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GPS测量的高程是大地高,而我们日常使用的高程是正常高,这中间存在一个高程异常值,由于地球质量分布不均,这个高程异常值不是个常数。本文简要介绍了常用高程系统及相互的转换关系,重点介绍了多项式曲面拟合和多面函数拟合两种GPS高程拟合方法。结合北京市地面沉降监测项目,利用研究区范围内监测点已有的A级GPS测量数据和一等水准测量数据,采用了五种拟合方法,通过不同的选点方式,再经过MATLAB软件编程计算,对研究区进行了高程拟合,并对各项试验结果分别进行了拟合精度的评定。通过对每个拟合模型进行分析,对拟合结果进行比较和对五种拟合方法进行比较,最后得出结论,选择适当的高程拟合模型进行高程拟合能达到四等水准测量精度,采用二次、三次曲面拟合和多面函数拟合方法均能较好的对研究区进行高程拟合。 相似文献
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地质统计学是用于模拟土体固有空间变异性的方法之一,以变差函数为工具,采用Kriging插值提供未采样点处土工参数值的最优线性无偏估计。将地质统计学方法应用于宿-新（宿迁至新沂）高速公路某试验段内孔压静力触探（piezocone penetration test,CPTU）锥尖阻力qt空间变异性研究中,采用回归分析移除数据中的趋势项,从而获得具有弱平稳性的残差数据。指数型理论变差函数能够准确描述试验段内土体的连续空间变异性特征。根据估计结果,试验段内锥尖阻力qt残差的变程具有显著各向异性,在水平方向和竖直方向分别为4.05 m和1.2 m。采用普通Kriging插值结合趋势分析,绘制了qt在试验段的空间分布图和平面投影图,用于指导工程实践。结果表明,普通Kriging插值的估计结果能够与试验段内实测资料形成较好的对比,仅仅在部分极值变化和远离采样点的位置处估计值可靠性会降低。 相似文献
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多重分形与Kriging插值在地层模型生成中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了建立三维数字地层,采用钻孔信息构建三棱柱,以适合工程地质和岩土工程特点。钻孔数据具有局部的、随机的、异常的特征,另外,钻孔数据具有一定的结构特点。传统的数理统计方法无法很好地解决空间样本点的选取、空间估值和2组以上空间数据的关系等问题,借鉴地质统计学的Kriging方法给出全局区域内一种距离加权插值算法,先根据空间数据得到统计特征,再根据统计特征进行插值,并引入多重分形理论弥补Kriging方法的滑动加权平均缺陷,度量区域化变量的局部奇异性。通过对地层模型插值结果的观察,得出该算法可以获得良好的全局和局部特征插值效果 相似文献
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利用高程拟合法对阳山金矿GPS控制测量高程测量进行试验,与传统水准测量方法和精度进行对比,应用高程拟合法能大大提高工作效率。 相似文献
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高程测量的方法较多,其中精度最高的是几何水准测量,但是几何水准测量的工作量大,因此在困难地区多采用GPS高程拟合的方法。本文采用多种GPS高程拟合算法进行计算,经试验成果的比较、分析,GPS高程拟合在某地区可以达到四等水准测量的精度要求,能够解决该地区四等水准测量需求。 相似文献
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降水空间化信息在很多领域都具有重要意义,而进行空间插值方法形成降水空间化信息是当代较为常用的方式。面对众多的插值方法其插值精度成为我们是否采用的关键,就kirging插值法与IDW(Inverse Distance Weighting)插值进行研究以探讨其插值效果,为此类科学研究提供依据。研究以漓江流域内各气象站点降水统计资料为基础分别采用上述两种方法进行插值处理,通过与预留实测站点比较评判方法的插值效果的优劣。结果表明,多年月平均降水量作为时间步长时,降水丰沛的月份使用kriging插值法较优于IDW插值法,而枯水月份则使用IDW插值法较优于kriging插值法。 相似文献
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大尺度流域基于站点的降雨时空展布 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
降水是影响流域水循环最活跃的因素,其时空分布不均匀对流域产汇流的影响非常大,因此在进行流域水文模拟时,需要充分考虑到降雨的时空变异性。本文针对大尺度流域的特点,提出了一种日雨量的空间展布方法,该方法根据站点降雨量之间的相关系数选取参证站点,采用距离平方反比法把站点的日雨量插补到空间计算单元上去,或采用泰森多边形法插值。该方法计算结果和本次全国水资源规划的结果差别不大,说明插值方法比较可靠。由于大尺度流域雨量站点的布设比较稀疏,采用空间插值的方法生成计算单元降雨量值精度不好,本研究中提出了一个大于10mm的大强度日降雨的向下尺度化方法。首先建立了一个将日降雨分配成小时降雨量的雨强历时关系模型：然后根据黄河流域的特点,把全流域划分为五个大强度降雨区,分区对参数进行了率定：最后采用实测资料对模型进行了检验。本文提出的方法,在黄河流域水文模拟中进行了应用,由径流模拟结果看,效果令人满意。 相似文献
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基于地统计学方法的降水空间插值研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
为了实现离散降水数据到连续降水数据的插值,以内蒙古自治区多年(1950～2000年)平均降水量为例,讨论了不同空间插值方法的优劣,发现基于地统计方法的Kriging插值具有最佳的插值效果.进一步对比Ordinary Kriging和CoKriging插值方法的4种不同的半变异函数模型,结果表明利用指数半变异函数的CiKriging插值方法具有最小的预测误差.地统计方法对于预测降水具有重要的价值,而不同的地区具有各自适合的模型,理解该方法的数学原理和操作过程,对相关研究具有借鉴意义. 相似文献
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基于克里金插值估算区域降水量的抽样方法对比分析——以甘肃省为例 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
降水数据的空间插值精度由降水的空间变异特征、插值方法和降水观测站分布决定的, 其中, 降水观测站及插值方法的选择尤为重要. 利用空间随机抽样、空间分层抽样和空间三明治抽样等空间抽样方案, 以甘肃省境内的气象站点为研究对象进行抽样分析, 在抽样结果的基础上进行区域降水量克里金插值, 并对比了插值结果精确度. 结果表明: 在较为丰富的先验知识的前提下, 空间三明治抽样所得的区域降水量插值结果的误差项ME(1.97)、MSE(0.0066)和RMSSE(1.0184)都是最优的, 空间分层抽样次之, 空间随机抽样最差. 与另外两种抽样方案相比, 空间三明治抽样是一种使区域误差最小, 适用范围更广, 精确度更高的抽样方法. 相似文献
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为对比不同插值方法在宁夏回族自治区的适用性,基于宁夏及其周边地区77个气象台站1956—2016年平均降水量数据,运用泰森多边形法、距离平均反比法、克里金插值法对降雨量数据进行空间插值和交叉验证,从插值方法的稳健性和准确度出发进行对比分析,得出适用于宁夏回族自治区的插值方法。研究表明：（1）从准确度来看,克里金插值法与观测值走向、位置较为相似;从稳健性来看,克里金插值法MAE平均值为4.43 mm、RMSE平均值为10.36 mm,显著小于泰森多边形法和距离平均反比法。（2）整体来看,克里金插值法更为理想,可以用于宁夏回族自治区降水量空间插值分析。 相似文献
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A tropical cyclone (TC) precipitation prediction scheme has been developed based on the physical quantities of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data as potential predictors and using fuzzy neural network (FNN) model. TC precipitation samples from 172 tropical cyclones (TCs) affecting Guangxi, China, spanning 1980–2015 are used for model development. The FNN model input is constructed from potential predictors by employing both a stepwise regression method (SRM) and a locally linear embedding (LLE) algorithm. The LLE algorithm is capable of finding meaningful low-dimensional architectures hidden in their nonlinear high-dimensional data space and separating the underlying factors. In this scheme, the newly developed model, which is termed the FNN–LLE model, is used for daily TC precipitation prediction from 20:00 (Beijing Time, or BT) of the previous day to 20:00 BT of the current day at 89 stations covering Guangxi, China. Using identical modeling samples and independent samples, predictions of the FNN–LLE model are compared with the widely used SRM and interpolation method using the fine-mesh data of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) in terms of the performance of TC rainfall prediction at 89 stations in Guangxi. The root-mean-square error (RMSE), bias, and equitable threat score (ETS) results were employed to assess the predicted outcomes. Results show that the FNN–LLE model is superior to the interpolation method by ECMWF and SRM for TC precipitation prediction with RMSE values of 21.94, 24.07, and 25.22 in FNN–LLE model, interpolation method by ECMWF and SRM, respectively. Moreover, FNN–LLE model having average bias and ETS values close to 1.0 gave better predictions than did the interpolation method by ECMWF and SRM. 相似文献
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区域积温插值的GIS方法 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
阐述了积温期分解对区域积温插值GIS方法的改进.运用该方法对台站各旬日均温纪录进行分解,得到>0℃期间的积温期长度与对应的气温下降累计值,发现它们之间呈现很好的线性关系,而积温值与积温期之间用指数回归拟合曲线代表更切合.在气温垂直递减率的基础上,用上述直线关系为参数,构建基于GIS(ARC/INFO地理信息系统)GRID模块的插值方法,依据高分辨率的DEM与台站海拔高度TIN之间的高度差进行高度订正以生成多山区域的积温数据库.与改进前的GIS插值相比,该方法可使甘肃省区域内积温插值的相对精度提高近3倍.这种方法可以在甘肃省退耕还林还草等生态建设信息化管理中得到应用. 相似文献
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Downscaling of remote sensing precipitation products and the forecasting of circulation model are always the intense interests in hydrology and meteorology. The essence of downscaling is primarily to enhance resolution of observation or simulated rainfall field, and to appropriately increase its details or high frequency characteristics. Precipitation, as the main driving factors of the earth’s hydrologic cycle, not only affects the moisture and heat condition of a certain river basin, but also affects the global water and heat circulation. Based on the properties of rainfall self-similarity structure, the mathematically ill-posed precipitation problem solving method was used in low resolution downscaling precipitation for high resolution reconstruction. When solving the downscaling ill-posed problem, the greedy method of orthogonal matching pursuit was introduced so as to get the best high-resolution estimation in an optimal sense. It is hard to imagine that we might be able to find very similar (in mathematical norms) precipitation patterns over relatively large storm-scales. However, finding similar features over sufficiently small sub-storm scales seems more feasible. Based on the characteristics that small scale organized precipitation features tend to recur across different storm environments, the precipitation of both high and low resolution was obtained by training, which could be used to reconstruct the desired high-resolution precipitation field. Multi-source merged precipitation products were used in this experiment. Given the consideration of incompleteness of merged precipitation dataset, it was firstly interpolated based on the method of Fields of Experts (FoEs), which could solve the problem that common interpolation method could hardly work on the interpolation for dataset where consecutive missing data exists. Secondly, ideal experiments of precipitation products downscaling were carried out, where smooth coupling sampling and resampling operator were adopted respectively. Assessment based on the metrics of fidelity and spatial structural similarity demonstrates that the method used in this paper is feasible. 相似文献
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为了研究黄土高原降水量的空间分布特征,利用ARCGIS软件分别采用多种空间内插方法对黄土高原108个气象站点1980-2009年30年间的平均年降水量进行空降插值。经过正交检验以及内插检验得到最优的插值方法为普通克里金法,最终对利用该方法获得的黄土高原降水量内插图进行分析,得出近30年来黄土高原区降水量分布呈现出明显的由东南向西北递减的态势。 相似文献
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This paper focuses on revealing the status quo and variation of glaciers in the western region of Tanggula Mountains. The ratio threshold, NIR water identification and visual interpretation were used to extract the boundary of glaciers based on Landsat data (TM/ETM+/OLI) from 1990 to 2015. In particular, the NIR water identification is a new method to extract glaciers from water, which is suitable to improve the traditional method of ratio threshold. This study used spatial interpolation method to evaluate temperature and precipitation changes. The kriging interpolation method was adapted to manipulate and to extract the appropriate data based on ten weather stations. Comparing to the variations and characteristics of glaciers and climate change from 1990 to 2015, we concluded that glacial retreat in the western region of Tanggula Mountains was serious. The glacier area reduced from 1 693.65 km2 to 1 490.81 km2, respectively, in 1990 and 2015, in general, approximately 202.84 km2 (11.98%) of glacier area has been retreated in the last 25 years. Moreover, the rate of glacier decline after 2000 was much faster than the last decade of the 20th century. In addition, the decreased area of glaciers in the lower altitude basins below 5 000 meters occupied 94.84% of the total change area while the glacier above 5 000 meters almost had no change. The kriging interpolation of the meteorological data indicated that the southeast of the study area was damp and hot while the northwest was cold and dry. The characteristic of temperature distribution from the northwest to the southeast presented from low to high, and precipitation increased in the first of the study period and then decreased but both of them were not very significant. In short, the temperature of study area was increased more prominently since 2000, while the precipitation change was very weak. The mean annual temperature and precipitation of 1980-1989a, 1990-1999a, and 2000-2013a were -3.53 ℃, -3.20 ℃, -2.22 ℃, and 384.49 mm, 354.27 mm, 428.13 mm, respectively. The study found that the glacier change was consistent with temperature variation in spite of the adverse effects of increased precipitation. Therefore, the research concluded that the precipitation change was not more significant comparing to temperature change. In other words, the main reason of the rapid decrease of glaciers in study area was likely due to the rise of temperature. 相似文献