.L. Minter A. Dutkiewicz D.K. Hallbauer S.C. George Q. Hennigh T.O. Reimer F.D. Horscroft 《Precambrian Research》2008,164(3-4):173-186
In the Witwatersrand approximately 40% of the gold is intimately associated with so-called “carbon” in “carbon seam reefs”, which occur in over a dozen paleoplacers, many of them concentrated at two stratigraphic levels in the 7000-m-thick succession of Archean siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. This is reduced carbon, present as kerogen admixed in various proportions with derivative (now solid) bitumen(s). Oil generation and migration were active geological processes during Early Earth history. Numerous possible source rocks for oil generation, including the carbon seams themselves, occur within the Witwatersrand basin. In the Witwatersrand ore, oil-bearing fluid inclusions are also present, derived like the bitumen, by thermal maturation of the kerogen. The presence of kerogen and bitumen in the Witwatersrand sedimentary rocks, together with a wealth of observations on the spatial distribution of the carbon seams confirm that the carbon originated in situ from living organisms in microbial mat cover, as opposed to flowing in from elsewhere as liquid hydrocarbons as some researchers have suggested. Paleochannels, which truncated auriferous carbon seams early in the depositional history, are of widespread occurrence, and micro-synsedimentary faults offset carbon seams. The carbon seams are thus indigenous biogenic markers that grew contemporaneously with placer development. The various features highlighting the nature and spatial distribution of Witwatersrand carbon seams provide a classic case where field evidence trumps laboratory data in the reconstruction of geological processes. 相似文献
15.
川东北飞仙关组储层固体沥青地球化学特征及其气源指示意义 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
运用有机岩石学、有机地球化学、催化加氢热解、GC—IRMS等方法和技术,深入研究了川东北飞仙关组储层固体沥青及可能烃源岩的地球化学特征。研究认为,飞仙关组储层固体沥青反射率高,双反射明显,为非均质结构储层焦沥青;在碳酸盐岩储层的各种孔隙中,呈脉状、球粒状、角片状或块状等他形充填,具有中间相结构和镶嵌状结构特征,反映其高温热变质成因;元素组成有S/C高、H/C低的特点,其固体碳同位素组成与长兴组烃源岩干酪根相似。储层固体沥青的可能烃源岩发育于还原—弱氧化咸水沉积环境,有机质来源于水生藻类;氯仿沥青“A”饱和烃甾萜类生物标志物对比表明,上二叠长兴组烃源岩是主要来源,飞仙关组、下志留统烃源岩亦有贡献;催化加氢产物饱和烃及其正构烷烃单体碳同位素组成显示,坡2井飞仙关组储层固体沥青与罐5井飞仙关组烃源岩具有明显的亲缘关系,这也可作为飞仙关组海槽相烃源岩对飞仙关组气藏有贡献的佐证。 相似文献
16.
S. N. Shanina A. R. Galamay O. O. Ignatovich N. S. Burdelnaya O. V. Valyaeva 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(7):719-734
Organic component in the Lower Permian salt sequence in the southern part of the Yakshinskoe deposit of the Upper Pechora potassium basin is represented by dispersed organic matter, liquid hydrocarbons in fluid inclusions in halite, as well as inclusions of bacterium, algae, spore and pollen of plants. Analysis of saturated and aromatic bitumen fractions from salts, halopelites, and clayey–silty interbeds revealed the presence of organic matter of type II and mixed type II–III. It is shown that the cover sequence and potassium bed from the southern part of the Yakshinskoe potassium–magnesium salt deposit contain autochthonous immature organic matter, whereas underlying rock salt and host rocks contain significant amount of immature allochthonous components. These migration hydrocarbons are likely immature condensates. 相似文献
17.
Burial history, temperature variations, and organic matter maturation in the sedimentary rocks in the Ghadames Basin were numerically reconstructed using the GALO system for basin modeling taking into account repeated tectonic (stretching) and thermal activation events in the basin lithosphere. The modeling improved the reconstruction of the thermal history of the basin and hydrocarbon generation potential compared with previous model estimates based on the assumption of a constant temperature gradient during the whole period of basin development. In particular, the results of modeling suggest that the amplitude of Cenozoic erosion was smaller than that proposed in previous studies. The central part of the Ghadames Basin, which was considered in this study, is the western part of the Libyan sector of the basin, which underwent intense subsidence reaching 4000 m already in the Carboniferous. Given the relatively active thermal history of the basin, the modeling suggests high degrees of organic maturity in the source rocks of the Lower Silurian in the modern section of the basin and confirms the high generation potential of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons in these formations. Significant hydrocarbon generation has occurred there since the Late Carboniferous. On the other hand, the generation potential of the Late Devonian (Frasnian) sequences is limited and strongly dependent on burial depth. The main stage of hydrocarbon generation in these rocks coincided with the Cenozoic thermal activation of the basin lithosphere. In all the areas considered, the oil window overlaps a significant portion of the modern sedimentary section of the Ghadames Basin. 相似文献
18.
《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2021,132(6):641-656
The Lough Foyle Basin is a half-graben that straddles the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland and contains sediments that range in age from Lower Carboniferous to Holocene. The basin’s post-rift succession is represented by sediments of the Penarth Group and Lias Group. The lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of that interval are revised using new borehole material and existing outcrop. Palaeontological data provide a chronostratigraphic framework and aid palaeoenvironmental interpretations. Foraminifera, ostracods, palynomorphs indicate a nearshore, marginal marine depositional setting throughout much of the Rhaetian with a more marine, shelf and nearshore depositional setting for the Lias Group. The Penarth Group succession is similar to that elsewhere in Northern Ireland but the Lias Group (Waterloo Mudstone Formation) differs in that five distinct members can be recognised (Clooney Mudstone, Drummans Siltstone, Gortmore Mudstone, Tircreven Sandstone and Ballyleighery Mudstone), four of which are newly described. The deltaic and shelf sandstones of the Tircreven Sandstone Member are the only such examples preserved in the Jurassic strata of Northern Ireland and are some of the oldest in the Jurassic of the UK and Ireland, providing evidence of the proximity of the nearby Irish Landmass and representing a useful comparison for Early Jurassic sandstone reservoirs in offshore basins. 相似文献
19.
在残留盆地展布、地层发育特征及大地构造背景分析的基础上,恢复了柴北缘东段石炭纪的原型盆地格局。研究表明：石炭纪时期,柴北缘处于“三洋夹两陆”的构造背景,经历了早石炭世的两次海侵和晚石炭世的持续海侵;受NWW向断裂系统的控制,盆地整体为昆仑弧后裂谷盆地,但由南向北构造发育特征表现为弧后陆表海盆地一陆表海盆地内低隆起一弧后裂谷盆地的组合特征。石炭系沉积以后,柴北缘经历了多期不同性质的构造运动,石炭纪后期变形强烈,原型龠地特征被彻底改造。 相似文献
20.
笔者认为东准噶尔地区曾是古新疆克拉通的一部分,只是到了泥盆纪才演化成大洋。值得特别提出的是,大洋消失之后,经历了残留海盆阶段才开始碰撞造山。碰撞期后的岩浆作用和板内裂陷作用在该区特别发育,而且形成相关的内生金属矿产。以大型内陆盆地沉降和山脉隆升为特征的陆内造山作用标志着大陆克拉通化的最终完成。成矿期与构造演化密切相关,自老而新划分了6个成矿期。 相似文献