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《地学前缘》2017,(6):390-398
为了深入了解湘西北下寒武统牛蹄塘组的页岩气资源潜力,需对该地区牛蹄塘组中下部硅质页岩和碳质页岩层段进行可压裂性评价。通过室内实验等手段分析了影响页岩可压裂性的4类关键物理和力学因素。结果显示:牛蹄塘组中下部硅质页岩的脆性矿物平均含量(51.58%)高于碳质页岩(40.55%),而其黏土矿物平均含量(14.13%)低于碳质页岩(24.49%);硅质页岩的脆性系数(基于泊松比和弹性模量)比碳质页岩高34%;硅质页岩的内摩擦角较大,碳质页岩的黏聚力较小;碳质页岩的孔隙度(平均3.67%)较大,但硅质页岩充填性天然裂缝发育程度较高。结合影响因素分析和前人经验,构建了涉及6项指标的页岩可压裂性评价体系。分别求得硅质页岩、碳质页岩和北美Barnett页岩的可压裂系数为0.59、0.29、0.62~0.64。从可压裂系数可以看出,湘西北牛蹄塘组中下部硅质页岩层段的压裂预期效果与北美Barnett页岩相当,且高出碳质页岩1倍,具有较高的开发潜力。 相似文献
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水力压裂技术广泛使用于页岩气开采工程中。为了分析压裂过程中多裂缝扩展形成复杂裂缝网的机制,尝试将态型近场动力学理论引入页岩水平井水力压裂过程的力学建模与数值仿真,在物质点间相互作用力模型中加入等效水压力项以实现在新生裂缝面上跟踪施加水压力,建立了水力压裂过程的近场动力学分析模型。通过模拟页岩储层的水力压裂过程,可得到复杂的裂缝扩展路径、裂缝网络的形成过程以及裂缝扩展受射孔间距及页岩天然裂缝和层理的影响。研究结果表明:射孔间距过小会造成起裂干扰,使中心射孔的裂缝扩展受到抑制;在压裂压力一定的情况下适当增大射孔间距,可以显著增强页岩压裂形成裂缝网的能力;压裂过程中水平层理面可能张开形成水平裂缝,且天然裂缝会诱导形成更复杂的垂直裂缝。模型和方法可为页岩水力压裂过程和机制研究及工程实践提供参考。 相似文献
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水力压裂技术是油气藏尤其是页岩气开发中的核心技术,利用数值模拟方法进行压裂优化和产能预测又是水力压裂成功的关键。本文首先介绍了水力压裂技术的发展历程。然后从计算模型(二维模型、拟三维模型和全三维模型)和数值模拟方法(基于连续介质和基于非连续介质)两方面对油气藏开发领域的水力压裂计算模拟技术进行较全面的总结。最后,从以下3个方面指出现今研究的不足并提出了进一步的研究建议:(1)全三维模型的完善-全三维模型应当与真实的工程参数和监测数据结合,用于校正模型本身,而校正后的全三维模型又可预测和优化新的现场水力压裂作业; (2)数值模拟方法的选用-已有的水力压裂数值模拟方法种类繁多,需要针对各种方法的适用范围、计算效率和模拟效果等,进行全面的比较和优化; (3)页岩储层中天然裂缝网络的数值模拟-天然裂隙网络加剧了页岩储层力学性质的各向异性,同时水力裂缝沟通天然裂缝活化扩展是有利于储层的增渗增产,对压裂缝网的形态、尺寸和连通率等起着至关重要的作用。因此,数值计算过程中综合考虑页岩储层中天然裂缝与水力裂缝的相互作用,将是未来水力压裂模拟的热点。 相似文献
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页岩气水平井含气性评价是页岩气开发评价的难点之一。以四川盆地涪陵页岩气田奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组页岩为主要研究对象,依据大量页岩气水平井钻井及生产数据,结合研究区探井含气性主控因素的分析结果,优选出4项有效评价页岩气水平井含气性的参数:全烃校正值、孔隙压力系数、测井解释孔隙度及测井解释含气量。选取涪陵页岩气田焦石坝区块的压裂施工参数相当的53口水平井作为样本井,采用赋值法和极大值法对各项参数值统一量纲,再通过灰色关联系数方法计算各项参数的权重,最终建立水平井含气性计算方程。基于计算结果的概率累积曲线,建立了页岩气水平井含气性分级模型。整体上形成了一套能够定量评价页岩气水平井含气性的方法体系。对研究区样本井之外的页岩气水平井进行含气性定量评价,结果与实际生产数据吻合度较高,证实该方法能较好地反映页岩气水平井的含气能力,可以有效预测气井测试产量。 相似文献
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岩石力学性质及地应力等地质力学参数是进行储层压裂改造的基础数据,影响着整个压裂设计的准确性。由于页岩层理发育及矿物组成的复杂性、页岩力学性质的横观各向同性,所以基于传统力学模型获取的压裂参数设计将丧失意义。以横向各向同性模型体现层理发育页岩储层的力学性质,通过简化的横纵弹性模量和泊松比可以较好地表达出页岩的横观各向同性,并总结了横观各向同性地应力解释方法。基于上述理论,应用商业化水力压裂数模软件对四川盆地某层理页岩储层进行了压裂设计,比较了基于横观各向同性模型与传统模型解释力学参数差异,非常规储层动静态力学参数转换,同时通过改变射孔位置研究了起裂点对裂缝形态的影响。研究发现,横观各向同性解释的杨氏模量、地应力要略高于传统方法,同时横观各向同性解释的地层地应力差较小,所以受不同射孔位置的变化对裂缝几何的形态影响要远远高于各向同性模型模拟的结果,特别是缝高变化更为明显。同时数据表明,在高应力区射孔将形成更为狭窄缝宽的水力裂缝,这会严重影响后续支撑剂的进入,以上结论将为提高页岩储层的压裂设计精确性给予重要帮助。 相似文献
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《地球化学》2017,(6)
页岩储层微观孔隙结构特征的研究对页岩气的资源评价和成藏机理研究均具有重要的意义。前人在研究页岩的孔隙特征时常采用针对不同孔径范围孔隙特征的表征方法和模型的简单拼接,但上述不同方法拼接使用对页岩在整体孔径范围内的孔径分布特征的刻画不够准确。本文选取10个渝东石柱地区五峰组页岩作为研究对象,测定了其总有机碳(TOC)及矿物组成,并对比了二氧化碳-氮气吸附的非限定域(NLDFT)模型及限定域(DFT)模型的比表面积、孔体积等参数,探讨了页岩的孔隙结构及其对页岩气储存方面的意义。结果表明,页岩脆性矿物含量很高,脆性指数介于0.52~0.88之间,平均为0.71,页岩具有良好的可压裂性。微孔提供了用于吸附页岩气的最主要的比表面积,其比表面积为18.27 m2/g,占总比表面积的81.61%,是页岩气的最重要的吸附场所;介孔及宏孔的平均孔体积为22.51×10–3 cm3/g,占了总孔体积的81.48%,是游离态页岩气的重要储存空间。渝东石柱地区页岩吸附气含量要比先前评价中的含量有着很大比例的升高,游离气的含量比先前评价中的含量要略高一些。 相似文献
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储层可压裂性评价是储层改造方案设计的重要依据,影响致密砂岩可压裂性的主要因素有天然裂缝、砂岩脆性、水平应力差异、断裂韧性等。研究以准噶尔盆地中部1区块Z109井侏罗系致密砂岩为例,综合考虑天然裂缝、砂岩脆性、水平应力差异、断裂韧性四种影响因素,采用改进的层次分析和熵值法相结合的方法进行了致密砂岩储层可压裂性评价。研究结果表明:可压裂性指数越大,致密砂岩储层越易于压裂,压裂时越能获得较复杂的裂缝网络;可压裂性指数大于0.44,砂岩脆性高,断裂韧性小,裂缝发育程度高,水平差异系数小的储层段为Ⅰ级优质压裂层;可压裂性指数大于0.44,砂岩脆性高,断裂韧性小,裂缝发育程度低,水平差异系数大的储层段为Ⅱ级可压裂层;研究区Z109井4036~4039 m、4062~4067 m、4214~4218 m和4260~4272 m为Ⅰ级优质压裂层,4093~4108 m和4284~4313 m为Ⅱ级可压裂层。研究成果可为致密砂岩压裂改造提供科学依据。 相似文献
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页岩气作为非常规气,是一种重要能源。页岩的孔隙结构特征是衡量与评价页岩储层存储能力与可压裂性的重要参数。选取威远海相页岩（1#）、龙马溪海相页岩（2#）、瑶曲凝灰岩（4#）以及瑶曲陆相页岩（5#,6#）,进行压汞实验、氮气吸附性实验以及核磁共振实验。利用分形理论,表征孔隙结构的非均质性,揭示分形维数和孔隙结构之间的关系。结果表明:孔隙在0.1~100 μm范围采用压汞实验,陆相页岩样品得到的分形维数要比海相页岩样品大;孔隙在2~200 nm范围采用氮气吸附实验,海相页岩的分形维数比陆相页岩大;相比之下,孔隙在10 nm~10 μm范围采用核磁共振实验得到的焦石坝海相页岩与陆相页岩的分形维数大小比较接近。尤其是本文统计的氮气吸附实验样本中,焦石坝海相页岩的分形维数最大,即焦石坝海相页岩的微孔结构最为发育,非均质性最强。因此分形维数可作为一种用于评价页岩孔隙非均质性与储存压裂效果的重要参数。 相似文献
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《地质科技情报》2021,40(3)
层状页岩的微观非均质性及力学各向异性对研究井壁稳定以及水力裂缝扩展形态具有重要意义。为了向页岩优化钻井、压裂工艺参数提供一定的理论和试验依据,对沿不同角度取心的页岩试样开展单轴压缩实验,配合场发射扫描电镜、原子力显微镜观测实验和波速测试等,研究龙马溪组层状页岩微观非均质性及力学各向异性特征,并讨论这些物理力学特征对水力裂缝形态的影响规律。结果表明:受层理面的影响,龙马溪组页岩呈现出较强的微观非均质性和宏观力学各向异性特征。具体的,微观孔隙结构特征方面,随着观测方向与层理方向之间夹角β的增大,微观孔隙结构的发育程度逐渐增加,说明气体的储集和空间呈增加趋势;宏观力学特征方面,单轴压缩条件下,随着加载方向与层理方向间夹角θ的增加,页岩试样的破坏模式从贯穿层理面的张拉破坏,先转变为剪切破坏,再变为劈裂-剪切混合破坏;龙马溪组层状页岩的单轴抗压强度、泊松比随着θ的增加呈现出先减小后增大的"U"形各向异性模式,弹性模量、横纵波速则逐渐减小,胶结程度较弱的页岩层理面会先于基质体发生破坏,进而显著影响岩石整体的力学性质;页岩微观非均质性及力学各向异性特征在一定程度上影响压裂过程中水力裂缝的扩展行为,以及停泵后压裂液的渗流路径。研究结果可为页岩压裂工艺参数优选提供一定依据。 相似文献
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Fracability characterizes the effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing. The existing assessment methods cannot reflect the actual value of the effectiveness due to a lack of comprehensive consideration and neglect of the influences of engineering factors. This study aims to solve this problem by implementing geological static data and production dynamic data in multivariate analysis in Zhaotong shale gas demonstration zone. First, the reservoir quality index (RQI) was introduced to evaluate the exploration potential by integrating the geological parameters with gray relational analysis. Moreover, the differences in fracturing fluid types and proppant sizes were considered, and the operating parameters were normalized on the basis of the equivalence principle. Finally, the general reservoir fracability index (GRFI) was proposed based on a dimensioned processing of the various parameters. A case study was conducted to verify the accuracy and feasibility of this new approach. The results demonstrate that (1) the organic carbon and gas content are adjusted to contribute the most to the calculation of the RQI, while the effective porosity contributes the least; (2) the fracturing scale is the main operating parameter determining the fracability, which has the strongest correlation with the effectiveness of fracking; and (3) the GRFI has a positive correlation with shale gas production, and the lower limit of the GRFI of 2,000 corresponds to a daily production of 50,000 m3/d; this value is defined as the threshold value of a stripper well. The GRFI is consistent with the productivity trend of shale gas wells in the research block, which suggests that the new model is accurate and practical for well candidate selection. 相似文献
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Fracability Evaluation of Shale of the Wufeng‐Longmaxi Formation in the Changning Area,Sichuan Basin
The fracturing technology for shale gas reservoir is the key to the development of shale gas industrialization. It makes much sense to study the mechanical properties and deformation characteristics of shale, due to its close relationship with the fracability of shale gas reservoir. This paper took marine shale in the Changning area, southern Sichuan Basin of China as the research object. Based on field profile and hand specimen observation, we analyzed the development of natural fractures and collected samples from Wufeng Formation and Longmaxi Formation. Combining with the indoor experiment, we investigated the macroscopic and microscopic structural features and the remarkable heterogeneity of shale samples. Then we illustrated the mechanics and deformation characteristics of shale, through uniaxial compression test and direct shear test. The shale has two types of fracture modes, which depend on the angular relation between loading direction and the bedding plane. Besides, the Wufeng shale has a higher value of brittleness index than the Longmaxi shale, which was calculated using two methods, mechanical parameters and mineral composition. Given the above results, we proposed a fracability evaluation model for shale gas reservoir using the analytic hierarchy process. Four influence factors, brittleness index, fracture toughness, natural fractures and cohesive force, are considered. Finally, under the control of normalized value and weight coefficient of each influence factor, the calculations results indicate that the fracability index of the Wufeng Formation is higher than that of the Longmaxi Formation in Changning area, southern Sichuan Basin. 相似文献
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水平井分段体积压裂是页岩气商业规模开发的重要工艺措施,如何评价页岩储层可压性是该工艺成功的关键。页岩断裂韧性是可压性评价的重要支撑参数,从I型断裂裂纹（裂缝）微观形态入手,结合断裂力学理论和分形理论,建立了页岩I型断裂韧性分形计算方法;借助晶体劈裂功法计算页岩表面能,采用密度、声波时差2种参数获取计算结果,对比分析新的分形方法计算数据、传统方法预测数据与试验测试数据,新的分形方法计算平均误差为3.63%,传统预测方法平均误差为 %,验证了方法的准确性;参考实例水平井测井解释数据,计算了水平段I型断裂韧性指数的全井筒连续性剖面,结合可压性级别与较大储层改造体积概率关系,优选可压性级别为III级及II级改造。建立的页岩I型断裂韧性分形计算方法对定量评价页岩储层可压性具有重要意义。 相似文献
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为系统深入研究湘西北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩储层可压裂性,以HY1井为依托,通过密集取心采样、实验测试分析、测井综合解释等多种方法手段,系统分析了牛蹄塘组页岩储层有机地球化学特征、储集物性、裂缝发育特征、脆性矿物组成、岩石力学性质,进而探讨了牛蹄塘组富有机质页岩可压裂性。结果表明:HY1井牛蹄塘组有机碳含量高(0.25%~13.3%),富有机质页岩发育于牛蹄塘组下部,厚约65 m;富有机质页岩段构造缝密度低(0.27~1.21条/m),页理缝发育;矿物脆性指数高(17.7%~86.4%)、静态杨氏模量大(37~62 GPa)、静态泊松比较低(0.14~0.26)、两相水平压力差异系数较大(0.21~0.54)。总体上,牛蹄塘组页岩脆性好,岩石强度大,有利于压裂改造,但大量页理缝的存在增加了裂缝复杂度的同时,对压裂缝产生一定不利影响,且两相水平压力差较大,易形成双翼缝。因此,压裂设计时要综合考虑页理缝可能造成的漏失和对裂缝高度及长度延伸的影响。 相似文献
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Natural macro- and micro-fractures in the Longmaxi shale (Lower Silurian) from Yuye-1 well and the Niutitang shale (Lower Cambrian) from Yuke-1 well are characterized. Regional geological structural evolution and shale geochemistry (including TOC and mineral composition, etc.) are analyzed. The controlling factors of natural fractures in Palaeozoic shale in the southeast of Chongqing have been confirmed, which have been analyzed qualitatively or semi-quantitatively. The results show that fractures are abundant, in both the Longmaxi Shale and Niutitang shale, due to the multiphase strong tectonic movement in the southeast of Chongqing. Therefore, tectonic factors are the principal factors that control fracture development in the Paleozoic shale of this region, followed by the mineral composition of the shale. Vertically, the mineral composition of shale in Yuke-1 well has a high dispersion degree and a strong heterogeneity (the dispersion coefficients of quartz and dolomite were 0.48 and 1, respectively), therefore, the development and distribution of fractures are controlled by quartz and dolomite content in the Niutitang shale, moreover, the quartz content shows positive correlation with the fractures quantity, and fractures are most abundant where dolomite content up to 64.7%. While the mineral composition of shale in Yuye-1 well has a low dispersion degree and a strong homogeneity in a vertical position (the dispersion coefficients of quartz and plagioclase were 0.15 and 0.26, respectively), which shows unconspicuous control effect for fractures, therefore, the development and distribution of fractures are mainly controlled by the TOC content, moreover, the TOC content shows positive correlation with the fractures quantity. Fractures are sealed by calcite, quartz and pyrite. Although sealed fractures do not contribute to the permeability of the reservoir, they are important planes of weakness that tend to be reactivated by hydraulically induced fractures. SEM images show that intergranular pore is connected by microfractures, thereby, the validity of porosity has been improved. The mixed network of microfractures and micropore provide enhanced permeability or storage capacity for the reservoir. 相似文献
16.
靶窗的确定对海相页岩气储层增产改造具有重要意义。以川南长宁地区龙马溪组海相页岩气储层为研究对象，开展氩离子抛光扫描电镜、巴西圆盘实验和压裂施工统计，分析矿物颗粒粒径和断裂韧性、地应力对裂缝在水力压裂时能否快速穿透、稳定扩展、充分转向等方面的影响。针对现有方法未充分考虑储层压裂品质的情况，简化计算流程，分别采用声波、密度、伽马和矿物含量等建立脆延性指标，采用优化后的应力与应力差耦合模型建立应力差异指标，形成基于储层缝网可压性理论、根据测井解释曲线形态判别的靶窗预测方法。研究结果表明，脆延性指标和应力差异指标曲线呈现叠合度较高的Ⅰ类双"波谷"的层位最有利于开发，其次为Ⅱ类连续交错叠置的层位，最后为Ⅲ类不连续交错的层位。对长宁地区评价井、建产井的验证与实践表明，靶窗对应的指标多呈现双"波谷"形态，但靶窗对应的层位具有差异，区内自西向东靶窗呈现1小层—2小层—1小层的演化趋势。实现不同井区差异化靶窗的高钻遇率对单井获得较大储层改造规模、较高的测试产量和稳定的累计产量具有重要的控制作用。 相似文献
17.
页岩油气储层纵向多重非均质性及其对开发的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
页岩油气作为烃源岩层系内自生自储的油气资源,其可开发性受页岩储层特征的控制明显。由于不同类型富有机质页岩形成环境的差异性,页岩油气储层在纵向上具有多重非均质性,包括岩性的纵向非均质性、储层物性的纵向非均质性、岩石力学参数的纵向非均质性、地应力的纵向非均质性以及含气性特征的纵向非均质性等,这造成了页岩油气储层的纵向非均质性明显强于横向非均质性,有机质丰度、孔隙度、渗透率、储层的可压裂性、地应力、含气性及吸游比等参数在纵向上的变化均较大,且直接影响了后期页岩油气开发方案的设计与实施。优质开发目的层段的选择首先要考虑单段页岩油气储层的连续厚度在30~50 m左右、有机碳含量均值达到2.0%以上、有效孔隙度大于2.0%、岩石泊松比小于0.25、脆性较大、最小主应力相对上下邻层较小、含气性较高的层段。页岩油气开发井型的选择,水平井段的部署,压裂分段的长短、射孔簇的设计等均要充分考虑这种非均质性的影响。 相似文献
18.
WANG Ruyue HU Zongquan LONG Shengxiang LIU Guangxiang ZHAO Jianhu DONG Li DU Wei WANG Pengwei YIN Shuai 《《地质学报》英文版》2019,93(3):520-535
The Upper Ordovician Wufeng-Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale is widely distributed in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery, which is the key stratum for marine shale gas exploration and development(ED) in China. Based on sedimentary environment, material basis, storage space, fracability and reservoir evolution data, the reservoir characteristics of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale and their significance for shale gas ED are systematically compared and analyzed in this paper. The results show that(1) the depocenter of the Wufeng(WF)-Longmaxi(LM) shale gradually migrates from east to west. The high-quality shale reservoirs in the eastern Sichuan Basin are mainly siliceous shales, which are primarily distributed in the graptolite shale interval of WF2-LM5. The high-quality reservoirs in the southern Sichuan Basin are mainly calcareous-siliceous and organic-rich argillaceous shales, which are distributed in the graptolite shale interval of WF2-LM7.(2) Deep shale gas(the burial depth 3500 m) in the Sichuan Basin has high-ultrahigh pressure and superior physical properties. The organic-rich siliceous, calcareous-siliceous and organic-rich argillaceous shales have suitable reservoir properties. The marginal area of the Sichuan Basin has a higher degree of pressure relief, which leads to the argillaceous and silty shales evolving into direct cap rocks with poor reservoir/good sealing capacity.(3) Combining shale gas exploration practices and impacts of lithofacies, depth, pressure coefficient and brittle-ductile transition on the reservoir properties, it is concluded that the favorable depth interval of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale gas is 2200～4000 m under current technical conditions.(4) Aiming at the differential reservoir properties of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery, several suggestions for future research directions and ED of shale gas are formulated. 相似文献
19.
David A.Wood 《地学前缘(英文版)》2021,12(6):444-457
The capability of accurately predicting mineralogical brittleness index(BI)from basic suites of well logs is desir-able as it provides a useful indicator of the fracability of tight formations.Measuring mineralogical components in rocks is expensive and time consuming.However,the basic well log curves are not well correlated with BI so correlation-based,machine-learning methods are not able to derive highly accurate BI predictions using such data.A correlation-free,optimized data-matching algorithm is configured to predict BI on a supervised basis from well log and core data available from two published wells in the Lower Barnett Shale Formation(Texas).This transparent open box(TOB)algorithm matches data records by calculating the sum of squared errors be-tween their variables and selecting the best matches as those with the minimum squared errors.It then applies optimizers to adjust weights applied to individual variable errors to minimize the root mean square error(RMSE)between calculated and predicted(BI).The prediction accuracy achieved by TOB using just five well logs(Gr,pb,Ns,Rs,Dt)to predict BI is dependent on the density of data records sampled.At a sampling density of about one sample per 0.5 ft BI is predicted with RMSE～0.056 and R2～0.790.At a sampling density of about one sample per 0.1 ft BI is predicted with RMSE～0.008 and R2～0.995.Adding a stratigraphic height index as an additional(sixth)input variable method improves BI prediction accuracy to RMSE～0.003 and R2～0.999 for the two wells with only 1 record in 10,000 yielding a BI prediction error of＞±0.1.The model has the potential to be applied in an unsupervised basis to predict BI from basic well log data in surrounding wells lacking mineralogical measure-ments but with similar lithofacies and burial histories.The method could also be extended to predict elastic rock properties in and seismic attributes from wells and seismic data to improve the precision of brittleness index and fracability mapping spatially. 相似文献
20.
页岩气是指开采自富烃页岩层的非常规天然气资源,资源储量的调查评价主要依托钻探技术。页岩具有较强的水敏性,在页岩气勘察钻进施工中,井内易发生坍塌、剥落造成超径或缩径等井壁失稳现象。盐津1-2井完井井深1554.06 m,是目前云南省页岩气资源勘察施工中最深的一口井。针对页岩气井钻井技术要求,从钻井设备、井身结构、钻进参数、钻具组合、钻井液、井斜控制、事故预防等方面进行选择、设计、优化,成功地完成了盐津1-2井的钻井施工。总结了该井施工中的经验和存在的问题,可为以后同类工程施工提供参考。 相似文献