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1.
The diversity in landscapes at the Earth’s surface is the result, amongst other things, of the balance (or imbalance) between soil production and erosion. While erosion rates are well constrained, it is only recently that we have been able to quantify rates of soil production. Uranium-series isotopes have been useful to provide such estimates independently of erosion rates. In this study, new U-series isotope are presented data from weathering profiles developed over andesitic parent rock in Puerto Rico, and granitic bedrock in southeastern Australia. The site in Australia is located on a highland plateau, neighbouring a retreating escarpment where soil production rates between 10 and 50 mm/kyr have been determined. The results show that production rates are invariant in these two regions of Australia with values between 15 and 25 mm/kyr for the new site. Andesitic soils show much faster rates, about 200 mm/kyr. Overall, soil production rates determined with U-series isotopes range between 10 and 200 mm/kyr. This is comparable to erosion rates in soil-mantled landscapes, but faster than erosion in cratonic areas and slower than in alpine regions and cultivated areas. This suggests that soil-mantled landscapes maintain soil because they can: there is a balance between production and erosion. Similarly, thick weathering profiles develop in cratonic areas because, despite slow erosion rates, soil production is still significant. Bare landscapes in Alpine regions are probably the result of the inability of soil production to catch up with fast erosion rates, although this needs testing by U-series isotope studies of these regions. Finally, the range of production rates is up to several orders of magnitude lower than erosion rates in cultivated areas, demonstrating quantitatively the fast depletion of soil resources with common agricultural practices. 相似文献
2.
梅岭主要以新元古代花岗岩为地质基础,在长期的构造抬升和风化侵蚀作用下,形成了以垄状山脊/锯状山脊和侵蚀沟谷为组合的地貌特征,其代表性地貌为大小不同和圆度各异的石块堆积,广泛分布于山顶、山谷和缓山坡上,对于其形成机制,过去常被认为是冰川遗迹或倒石堆。通过研究这些石块堆积的形态特征和分布规律,笔者认为属石蛋地貌,可分为裸露型石蛋地貌和埋藏型石蛋地貌。二者的广泛分布,表明梅岭处于花岗岩地貌演化的幼年期晚期—青年期早期阶段,发育机制与当地的地质构造背景和湿热气候环境密切相关,其中的裸露型石蛋主要与埋藏型石蛋剥露、裸露岩石的球状风化和倒石堆的球状风化有关,沟谷中的石蛋流主要形成于裸露岩石崩解破碎后顺坡滚动、土体崩塌导致埋藏型石蛋出露和顺坡滚动、洪水搬运、季节性冻融作用使岩石顺坡蠕动等方式的综合作用下。埋藏型石蛋主要是在花岗岩内部裂隙和节理的控制下,形成于温度和降水对不同深度花岗岩的差异性风化作用。 相似文献
3.
近年来,不少学者开始关注基岩油藏,但有关基岩风化壳的研究尚未有报道.以柴达木盆地东坪地区基岩风化壳为研究对象,结合东坪地区的地质资料、测井资料及地球化学资料,对花岗质基岩风化壳的结构特征及其与油气储集的关系进行了系统的研究.结果表明:(1) 建立了以Al2O3、CaO、Na2O、K2O为主要判别依据的花岗质基岩风化指数,准确的识别出古土壤层、残积层、半风化层、未风化层;(2) 根据成像测井响应特征及常规测井曲线可以很好地识别古风化壳特征;(3) 东坪地区基岩风化壳的主要储集空间有基岩溶蚀孔洞、基质矿物溶孔和基岩裂缝,共3种,为致密储层,风化壳由风化基面向上,孔隙逐渐发育,至半风化岩石中部的孔隙度较大,且以大孔隙为主,由半风化岩石到风化粘土层,孔隙的规模变小,逐渐以微孔隙为主,纵向上,孔隙度与风化程度、构造缝发育情况、埋藏深度及其和应力释放中心的距离具有相关性.风化壳的存在大大的改善了储层物性,扩展了含气面积,增加了含气层系,对花岗质基岩地层油气藏和深层油气勘探具有重要的理论价值和科学意义. 相似文献
4.
福建福安白云山河床侵蚀微地貌特征及成因浅析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
福安白云山蟾溪、龙亭溪、长洋溪为花岗岩峡谷溪流,河谷中发育有数量众多、规模巨大、形态各异的石穴、凹槽,成为遐迩闻名的“地学奇观”。调查表明,白云山河床基岩及岸壁上所发育的石穴、凹槽,是更新世以来河床受不同水动力条件影响及大气降水长期侵蚀形成的各类壶穴、垂直冲蚀弧形凹槽等,是发育在晶洞碱长花岗岩中的河床侵蚀微地貌。流水及漩涡流侵蚀,砂、卵石随漩涡流磨蚀是形成壶穴的主要外动力。河床岸壁上垂直冲蚀弧形凹槽主要由大气降水侵蚀而成。白云山地区河床壶穴数量众多、类型齐全,系统地展示了不同水动力条件流水侵蚀作用、壶穴发展及基岩河床演化过程,是宝贵的地质遗迹。 相似文献
5.
The Hill Country of Central Texas, USA, is undergoing rapid socioeconomic development, but environmental management of this
region is hampered by misconceptions about local bedrock, soils, terrain, and hydrologic processes. The Hill Country is underlain
mostly by Glen Rose Limestone (Lower Cretaceous) and exhibits a stepped terrain, which has been incorrectly attributed to
alternating hard and soft bedrock strata. Other characteristics mistakenly attributed to this landscape include thin soils
with scant water-retention capabilities, and rapid runoff as the dominant hydrologic process. This report presents new findings:
unweathered bedrock is well indurated, but interbeds exhibit variable weathering rates. Recessive slopes (“risers”) on this
stepped terrain result from rapid deterioration of strata having generally heterogeneous depositional fabrics (bioturbation
and irregular clay partings) in contrast to ledge-forming strata having homogeneous fabrics. A stony regolith is thus formed
beneath risers, providing porous and permeable ground that retards runoff and promotes the formation of moderately deep to
deep (two-tiered) regolith/soil zones. These surficial materials on local steep slopes compose important natural environmental
buffers; they support diverse biota and enhanced geochemical cycling of nutrients; they also exhibit significant water retention
and enhanced erosion abatement. Proper land management demands recognition of these attributes in the siting, design, and
construction of facilities. 相似文献
6.
Long-term rates of chemical weathering and physical erosion from cosmogenic nuclides and geochemical mass balance 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Quantifying long-term rates of chemical weathering and physical erosion is important for understanding the long-term evolution of soils, landscapes, and Earth's climate. Here we describe how long-term chemical weathering rates can be measured for actively eroding landscapes using cosmogenic nuclides together with a geochemical mass balance of weathered soil and parent rock. We tested this approach in the Rio Icacos watershed, Puerto Rico, where independent studies have estimated weathering rates over both short and long timescales. Results from the cosmogenic/mass balance method are consistent with three independent sets of weathering rate estimates, thus confirming that this approach yields realistic measurements of long-term weathering rates. This approach can separately quantify weathering rates from saprolite and from overlying soil as components of the total. At Rio Icacos, nearly 50% of Si weathering occurs as rock is converted to saprolite; in contrast, nearly 100% of Al weathering occurs in the soil. Physical erosion rates are measured as part of our mass balance approach, making it particularly useful for studying interrelationships between chemical weathering and physical erosion. Our data show that chemical weathering rates are tightly coupled with physical erosion rates, such that the relationship between climate and chemical weathering rates may be obscured by site-to-site differences in the rate that minerals are supplied to soil by physical erosion of rock. One can normalize for variations in physical erosion rates using the “chemical depletion fraction,” which measures the fraction of total denudation that is accounted for by chemical weathering. This measure of chemical weathering intensity increases with increasing average temperature and precipitation in data from climatically diverse granitic sites, including tropical Rio Icacos and six temperate sites in the Sierra Nevada, California. Hence, across a wide range of climate regimes, analysis of chemical depletion fractions appears to effectively account for site-to-site differences in physical erosion rates, which would otherwise obscure climatic effects on chemical weathering rates. Our results show that by quantifying rates of physical erosion and chemical weathering together, our mass balance approach can be used to determine the relative importance of climatic and nonclimatic factors in regulating long-term chemical weathering rates. 相似文献
7.
Cosmogenic nuclide methods for measuring long-term rates of physical erosion and chemical weathering
James W. Kirchner Clifford S. Riebe Kenneth L. Ferrier Robert C. Finkel 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2006,88(1-3):296
Understanding the evolution of geochemical and geomorphic systems requires measurements of long-term rates of physical erosion and chemical weathering. Erosion and weathering rates have traditionally been estimated from measurements of sediment and solute fluxes in streams. However, modern sediment and solute fluxes are often decoupled from long-term rates of erosion and weathering, due to storage or re-mobilization of sediment and solutes upstream from the sampling point. Recently, cosmogenic nuclides such as 10Be and 26Al have become important new tools for measuring long-term rates of physical erosion and chemical weathering. Cosmogenic nuclides can be used to infer the total denudation flux (the sum of the rates of physical erosion and chemical weathering) in actively eroding terrain. Here we review recent work showing how this total denudation flux can be partitioned into its physical and chemical components, using the enrichment of insoluble tracers (such as Zr) in regolith relative to parent rock. By combining cosmogenic nuclide measurements with the bulk elemental composition of rock and soil, geochemists can measure rates of physical erosion and chemical weathering over 1000- to 10,000-year time scales. 相似文献
8.
Gravity erosion and lithology in Pisha sandstone in southern Inner Mongolia 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2 
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下载免费PDF全文 Pisha sandstone is a soft rock found in the southern zone of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia. The presence of soft Pisha sandstone in the middle reaches of the Yellow River coincides with large areas of bedrock erosion in the river's basin, with the average total erosion modulus as high as 44 570 t/(km~2·a). Such high levels of erosion are one of the main sources of coarse mud and sands in the Yellow River. Erosion by gravitational forces such as snow glide and landslip are the main erosion types in Pisha sandstone region. The gravity erosion modulus can be as high as 25 615 t/(km~2·a), accounting for 30.6% of the total average erosion. Our paper investigates the characteristics of Pisha sandstone in relation to the development of gravity erosion mechanisms. We conducted field investigations in Pisha sandstone region for original state rock sampling. Test results from analyses of the rock properties indicate that the mineral composition, structure and microstructure characteristics of Pisha sandstone determine its varying capacity to resist weathering. Degrees of weathering in slightly different lithological layers of Pisha sandstone lead to different erosion rates. In this way, erosion forces combined with the varying lithological strata in the rock aggravate gravitational erosion in Pisha sandstone. 相似文献
9.
10.
皖南地区花岗岩风化壳中稀土元素普遍富集，局部已成为矿床，其中，郎溪县姚村岩体风化壳富集程度较高。LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb定年表明，姚村花岗岩体的形成年龄为127.9±1.4 Ma，属于皖南地区燕山期晚期岩浆作用的产物。风化壳可细分为残坡积层（A）、强半风化层（C1）、过渡层（C2）、弱风化层（C3）和基岩（D）五层。稀土总量在纵向剖面上呈“波浪式”分布，各层稀土分布型式表现出对原岩的继承性。风化壳稀土配分型式与基岩一致， 富集LREE，轻重稀土分馏明显(La/Yb)N=15.6），但总含量明显更高。基岩∑REE为338×10-6，半风化层∑REE最高达642×10-6，富集约两倍。风化壳物质由风化残余主矿物（石英、钾长石、斜长石、黑云母）、黏土矿物（高岭石、埃洛石、伊利石、三水铝石等）和副矿物（锆石、磷灰石、榍石等）等组成。黏土矿物以伊利石含量最高，指示风化壳发育不成熟。REE与埃洛石含量明显正相关，与其他黏土矿物关系不明显。（含）稀土矿物（尤其是榍石）对风化壳中稀土元素的贡献量超过百分之五十，其次为斜长石，是风化壳中REE的重要来源。 相似文献
11.
皖南地区花岗岩风化壳中稀土元素普遍富集，局部已成为矿床，其中，郎溪县姚村岩体风化壳富集程度较高。LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb定年表明，姚村花岗岩体的形成年龄为127. 9±1. 4 Ma，属于皖南地区燕山期晚期岩浆作用的产物。风化壳可细分为残坡积层（A）、强半风化层（C1）、过渡层（C2）、弱半风化层（C3）和基岩（D） 5层。稀土总量在纵向剖面上呈“波浪式”分布，各层稀土分布型式表现出对原岩的继承性。风化壳稀土配分型式与基岩一致， 富集LREE，轻重稀土分馏明显\[(La/Yb)N=15. 6\]，但总含量明显更高。基岩∑REE为338×10-6，半风化层∑REE最高达642×10-6，富集约两倍。风化壳物质由风化残余主矿物（石英、钾长石、斜长石、黑云母）、黏土矿物（高岭石、埃洛石、伊利石、三水铝石等）和副矿物（锆石、磷灰石、榍石等）等组成。黏土矿物以伊利石含量最高，指示风化壳发育不成熟。REE与埃洛石含量明显正相关，与其他黏土矿物关系不明显。（含）稀土矿物（尤其是榍石）对风化壳中稀土元素的贡献量超过 50%，其次为斜长石，是风化壳中REE的重要来源。 相似文献
12.
花岗岩地貌具有独有的景观特征和演化规律,本文对江西南昌梅岭地区新元古代花岗岩地貌景观特征、空间分布规律和成因演化规律进行了系统分析与总结。梅岭花岗岩地貌主要发育于新元古代花岗岩之上,并在岩性、区域断裂和气候控制的风化侵蚀作用下,逐步形成了以崩塌倒石堆积、石蛋为特色的花岗岩低山丘陵地貌;新生代以来,梅岭地区长期受到太平洋构造域和特提斯构造域的叠加影响,而发生构造抬升和剥蚀作用,且受区域断裂构造的控制明显,区内沟谷和瀑布景观主要沿NE、NNE和近EW三个方向发育。梅岭现代花岗岩地貌的发育肇始于始新世区域一级夷平面的分裂解体,并经历了两次构造抬升和剥蚀作用,逐步形成如今独具代表性的花岗岩低山丘陵地貌景观。 相似文献
13.
Provenance and tectonic history of the Jurassic accretionary complex, Mino terrane, located in the Inner Zone of south‐west Japan, were studied using sandstone framework composition and mudrock geochemistry. Modal analysis of sandstones shows that the tectonic setting of the source area for the studied Mino terrane clastic rocks was uplifted basement, largely dominated by high‐grade metamorphic terrain composed of quartz and feldspar, especially plagioclase. The textural and mineralogical immaturity, extent of alkali and alkaline earth element leaching, low chemical index of alteration values and depleted rare earth element (REE) contents suggest rapid uplift and erosion within the source terrain and a relatively weak weathering intensity. Factor analysis revealed that grain‐size effects governed compositional heterogeneity in the studied sediments. Provenance of the sediments is interpreted as being plagioclase‐enriched felsic basement rock, such as granodiorite, within a continental margin and evolved arc tectonic setting rather than active volcanic arc. Lack of a contribution from active volcanic arcs may have resulted from the cessation of volcanism during the reorganization of the subducting plate system and/or erosion of arc volcanics and exposure of basement. Considering the previous studies on palaeogeography and palaeocurrent reconstruction, the north‐eastern part of the Yeongnam massif in the Korean Peninsula is interpreted as the most probable source area for the studied turbidites. The results of mixing calculation for Mino terrane sediments suggest that Precambrian leucocratic granite and the basement rock of the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin shed large amounts of sediments to the Mino trench, whilst Precambrian granitic gneiss and the Triassic pluton supplied lesser amounts. The results of this study reveal that, although active subduction–accretion processes were occurring, the Mino trench was bordered by continental basement rocks. This knowledge contributes to enhanced understanding of the Jurassic palaeogeography of the east Asia continental margin. 相似文献
14.
Strontium as a tracer of weathering processes in a silicate catchment polluted by acid atmospheric inputs, Strengbach, France 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
This paper determines the weathering and atmospheric contributions of Ca in surface water from a small spruce forested silicate catchment (N–E France) receiving acid atmospheric inputs. The bedrock is a granite with K-feldspar and albite as dominant phases. The calcium content in plagioclase is low and the Ca/Na ratio in surface water is high, reflecting other sources of calcium from those expected from the weathering of major mineral phases. The biotite content is low. Only traces of apatite were detected while no calcite was found in spite of a major hydrothermal event having affected the granite. The strontium isotopic ratio 87Sr/86Sr and Sr content was used as a tracer of weathering and was determined in minerals and bulk bedrock, open field precipitation, throughfall, soil solution, spring and stream water. The Sr isotopic ratio of the reacting weathering end-member was predicted by simulating the alteration of the granite minerals by incorporating strontium into the water–rock interaction kinetic code KINDIS. In the early stages of water–rock interaction, K-feldspar and biotite strongly influence the isotopic composition of the weathering solution whereas, the Na-rich plagioclase appears to be the main long-term reactive weathering end-member. Approximately 50% of dissolved Sr in streamwater are atmospherically derived. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of exchangeable Sr in the fine fraction at 1-m depth from a soil profile indicate that the amount of exchangeable Sr seems essentially controlled by atmospheric inputs. The exception is the deep saprolite where weathering processes could supply the Sr (and Ca). Na-Plagioclase weathering obviously control the chemistry and the isotopic composition of surface waters. The weathering of trace mineral plays a secondary role, the exception is for apatite when plagioclase is absent. Our hydrochemical, mineralogical and isotopic investigations show that a major part of the strong Ca losses detected in catchment hydrochemical budgets that result from the neutralization of acid precipitation has an atmospheric origin. Consequently, in the long term, in such areas, the availability of such an exchangeable base cation might be strongly limited and surface waters consequently acidified. 相似文献
15.
G. Matheis 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1981,15(1-3)
Geochemical soil surveys in areas underlain by Precambrian volcano-metasedimentary sequences and around rare-metal-bearing pegmatites of southwestern Nigeria demonstrate that residual geochemical soil patterns reflect a wide range of potential source rocks adequately. The secondary geochemical dispersion processes in these typically tropical weathering environments adjust the trace-element distribution during lateritic soil development to narrow fluctuation ranges in comparison to the differing Clarke values of various source rock units.The sample density in these soil surveys, averaging at one sample per square kilometer, favours geochemical inventories even at regional scale and shows great potentials to predict bedrock composition of tropical terrain where rock outcrops are rather scarce. 相似文献
16.
“寨背式”离子吸附型稀土矿床多类型稀土矿化及其成因 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
赣南寨背离子吸附型稀土矿床产于寨背复式花岗岩体的风化壳中,自20世纪80年代发现以来一直以轻稀土型开采,近年在轻稀土型花岗岩风化壳中发现了重稀土矿。为了探讨轻稀土型花岗岩风化过程中重稀土元素的迁移、分馏和富集机制,本文选择了区内三个具有代表性的风化壳钻孔(ZK1、ZK2和ZK4)对其进行了全相和离子交换相稀土元素地球化学研究。结果显示：钻孔ZK4中离子交换相稀土含量介于14.90×10-6～835.8×10-6之间,并富集轻稀土(LREE/HREE=2.28～10.78);钻孔ZK1中离子交换相稀土含量达1470×10-6(9件样品均值),具有从轻稀土型向重稀土型过渡的配分特征(LREE/HREE=1.30～1.65),并且剖面自上而下显示轻、重稀土逐渐富集的趋势;钻孔ZK2中离子交换相稀土含量为492.4×10-6(8件样品均值),自上而下稀土配分类型从轻稀土型过渡至重稀土型(LREE/HREE=0.43～2.25),且轻稀土富集在全风化层上部而重稀土则富集在下部。三个钻孔的Nb/Ta和Zr/Hf... 相似文献
17.
安徽省皖南地区岩浆岩分布广泛,地貌、气候条件适宜,有利于花岗岩风化壳的形成、保存,且基岩的稀土丰度较高,有利于离子吸附型稀土矿床的形成。通过在皖南地区的工作,分析了离子吸附型稀土矿床的内生成矿条件(基岩中稀土丰度、稀土元素赋存状态、矿物组合及岩石结构、构造),表生成矿条件(气候条件、风化壳发育程度、地貌特征),总结了离子吸附型稀土矿床的成矿特征、找矿标志。 相似文献
18.
Shinro Abe Dinh Van Tien Do Ngoc Ha Takashi Hoshide Tadashi Nishitani Toyohiko Miyagi 《Landslides》2018,15(8):1675-1689
Many landslides occur every year during heavy rains at the Hai Van Pass and surrounding area in central Vietnam, where granitic rocks are distributed. As is common in granite areas, these landslides often occur as small-scale flow-type and slump-type landslides. However, several horseshoe-shaped loose slopes of widths and lengths of 500 to 800 m, which incorporate these landslides, are observed on slopes across the area. These topographies resemble those formed by past and present large-scale landslides. The presence of such a topography and the repeated occurrences of landslides within this topography are rare in granite areas, where shallow flow-type landslides are generally frequent. To understand the mechanism causing the landslides in the Hai Van region, and as a support for future risk assessment, the factors and processes leading to the formation of such a topography and their relationship with these landslides must be identified and assessed. This study investigated the history of past landslide movement in the Hai Van Pass and surrounding area through observations of drill cores and outcrops, and analysis of the direction of remanent magnetism in the granitic rocks. Mineral compositions, cracks, degrees of weathering, and topographic shapes of the granitic rocks and their relationship to the landslides occurring today were also investigated. The results of the study reveal no variation in the direction of remanent magnetism in the granitic rocks in the region that would indicate disturbance of the ground due to a past large-scale landslide. No evidence of such an event could also be found both in the drill cores and the rock outcrops. Further, results of the analysis of cracks and weathering pattern confirm that the topography of the region is affected by the weathering of the granitic rocks that progresses in concentric circles of various sizes. Thus, it can be concluded that these topographies were not formed by a singular large-scale landslide of the past, but rather by a composite of relatively shallow landslides occurring on the slope of dome structures unique to granite areas, which are formed by differential weathering and denudation regulated by cracks. 相似文献
19.
汶川八级地震触发何家沟碎屑流滑坡基本特征及形成机理 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
汶川地震造成大量次生斜坡地质灾害,包含崩塌、滑坡及泥石流等灾种,其中以滑坡分布最为广泛、破坏力最强,且多以高速碎屑流为表现形式,何家沟滑坡即是其中典型例证。滑坡距发震断裂——映秀-北川南枝断裂不足5km,震前斜坡为双向临空的单薄山脊,其走向与断裂走向小角度相交,岩层走向与坡面斜交,中风化基岩结合紧密,结构面延伸性较好,强风化基岩较破碎,浅表部残坡积物较为松散。调查分析表明：残坡积物与强风化基岩是碎屑流滑坡的物质基础;中风化基岩面构成碎屑流滑坡滑床;斜坡临空面是滑坡产生的地形条件;高强度、长历时强震是导致滑坡产生的根本因素。滑坡的形成经历以下4个阶段：强震导致坡体表层残坡积物与强风化基岩松弛和解体;在强震作用下滑体从高位整体下错;松散物质沿中风化基岩面溃滑形成碎屑流和碎屑流堆积阶段。碎屑流产生后,受地形限制,停积于沟床内,在随后的“9．24”特大暴雨过程中进一步转化为泥石流次生灾害。 相似文献