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1.
Coupled Modeling of Temperature Distribution and Evolution in Cemented Tailings Backfill Structures that Contain Mineral Admixtures 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Cemented paste backfill (CPB, a mixture of tailings, water and binder) is widely utilized to fill underground mine voids. To achieve a good, economical performance, one approach is to proportionally use mineral admixtures such as fly ash and slag as partial substitutes for Portland cement. Binder hydration is one of the most significant factors that can generate heat within hydrating CPB structures, which in turn, influences the mechanical and hydraulic properties of CPB, as well as the pore structure within CPB. However, the temperature evolution due to the hydration of Portland cement that contains fly ash or slag is different from that of hydration with solely Portland cement. Hence, in consideration of the heat generated by both binder hydration and transferred between CPB and its surrounding media, a numerical model is developed to predict and determine the temperature development within CPB that contains mineral admixtures. After that, data from field and laboratory studies are employed to validate the developed model. The validation results demonstrate a good consistency between the model and the field and laboratory studies. Consequently, the proposed model is applied to simulate and determine the temperature evolution with time via mineral admixtures, binder content, initial rock and CPB temperatures, stope geometry, backfilling rate, curing time and backfilling strategy. The obtained results will contribute to better designs and preparation of CPB mixtures, as well as predict the temperature distribution within CPB structures. 相似文献
2.
Unsaturated hydraulic properties of cemented tailings backfill that contains sodium silicate 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Recycling the mine waste (tailings) into cemented tailings backfill has economical and environmental advantages for the mining industry. One of the most recent types of cemented tailings backfill is gelfill (GF), a backfill that contains sodium silicate as chemical additive. GF is typically made of tailings, water, binder and chemical additives (sodium silicate gel). It is a promising mine tailings backfill technology. From a design point of view, the environmental performance or durability of GF structures is considered as a key factor. Due to the fact that GF structures are cementitious tailings, their durability and environmental performance depend on their ability to resist the flow of aggressive elements (water and oxygen). Thus, understanding the unsaturated hydraulic properties of GF is essential for a cost-effective, environmentally friendly and durable design of GF structures. However, there is a lack of information with regards to unsaturated hydraulic properties of GF, the factors that affect them and their evolution with time. Hence, the unsaturated hydraulic properties (water retention curve (WRC) or water characteristic curve, air entry value (AEV), residual water content, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity) of GF are investigated in this paper. GF samples of various compositions and cured in room temperature for different times (3, 7, 28, and 90 days) are considered. Saturated hydraulic conductivity and microstructural tests have been conducted; WRCs are measured by using a WP4-T dewpoint potentiameter and the saline solution method. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is predicted using the van Genuchten (1980) equation. The water retention curve (WRC) is determined as the relationship between volumetric water content and suction for each GF mix and curing time. The van Genuchten (1980) equation is used to simulate the WRC to best-fit the experimental data. AEV and residual water content are also computed for each mix and curing time. Furthermore, functions are developed to predict the evolution of AEVs, residual water content and fitting parameters of the van Genuchten model with degree of hydration. Important outcomes have been achieved with regards to unsaturated hydraulic properties. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of GF was calculated to decrease when the suction, binder content, and degree of hydration increase. The effects of binder content and degree of hydration are more obvious at low suction ranges. The obtained results would contribute to a better design and assessment of the durability and environmental performance of GF structures. 相似文献
3.
The environmental performance of cemented paste backfill (CPB; a mixture of tailings, water and binder), which contains sulphide mineral-bearing tailings, is strongly influenced by its reactivity. However, our understanding of the reactivity of CPB under various thermal loading conditions as well as its evolution with time is limited. Hence, a laboratory investigation is conducted to study the effects of curing and ambient (atmospheric) temperatures on the reactivity of CPB. Oxygen consumption (OC) tests are conducted on CPB specimens cured at different temperatures to study their reactivity. Furthermore, microstructural analyses (e.g., x-ray diffraction (XRD), mercury intrusion porosimetry, and thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry) are performed to assess the microstructural characteristics of the tested CPBs. The results show that the reactivity of CPB is temperature-dependent. As the curing temperature increases, the reactivity generally decreases. The reactivity is also affected by the ambient temperature. The reactivity increases as the atmospheric temperature increases. However, the extent of the effect of the temperature depends on the curing time and is generally more pronounced at the early ages. Furthermore, the presence of sulphate in the pore water of CPB can significantly affect the reactivity of CPB cured at high temperatures (50 °C). The findings of this study will therefore help to better assess and predict the environmental behavior of CPB under various field thermal conditions. 相似文献
4.
Naguleswaran Niroshan Nagaratnam Sivakugan Ryan Llewellyn Veenstra 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2018,36(4):2261-2272
Cemented paste backfill (CPB) is primarily used for backfilling underground voids at George Fisher Mine (Mount Isa, Australia). The objective of this paper is to summarise the geotechnical characterisation of the tailings and the rheological properties of the CPB as determined from a laboratory testing program undertaken at James Cook University. Two binders were examined [a General Purpose cement and a slag blend cement] over a range of dosages from 0 to 6% and CPB mix solids content in the range of 72–78%. The slump tests were carried out using the standard cone (ASTM C 143) used for concrete and a cylinder with 110 mm (diameter) × 110 mm (height), whereas the yield stress was measured using a shear vane (Brookfield vane spindle V-73). The index characteristics of the tailings including the grain size distribution, liquid limit, plastic limit, specific gravity were determined as per ASTM standards. This paper will then discuss the interrelationships among the solid content, slump, saturated density and the yield stress of the CPB. It is shown that there is strong correlation between the two different slump test devices used in this study. The smaller cylindrical device appears to have good potential for slurries like mine tailings or dredged mud that have high water content for slump test. There is also strong inter-relationship among solid content, slump, yield stress, and bulk density. Increasing the solid content increases the bulk density and yield stress, but reduces the slump. While there is hardly any difference between the two binder types used in this study in terms of flow parameters, namely the yield stress and slump, the binder dosage has an effect. At any specific solid content, higher binder dosages lead to a drop in the slump and increase in the yield stress. The difference is more pronounced in dense slurries. It is also strongly believed that the trends and relationships developed in this study may be valuable for the other mining operations using CPB. 相似文献
5.
Alireza Ghirian 《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2016,11(4):237-251
A pressure cell apparatus has been developed in this research work to study the long-term hydro-mechanical behaviour of cemented paste backfill (CPB) cured under applied stress. The samples are cured for 7, 28, 90 and 150 days and the evolution of their mechanical, hydraulic, physical and microstructural properties is studied. Also, the suction, temperature and electrical conductivity are monitored for a period of 150 days of curing. The testing and monitoring programmes are conducted in undrained conditions, with and without pressure application. The obtained results show that the curing stress affects the hydro-mechanical behaviour of CPB for up to 28 days. Within this curing period, the CPB exhibits enhanced hydro-mechanical performance. However, application of sustained excessive curing stress onto the CPB samples induces the propagation of microcracks in the backfill structure, thus causing lower mechanical strength and higher fluid permeability at the more advanced ages. Furthermore, the mineralogical and chemical compositions of the tailings (e.g., sulfidic tailings) can significantly alter the mechanical strength properties (uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus) and the permeability of the CPB. The evolution of coupled factors and characteristics of the CPB at an early age control and influence its long-term behaviour and performance. 相似文献
6.
A coupled chemo‐viscoplastic cap model for simulating the behavior of hydrating cemented tailings backfill under blast loading 
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下载免费PDF全文 Although the use of blasting has become a routine in contemporary mine operations, there is a lack of knowledge on the response of cement tailings backfills subjected to sudden dynamic loading. To rationally describe such a phenomenon, a new coupled chemo‐viscoplastic cap model is proposed in the present study to describe the behavior of hydrating cemented tailings backfill under blast loading. A modified Perzyna type of visco‐plasticity model is adopted to represent the rate‐dependent behavior of the cemented tailings backfill under blast loading. A modified smooth surface cap model is consequently developed to characterize the yield of the material, which also facilitates hysteresis and full compaction as well as dilation control. Then, the viscoplastic formulation is further augmented with a variable bulk modulus derived from a Mie–Gruneisen equation of state, in order to capture the nonlinear hydrostatic response of cemented backfills subjected to high pressure. Subsequently, the material properties required in the viscoplastic cap model are coupled with a chemical model, which captures and quantifies the degree of cement hydration. Thus, the behavior of hydrating cemented backfills under the impact of blast loading can be evaluated under any curing time of interest. The validation results of the developed model show a good agreement between the experimental and the predicted results. The authors believe that the proposed model will contribute to a better understanding of the performance of cemented backfills under mine blasting and contribute to evaluating and managing the risk of failure of backfill structures under such a dynamic condition. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
矿山充填开采正逐步向寒区甚至永久冻土区发展，这些区域含盐地下水分布非常广泛。同时，极端寒冷条件下往往需要向充填材料中加入一些防冻盐以防止料浆在输送过程中发生冻结。通过室内测试分析了?6 ℃环境下不同盐分（NaCl）膏体充填体力学特性（强度和初始弹性模型）随时间演化特征。利用单轴压力机测得了龄期为7、28、90 d膏体充填体的强度和初始弹性模量，结果表明NaCl的加入会降低冻结充填体的强度，其影响程度取决于胶结料类型。试样的强度随着养护时间的增加而增大。此外，不论盐分浓度、养护时间和胶结料类型，试样的强度与初始弹性模量之间存在显著的线性关系。该研究结果可以为寒区含盐膏体充填技术的开展提供一些依据。 相似文献
8.
Tailings backfill, which is a subsurface fill mass, has been extensively utilized worldwide in underground mines to fill mined-out cavities for the purposes of ground control and tailings disposal. Just after placement, very early-age backfill which commonly contains a large volume of water exhibits little or no interparticle bonding, and is subjected to the risk of liquefaction induced by routine mine blasting. In this study, a modified total-stress viscoplastic cap model is developed to investigate the blast-induced liquefaction susceptibility of very early-age fill mass under various practical backfilling and field conditions. The developed model well represents the strain-rate and fluid-compressibility dependence of nonlinear material behavior under such dynamic conditions, and also captures the development of excess pore pressure due to irrecoverable volume changes. The model is validated against a series of blast and impact tests on saturated natural soils (sand and silt) and tailings fill masses, and a good agreement is found between the experimental and simulated results. Subsequently, the model is applied to investigate the effects of drainage conditions, distance from detonation, stope size, location of retaining structure, and blast sequence on the liquefaction susceptibility of early-age fill mass after mine blasting. The results obtained from the study will provide practical insight into the blast liquefaction potential of backfill mass in field conditions. 相似文献
9.
Understanding the shear behaviour of the interface between cemented tailings backfill and retaining wall structures (barricades,
bulkheads) is important for the optimal design of barricades or bulkheads, and for mine operators to balance strength and
safety against cost. However, our understanding of the shear behaviour of the aforementioned interface is limited. This paper
is aimed at investigating the interfacial behaviour and properties of cemented tailings backfill-retaining wall structures,
including stress–strain behaviour, cohesion, friction angle and shear stiffness through direct shear tests. Two different
types of barricade or bulkhead materials (brick and concrete) are used in this study. Interface shear tests are performed
at various curing times of the cemented backfill. Valuable results are obtained with regards to the interface shear behaviour
of backfill-retaining structures. Based on these results, interfacial properties between cemented tailings backfill and barricades
or bulkheads show a significant time-dependent variation. 相似文献
11.
尾矿充填主要包括3种类型：尾矿砂浆充填、尾矿糊状充填（paste fill）和废矿石充填（rock fill）,其中前面两种充填属于水力充填,第3种属于干式充填。3种充填方法在加拿大的矿山都有应用。压缩强度和渗透性是水力充填材料的关键力学特性,直接影响井下充填的效果。一方面,为了使充填材料具有一定的强度,必须在尾矿砂浆（slurry backfill）材料中添加水泥,其用量非常大,水泥在充填成本中占有很大的比例。另一方面,尾矿砂浆水力充填是利用水力旋流器来分级固体颗粒,颗粒较细的部分将通过溢流派到废矿池中,颗粒较粗的部分回收利用作为井下充填的材料使用,有时充填的尾矿数量不够,需要另外购置砂子混合作为充填材料。如何减少水泥的使用量和从水力旋流器底流增加尾矿砂的细颗粒的固体部分产量,以达到节约充填成本的目的,一直是矿山企业所面临的重要课题。为此,专门研究絮凝药剂对尾矿砂浆充填材料的单轴抗压强度的影响。研究结果表明,絮凝药剂能够大幅度地提高尾矿砂浆充填材料的强度,而且絮凝药剂使用量有一个最优值,使强度达到最大。当过量使用絮凝药剂,尾矿砂浆充填材料的强度则有所降低。 相似文献
12.
超细全尾砂材料胶凝成岩机理试验 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
矿山充填是保护土地资源、生态环境,实现矿山无废开采和消除重大安全隐患的理想途径。以某矿全尾砂为试验材料,在分析该矿全尾砂材料的化学成分、粒径级配组成等基本物理、化学特性基础上,借助XRD能谱分析和电镜扫描（SEM）方法,得到不同条件下的超细全尾砂材料胶凝成岩微观规律。对比以水泥、固结剂1#和固结剂2#分别为胶结剂时充填体的强度结果表明,在灰砂配比、浓度和龄期相同的条件下3种胶结材料充填体的强度大小为：固结剂1#＞固结剂2#＞水泥;固结剂1#可替代水泥作为矿山全尾砂胶结充填的胶结剂,且价格比水泥便宜,有利于降低矿山充填成本。对不同条件下的充填体强度曲线进行拟合,得到充填体的单轴抗压强度增长规律：在养护龄期28 d之内,充填体单轴抗压强度增长规律随龄期变化基本相同,皆遵循指数函数曲线增长规律;当以固结剂1#、2#分别作为胶结材料时,强度增长规律与水泥为胶结剂时相同;强度增长曲线趋势与灰砂配比、料浆浓度以及养护龄期正相关。 相似文献
13.
Summary In the mining industry today there is some caution about using fine tailings as a backfill material. Traditionally, hydraulic backfill has only used the coarse fraction of tailings, excluding the fines by a classification process. With the development of paste fill, the percentage of fine tailings being sent underground has increased, but still remains low due to the high percentages of sand and gravel which usually make up these fills. Sand and gravel have been added to paste fills to aid pumpability and to increase fill strength and stiffness. This leaves the remainder of fine tailings destined for surface disposal. The main focus of this paper is to evaluate what effect the addition of fine gold mill tailings in the form of agglomerated tailings pellets has on the strength and stiffness characteristics of a total tailings paste fill. The purpose is to create a high modulus fill which is made up entirely of fine tailings. A constant slump design of 20 cm (8 in) was used for each mix. Various binder dosages, curing periods and combinations of pellet to tailings ratio were studied. Raw fill slump and density, and cured fill compressive strength and modulus of elasticity were also examined. Results from the above study indicate that agglomerated tailings paste fill (ATPF) has superior strength and stiffness characteristics. Compressive strengths were enhanced while the modulus of elasticity values was tripled when compared to total tailings paste fills of the same binder content and consistency. ATPF minimizes the surface disposal of tailings and maximizes the utilization of fine tailings underground as a useful backfill material. 相似文献
14.
After placement of cemented tailings backfill (CTB), which is a mixture of tailings (man‐made soil), water, and binder, into underground mined‐out voids (stopes), the hydration reaction of the binder converts the capillary water into chemically bound water, which results in the reduction of the water content in the pores of the CTB, thereby causing a reduction in the pore‐water pressure in the CTB (self‐desiccation). Self‐desiccation has a significant impact on the pore‐water pressure and effective stress development in CTB and paramount and practical importance for the stability assessment and design of CTB structures and barricades. However, self‐desiccation in CTB structures is complex because it is a function of the multiphysics or coupled (i.e., thermal, hydraulic, mechanical, and chemical) processes that occur in CTB. To understand the self‐desiccation behavior of CTB, an integrated multiphysics model of self‐desiccation is developed in this study, which fully considers the coupled thermal, hydraulic, mechanical, and chemical processes and the consolidation process in CTB. All model coefficients are determined in measurable parameters. Moreover, the predictive ability of the model is verified with extensive case studies. A series of engineering issues are examined with the validated model to investigate the self‐desiccation process in CTB structures with respect to the changes in the mixture recipe, backfilling, and the surrounding rock and curing conditions. The obtained results provide in‐depth insight into the self‐desiccation behavior of CTB structures. The developed multiphysics model is therefore a potential tool for assessing and predicting self‐desiccation in CTB structures. 相似文献
15.
A numerical modeling study is conducted to assess and gain a better understanding of the arching effects of field cemented tailings backfill (CTB). An integrated multiphysics model is developed that can illustrate and capture the changes in the material properties of CTB, consolidation behavior of CTB mass, and the shear behavior at the CTB/Rockwall interface. The predictive capability of the model has been successfully verified with comparisons of the predicted results with monitoring data taken from a series of field studies. The model is then used to simulate a series of applications that are relevant to CTB in practice. 相似文献
16.
Alainachi Imad Fall Mamadou Majeed Muslim 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2022,40(9):4735-4759
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - Cemented paste backfill (CPB), a man-made soil undergoing cementation, is extensively applied to support underground mine openings or spaces and provide... 相似文献
17.
针对深井沿空留巷充填体常向巷道空间发生移动,分析深井复合顶板条件下充填体水平位移特征,计算顶底板对充填体的摩擦力和基于弹性地基梁理论下的采空区冒落矸石对充填体的水平挤压力。基于淮南矿区顾桥矿1115（1）工作面轨道顺槽典型深井复合顶板条件下沿空留巷工程地质条件,建立充填体力学计算模型,得到深井复合顶板条件下沿空留巷充填体内移表达式。结果表明,（1）由于复合顶板裂隙发育,垮落后具有较好的流动性,在关键块旋转下沉过程中容易对充填体产生水平挤压力,且复合顶板能够较大程度吸收关键块旋转下沉施加的给定变形,底板不易插底,充填体更易发生内移;（2）理论计算充填体位移量为0.38 m,实测位移量为0.5 m,二者能够吻合,验证了研究成果的正确性。根据充填体内移特点,提出抗剪锚杆等措施增加充填体和顶底板摩擦因数和在靠近充填体的采空区侧设置隔离桩的控制技术。 相似文献
18.
Deposition of mine tailings in a cold climate requires precautions as temporary sub-zero temperatures can imply considerable consequences to the storage due to creation of permafrost. The risk of creating man-made permafrost lenses due to tailings deposition exists even in regions with no natural permafrost, as material being frozen during winter might not fully thaw by the following summer. When such frozen layers thaw during later longer warmer periods, excess pore water pressure and large settlements might develop. Such implications close to the dam structure have to be avoided and therefore the risk of generating permafrost should be reduced. This paper describes a geothermal model for one-dimensional heat conduction analysis. The model is able to simulate the temperature profile in tailings where the surface elevation is constantly increased due to deposition. At the tailings surface, the boundary condition is the air temperature changing over time during the year. Air temperatures, tailings deposition schedule and tailings properties are given as input to the model and can easily be changed and applied to specific facilities. The model can be used for tailings facilities in cold regions, where the effects of tailings deposition on the temperature regime are of interest. Findings can improve tailings management by explaining man-made permafrost generation. The model can also aid in setting up appropriate deposition schedules and to prevent generation of permafrost layers. 相似文献
19.
针对东北多年冻土区古莲河露天煤矿回填的问题,利用数值模拟方法,对露天煤矿回填后地温变化及影响因素进行分析。结果表明:影响地温恢复的主要因素是填土深度,其次是填土温度;气候变暖情景下,填土区地温呈现先降低后升高的趋势,起负影响的控制时间点是填土后50 a左右;填土对下覆及侧向区域的热影响随外界因素变化不大,影响范围在5 m内,影响时间在5 a内。其中,填土温度20 ℃、15 ℃、10 ℃及2℃,回填区地温可在27 a、21 a、16 a和10 a时恢复到0℃以下;回填深度2.6 m、10 m、20 m、30 m及40 m,填坑区域可在回填后1 a、9 a、27 a、65 a及114 a形成冻土;建立的统计回归模型与回填80 m数值分析结果吻合,验证了模型的可靠性;在此基础上,定量给出适宜回填施工作业季节和回填作业方式。 相似文献
20.
This paper reviews the design and application of paste backfill in underground hard rock mines used as ground support for
pillars and walls, to help prevent caving and roof falls, and to enhance pillar recovery for improved productivity. Arching
after stope filling reduces vertical stress and increases horizontal stress distribution within the fill mass. It is therefore
important to determine horizontal stress on stope sidewalls using various predictive models in the design of paste backfill.
Required uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) for paste backfill depends on the intended function, such as vertical roof support,
development opening within the backfill, pillar recovery, ground or pillar support, and working platform. UCS design models
for these functions are given. Laboratory and backfill plant scale designs for paste backfill mix design and optimization
are presented, with emphasis on initial tailings density control to prevent under-proportioning of binder content. Once prepared,
paste backfill is transported (or pumped) and placed underground by pipeline reticulation. The governing elements of paste
backfill transport are rheological factors such as shear yield stress, viscosity, and slump height (consistency). Different
models (analytical, semi-empirical, and empirical) are given to predict the rheological factors of paste backfill (shear yield
stress and viscosity). Following backfill placement underground, self-weight consolidation settlement, internal pressure build-up,
the arching effect, shrinkage, stope volume, and wall convergence against backfill affect mechanical integrity.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献