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1.
红河断裂带两侧地震震源机制及构造意义 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
红河断裂带是一条大型的走滑断裂带。根据印支半岛前新生代的古地块与华南地块的接触关系 ,将红河断裂带海陆部分分为两段。断裂带自第三纪以来 ,经历了左旋运动、右旋运动 ,南北两段的活动性有一定的差异。根据断裂带两侧地震和震源机制解分析 ,震源深度 0～ 33km的地震在整个区域密集分布 ,较深的地震分布在断裂的北东侧。断裂带西北部断裂活动方式为逆冲型 ,北部为正断型 ,南部为走滑型 ,其它地方为奇异型 ,也即是逆冲型、正断型、走滑型 3种方式的过渡类型 ,反映了红河断裂带及其周围地区受到来自北北西向的推挤力和北东东向的正压力的联合作用 ,使受力区的断裂发生挤压逆冲、水平走滑和拉张正断运动。 相似文献
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2022年9月17—18日，中国台湾先后发生台东县MS6.5和花莲县MS6.9两次强震及多次余震。两次强震均为逆走滑型地震，且震中都位于台湾纵谷断裂带，该地区构造复杂，为晚中生代古太平洋板块朝东亚陆缘的消减带，具有逆冲型构造应力背景。对纵谷断裂带周围地区历史上发生过的地震进行统计发现，大部分地震为逆断型。为探究该地区此次发生逆走滑型地震的原因及其与构造应力场的关系，首先通过搜集研究区相关的地震震源机制，反演该地区的构造应力场，明确其是以走向为北西西向的压应力为主的应力场；然后将应力场投影到走向、倾角不同的断层面上，发现一些节面上表现出较大的相对剪应力和较小的相对正应力，说明这些节面上具有较强的剪切作用和较小的摩擦力，容易发生错动而产生逆断型、逆走滑型和走滑型的地震。同时，为明确短时间内两次强震间的触发关系，通过计算MS6.5地震在MS6.9地震破裂面和滑动方向上产生的库伦破裂应力变化发现，MS6.9地震约在0.02MPa的库伦破裂应力触发下发生。相关结论对研究台湾纵谷带地震的发... 相似文献
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地震海啸及其对上海的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
地震海啸曾对某些沿海国家造成巨大灾害,其规模大小是与地震震级(≥7)、震源深度(≤40 km)、波源区水深(≥1000 m)以及沿岸地形是否有利于能量集中等要素有关。本文在丰富的史料基础上,对比我国沿海及世界6级以上地震后认为,我国文献中的海啸绝大多数属气象海啸,地震海啸仅有9次,对我国沿海地区的影响微弱,上海虽有数次波及,规模(m)均≤0,未引起任何灾害。因此,就地震海啸而言,上海是安全的,勿需采取相应的防御对策。 相似文献
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北京房山世界地质公园中元古界雾迷山组地震-海啸序列及地质特征——以野三坡园区为例 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
野三坡园区中元古界(1800~1200Ma B.P)位于燕辽裂陷槽南部中轴断层南支(古紫荆关断裂)之东盘。野三坡雾迷山组笫二段白云岩中的地震序列自下而上分为：A.阶梯状断层与震碎角砾岩变形单元;B.微褶皱-微断层变形单元;C.液化均一变形单元;D.液化卷曲变形单元。这4个变形单元分别代表海底之下深度不足10m内已固结成岩—半固结—弱固结沉积层的变形特征,都经历了前震及主震期（P波和S波）不同程度的影响。海啸系列（海啸岩）自下而上为：E.津浪丘状层单元;F.丘-槽构造层单元和G.粒序均一层单元。海啸是在主震期数十秒后发生的。海底瞬时大幅度抬升,然后突然大幅度下降,使外海海水涌入,引发海啸,形成丘状层及有关变形。余震阶段的震荡流与一次沉降事件分别形成F和G单元。本区中轴断层（古紫荆关断层）是一条海底直立的断层带,对雾迷山组二段中的地震-海啸及沉积过程均起到激发与控制作用。此次震中位于中轴断层带西缘的白石山,震级为7.0~7.5里氏级,是震源浅、裂度大的海底地震。 相似文献
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利用声爆,英国科究人员分析了苏门答腊两次地震震源区的海底岩层特性。研究发现,地震引发的海啸与沉积层有关。这一研究成果发表在最近出版的《科学》杂志上。英国南安普敦大学科研人员利用两次地震得出上述研究成果：第一次是2004年12月26日发生的苏门答腊大地震,引发了一场移动迅猛的海啸,整个印度洋盆地遭受了灭顶之灾。 相似文献
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海啸,主要是海底发生较大地震(>615级)引起。海底火山爆发及山崩也可能引发,但规模小,危害不大。海洋中大于615级的地震很多,能引发海啸的约占1%。其中环太平洋地震带中约占80%,印度洋、大西洋约各占10%。过去认为世界上受海啸威胁的仅是环太平洋地震带中的夏威夷、智利、日本等少数国家。没有料及印度洋的印度尼西亚、斯里兰卡、马尔代夫、泰国等会受海啸的威胁。1868年8月8日智利—秘鲁边界大地震、1877年5月7日智利伊基克大地震、1933年3月2日日本三陆大地震、1946年4月1日阿留申群岛尼马克大地震、1960年5月21日智利大地震、1964年3月28… 相似文献
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分析了郯庐断裂带安徽段地震活动特征,利用近震直达波最大振幅比方法反演了99次中-小地震震源机制,并作了统计和聚类分析。现代地震活动整体上继承了历史地震分布格局,未显示增强趋势;断裂带及邻区应力场P轴和T轴优势方位大致呈近东西向和近南北向分布,现今承受的作用力以近水平或斜向为主,但也存在部分其它方向的应力场和近垂直方向的作用力。震源断层的破裂类型,带内以逆冲(或正断),或近逆冲(或正断)型为主。带附近较明显地呈现出走滑型或近走滑型破裂的优势;北、南亚段应力场有明显差异,即北压南张,其分界大约在北纬32°附近,北西西走向的桥头集—东关断裂是两者间的构造变换带。 相似文献
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河套地震带的震源机制类型时空分布特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于地质构造背景分析,收集2000年以来发生在河套地震带的ML≥2.8级地震作为研究对象,综合运用基于P波初动的振幅比方法(APAS)和基于波形拟合的CAP反演方法求出256次地震事件的震源机制解。以断层节面滑动角作为判定指标,分区域给出了河套地震带的震源机制类型空间和时间分布图像,从断层滑动角度呈现河套地震带应力场时空变化过程。结果显示:临河盆地断层节面滑动角主要在水平±20°方向存在优势分布,走滑型特征显著;具体来讲,狼山-色尔腾山山前断裂带、临河断裂、乌拉山山前断裂等主要以纯走滑型地震为主,巴彦乌拉山断裂与磴口-本井断裂之间的区域多分布正走滑型地震。呼包盆地断层节面解虽然也呈现出走滑型为主的特征,但滑动角分布较为离散,优势分布方向不明显;呼包盆地西侧的包头至西山咀凸起一带表现出以走滑为主的小范围震源应力场特征,呼包盆地内部及东侧由于显著的区域垂直差异运动,正断层和逆冲型地震所占比例较大,震源机制类型整体呈现出与构造相依的分布特点。分析认为,2000年以来,河套地震带的应力场存在一定的时空非均匀性变化,研究结果更多表现了河套地震带的震源应力场变化过程,而研究资料时间不够长和震级不够大是引起这种应力场非均匀性暂态特征的主要因素。 相似文献
11.
The major earthquake-induced tsunamis reliable known to have occurred in and near Greece since antiquity are considered in the light of the recently obtained reliable data on the mechanisms and focal depths of the earthquakes occurring here. (The earthquake data concern the major shocks of the period 1962–1986.) First, concise information is given on the most devastating tsunamis. Then the relation between the (estimated) maximum tsunami intensity and the earthquake parameters (mechanism and focal depth) is examined. It is revealed that the most devastating tsunamis took place in areas (such as the western part of the Corinthiakos Gulf, the Maliakos Gulf, and the southern Aegean Sea) where earthquakes are due to shallow normal faulting. Other major tsunamis were nucleated along the convex side of the Hellenic arc, characterized by shallow thrust earthquakes. It is probably somewhere there (most likely south of Crete) that the region's largest known tsunami occurred in AD 365, claiming many lives and causing extensive devastation in the entire eastern Mediterranean. Such big tsunamis seem to have a return period of well over 1000 years and can be generated by large shallow earthquakes associated with thrust faulting beneath the Hellenic trench, where the African plate subduces under the Euroasian plate. Lesser tsunamis are known in the northernmost part of the Aegean Sea and in the Sea of Marmara, where strike-slip faulting is observed. Finally, an attempt is made to combine the tsunami and earthquake data into a map of the region's main tsunamigenic zones (areas of the sea bed believed responsible for past tsunamis and expected to nucleate tsunamis in the future). 相似文献
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Emile A. Okal 《Natural Hazards》1988,1(1):67-96
We present a review of the influence of various parameters of the sources of major oceanic earthquakes on the amplitude of tsunamis at transoceanic distances. We base our computations on the normal mode formalism, applied to realistic Earth models, but interpret our principal results in the simpler framework of Haskell theory in the case of a water layer over a Poisson half-space. Our results show that source depth and focal geometry play only a limited role in controlling the amplitude of the tsunami; their combined influence reaches at most 1 order of magnitude down to a depth of 150 km into the hard rock. More important are the effects of directivity due to rupture propagation along the fault, which for large earthquakes can result in a ten-fold decrease in tsunami amplitude by destructive interference, and the possibility of enhanced tsunami excitation in material with weaker elastic properties, such as sedimentary layers. Modelling of the so-called tsunami earthquakes suggests that an event for which 10% of the moment release takes place in sediments generates a tsunami 10 times larger than its seismic moment would suggest. We also investigate the properties of non-double couple sources and find that their relative excitation of tsunamis and Rayleigh waves is in general comparable to that of regular seismic sources. In particular, landslides involving weak sediments could result in very large tsunamis. Finally, we emphasize that the final amplitude at a receiving shore can be strongly affected by focusing and defocusing effects, due to variations in bathymetry along the path of the tsunami. 相似文献
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Use of tsunami waveforms for earthquake source study 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Tsunami waveforms recorded on tide gauges, like seismic waves recorded on seismograms, can be used to study earthquake source processes. The tsunami propagation can be accurately evaluated, since bathymetry is much better known than seismic velocity structure in the Earth. Using waveform inversion techniques, we can estimate the spatial distribution of coseismic slip on the fault plane from tsunami waveforms. This method has been applied to several earthquakes around Japan. Two recent earthquakes, the 1968 Tokachi-oki and 1983 Japan Sea earthquakes, are examined for calibration purposes. Both events show nonuniform slip distributions very similar to those obtained from seismic wave analyses. The use of tsunami waveforms is more useful for the study of unusual or old earthquakes. The 1984 Torishima earthquake caused unusually large tsunamis for its earthquake size. Waveform modeling of this event shows that part of the abnormal size of this tsunami is due to the propagation effect along the shallow ridge system. For old earthquakes, many tide gauge records exist with quality comparable to modern records, while there are only a few good quality seismic records. The 1944 Tonankai and 1946 Nankaido earthquakes are examined as examples of old events, and slip distributions are obtained. Such estimates are possible only using tsunami records. Since tide-gauge records are available as far back as the 1850s, use of them will provide unique and important information on long-term global seismicity. 相似文献
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Tsunamis have proven to represent a significant hazard around the globe and there is increased awareness about their occurrence.
The Pacific coast in southern México is no exception, because there is firm evidence of the effects of past large tsunamis.
Here we present results from computer-aided modeling of the March 28, 1787-“San Sixto” earthquake and tsunami, and focus on the regions of Acapulco, Corralero, Jamiltepec, and Tehuantepec, located along the
Guerrero-Oaxaca coast. The theoretical waveforms suggest wave heights in excess of 4 m and 18 m at specific locations in Acapulco
and Corralero, respectively, and wave heights of at least 2 m at locations in Jamiltepec and Tehuantepec. From our modeling
results and based on historical documents and the topography of the area, we conclude that these wave heights would have been
sufficient to cause inundations that in the case of Acapulco were restricted to several meters inland, but in other areas
like Corralero reached at least 6 km inland. Our results are consistent with published and unpublished damage reports that
attest to the hazards associated with great earthquakes and tsunamis along the subduction zone in Mexico 相似文献
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The recognition that many tsunamis are associated with coastal sedimentation has been of great value in the study of tsunamis prehistorically. Geological investigation of such sediments has resulted in the identification of a series of palaeotsunamis that appear to have taken place in different areas of the world. In most cases, however, it has proved difficult to link former tsunamis to specific source mechanisms. Studies of modern tsunamis have also faced difficulties in the recognition of the specific source mechanisms. For example, offshore earthquakes may trigger submarine slides that combine to produce complex patterns of tsunami flooding at the coast. 相似文献
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中国东海、南海等近海临近琉球海沟、马尼拉海沟等俯冲带,地震频发。过去的海啸研究主要关注历史文献分析、海啸数值模拟等,据此评估中国近岸海啸灾害的历史和风险。历史时期是否引发了海啸,特别是具有特大致灾风险的大海啸记录,目前还不明确。近年来,本课题组通过对海岛、海洋沉积和海岸带及其岛屿的沉积过程、海啸遗迹和历史记录研究,阐述了确定古海啸的系列研究方法。首先通过对南海西沙群岛东岛湖泊沉积序列、大量砗磲和珊瑚块在海岛分布的特征分析,识别出距今千年的一次海啸事件。以此为标志,根据湖泊沉积结构作为识别海岛海啸沉积的特征。同时提出了确定海岛海啸发生时代的样品采集和定年方法,其中包括根据事件沉积层顶部和底部植物残体14C年龄定年和历史文献记录的印证。首次确定在过去1 300年中,南海发生过一次海啸,其发生时间为公元1076年。为了寻找更古老的海啸记录,结合对东海闽浙沿岸过去两千年海洋泥质沉积的分析,发现南海海啸在沉积序列中留下记录,但除此之外沉积记录中并无更强的扰动,因此东海在过去两千年中受到海啸的影响较小。1076年的海啸同时冲击了南海沿岸,通过对广东南澳岛考察发现,岛屿东南海岸保存着距今约1 000年的海啸沉积层,其中夹杂着宋代陶器瓷器残片。对遗迹数量变化的分析显示,岛上的文化受海啸破坏出现了长达500年的文化中断,直至明代中后期设镇之后才逐渐恢复。根据海啸层植物残体、贝壳14C测年、覆盖海啸层的海砂光释光定年以及瓷器碎片的年代鉴定了海啸的发生时代,并据此提出了海岸带古海啸沉积的定年方法。此外,不同环境下海啸沉积的特征也存在较大区别,需要结合地形、沉积物来源以及地球化学特征等多种指标进行识别。有迹象表明海南岛东侧海岸带有海啸破坏的明显证据,需要进行深入的研究。 相似文献
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David R. Tappin 《Geology Today》2017,33(5):190-200
Most tsunamis are generated by earthquakes, with secondary, less frequent, mechanisms including subaerial and submarine landslides, volcanic eruptions and (extra‐terrestrial) bolide impacts. Different mechanisms generate tsunamis with different magnitudes, travel distances and impacts. Submarine landslides had been mapped and studied for decades but records suggested that only a few had generated tsunamis, and that these were minor. It was not until 1998, when a slump on the seabed offshore of northern Papua New Guinea caused a tsunami wave up to 15 m high that killed over 2200 people, was the significance of submarine landslides in tsunami generation realised. A combination of new (multibeam) seabed mapping technology and the development of improved numerical tsunami models for tsunami generation led to the recognition of the landslide tsunami mechanism of the PNG event. As a result the hazard from submarine landslides in tsunami generation is now recognized and better understood. Extensive mapping of ocean margins reveals that submarine landslides are common. Although many of these probably generated tsunamis, few have been identified, so their hazard remains uncertain. This article describes how the hazard from submarine landslide tsunamis was first recognized, how submarine landslides generate tsunamis, why they were previously discounted as a major hazard, and their potential hazards. An important aspect of the recognition of the tsunami hazard from submarine landslides has been the significance of geology, which has contributed to a subject previously dominated by seismologists. 相似文献
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Tokutaro Hatori 《GeoJournal》1996,38(3):313-319
The regional characteristics of tsunami magnitudes in the SE Asia region are discussed in relation to earthquake magnitudes during the period from 1960 to 1994. Tsunami magnitudes on the Imamura-Iida scale are investigated by the author's method (Hatori 1979, 1986) using the data of inundation heights near the source area and tide-gauge records observed in Japan. The magnitude values of the Taiwan tsunamis showed relatively to be small. On the contrary, the magnitudes of tsunamis in the vicinities of the Philippines and Indonesia exceed more than 1–2 grade (tsunami heights: 2–5 times) compared to earthquakes with similar size on the circum-Pacific zone. The relation between tsunami magnitude, m, and earthquake magnitude, M
s, is expressed as m = 2.66 M
s– 17.5 for these regions. For example, the magnitudes for the 1976 Mindanao tsunami (M
s= 7.8, 3702 deaths) and the 1992 Flores tsunami (M
s= 7.5, 1713 deaths) were determined to be m = 3 and m = 2.5, respectively. The focal depth of tsunamigenic earthquakes is shallower thand< 36 km, and the detectively of tsunamis is small for deep earthquakes being d > 40 km. For future tsunamis, it is indispensable to take precautions against shallow earthquakes having the magnitudes M
s> 6.5. 相似文献
19.
Xu Zhiguo Sun Lining Rahman Mohd Nashriq Abd Liang Shanshan Shi Jianyu Li Hongwei 《Natural Hazards》2022,111(3):2703-2719
A major left-lateral strike-slip Mw7.7 earthquake occurred in the vicinity of the Caribbean Sea on January 28, 2020. As a result, a small-scale tsunami was generated. The properties of the seismogenic source were described using observational data gathered for the earthquake and tsunami, as well as information on the regional tectonic setting. The tsunami was simulated with the COMCOT model and Okada’s dislocation model from finite fault solutions for MW7.7 Caribbean Sea earthquakes published by the United States Geological Survey. The simulation results were compared to tide gauge records to validate whether the seafloor’s vertical displacement generated by the strike-slip fault caused a small-scale tsunami. We conducted a spectral analysis of the tsunami to better understand the characteristics of tsunami records. The tsunami simulation results showed that the co-seismic vertical displacement caused by a strike-slip MW7.7 earthquake could have contributed to the small-scale tsunami, but the anomalously large high-frequency tsunami waves recorded by the George Town tide gauge 11 min after the earthquake were unrelated to the earthquake-generated tsunami. According to the spectrum analysis, the predominant period of noticeable high-frequency tsunami waves recorded by the George Town tide gauge occurred only two minutes after the earthquake. This indicates that the source of the small-scale tsunami was close to the George Town station and the possible tsunami source was 150 km away from George Town station. These facts suggest that a submarine landslide was caused by the strike-slip earthquake. The comprehensive analysis showed that the small-scale tsunami was not caused solely by co-seismic seafloor deformation from the strike-slip event but that an earthquake-triggered submarine landslide was the primary cause. Therefore, the combined impact of two sources led to the small-scale tsunami.
相似文献20.
Patricia A. Lockridge 《Natural Hazards》1990,3(4):403-412
While earthquakes generate about 90% of all tsunamis, volcanic activity, landslides, explosions, and other nonseismic phenomena can also result in tsunamis. There have been 53 000 reported deaths as a result of tsunamis generated by landslides and volcanoes. No death tolls are available for many events, but reports indicate that villages, islands, and even entire civilizations have disappeared. Some of the highest tsunami wave heights ever observed were produced by landslides. In the National Geophysical Data Center world-wide tsunami database, there are nearly 200 tsunami events in which nonseismic phenomena played a major role. In this paper, we briefly discuss a variety of nonseismic phenomena that can result in tsunamis. We discuss the magnitude of the disasters that have resulted from such events, and we discuss the potential for reducing such disasters by education and warning systems. 相似文献