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《地下水》2020,(3)
新疆阿瓦提县属于典型的灌溉农业大县,县域内不产水,无调节性水利工程设施,区域用水主要从阿克苏河限额引入。本文基于2013-2016年供用水资料,对县域供水现状和供水量、用水量、用水水平、用水结构和存在问题进行分析,并对水资源管理“三条红线”指标及落实情况进行评价,结果可知:阿瓦提县为农业大县,农业灌溉面积较大,加之灌溉水利用率偏低,水资源的98%用于农业灌溉,工业发展、居民生活及城镇生态环境用水的增加都受到水资源量的制约,人均用水量逐年减少,工业增加值用水量逐年减少,工业用水效率不断提高;用水总量基本在水资源管理“三条红线”控制指标之内,但是地下水用水量超标,工业用水量在控制指标内,农业灌溉用水超标,农业高效节水灌溉面积完成规定任务,灌溉水利用系数率高于“三条红线”控制指标,万元工业增加值用水量则在控制指标之内。在今后水资源开发利用过程中要继续大力推广农业节水技术,加强用水定额管理,建立高效节水灌溉综合技术体系,保证区域水资源可持续利用。 相似文献
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南水北调供水的重点是城市,而城市用水最大的是工业,受水区工业用水占城市总用水的65.6%.遵照朱镕基总理关于南水北调工程“先节水后调水”的指示,开展受水区工业节水的分析工作意义重大。重点对黄淮海流域以及南水北调中、东线工程受水区的工业用水、节水现状、节水潜力及节水投资与效益等进行了分析。得出了区域工业节水在全国处在相对较高水平,工业节水的重点在现有工业及乡镇工业,但节水不能完全解决工业用水增长需求等结论。 相似文献
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《地下水》2021,(2)
库车市干旱少雨,蒸发强烈,水资源不足,季节性缺水问题严重,水资源供需矛盾已成为影响库车市经济和社会可持续发展的突出问题。本文根据库车市各行业现状用水量、用水效率等指标分析评价各行业用水水平,提出水资源开发利用存在的主要问题,并针对现状用水问题提出用水保障措施。分析结果认为:库车市农业灌溉水利用系数和渠系防渗率偏低。工业用水水平较低,与全国平均水平69 m~3/万元相比,工业用水水平较高。现状年库车市人均用水量为3 214 m~3/人,低于全疆平均2446 m~3水平,远高于全国437 m~3用水水平,存在较大节水空间。水资源开发利用过程中主要存在地表水来水调配力度尚低、水资源浪费严重、区域生态环境恶化和污水资源未得以充分开发利用等问题,应从管理、农业用水、工业用水和生活用水四方面加强保障措施,保证区域水资源合理开发及可持续用。 相似文献
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以近10 a全省及各地区国民经济发展和用水量基础资料为依据,采用阶段趋势分析法和时间序列分析法,分析人均综合用水量和万元GDP用水量的变化趋势,提出了全省及各地区到2015年综合用水效率红线控制指标值。结果表明:到2015年,全省万元GDP用水量将由2010年的303 m3下降到220 m3以下,下降幅度达27.3%,能够基本实现国家分解给甘肃省的控制指标目标。 相似文献
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通过美国100年来SO2排放趋势分析, 对比日本、英国的相关数据资料, 发现SO2的排放与能源消费、经济发展、环境政策以及环保技术进步密切相关: 经济结构的转变和能源结构的调整是SO2减排的关键因素, 环保政策和技术进步是SO2减排的主要驱动力。典型国家SO2排放强度曲线均呈倒“U”型, 符合环境库兹涅茨曲线。SO2排放的拐点美国在人均GDP15000美元, 日本和英国在人均GDP9000～10000美元; 三个国家人均SO2排放强度的拐点在人均GDP5000～7000美元, 目前中国已经越过人均SO2排放的顶点。在此基础上本文提出了中国进一步减排SO2的建议。 相似文献
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中国和美国分别作为发展中国家和发达国家的代表,两国开发利用地下水较早,在地下水开发利用过程中积累了丰富的经验。通过介绍两国地下水资源开发利用的现状,揭示其多年地下水用水量的变化规律,并进行对比分析。结果表明:近年来,两国地下水用水量仍超过1000×10~8m~3/a,地下水用水量占总用水量的比例均为20%左右,其中约有60%用于农业灌溉,三个指标整体上均呈现减少趋势。在人口、人均GDP和有效灌溉面积三个影响因素中,两国地下水用水量的首要影响因素均是有效灌溉面积。调水工程的兴建,可缓解地下水开采压力,有效地减少了地下水用水量。与美国相比,中国的用水效率较低,今后应进一步推广节水技术,加强地下水资源管理。 相似文献
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根据我国1980-2000年国民经济实际用水状况,简要分析了水资源需求的驱动因素,建立了水资源需求驱动因素综合分析模型,并根据模型进行了实例计算和分析.结果表明:(1)1980-2000年全国总用水增加了1 220亿m3,其中工业和生活用水增长是国民经济用水增长的直接原因;(2)全国而言,排在前四位的正向驱动因素分别是工业增加值、农田灌溉面积、人口以及林牧渔需(补)水面积.负向驱动因素分别是农田灌溉定额的下降,其次是工业用水定额的下降;(3)对生活用水而言,北方省份人口增长对生活需水增长的贡献较突出,南方省份则是生活用水定额的提高对生活需水增长的贡献较突出;(4)对工业用水而言,工业规模的扩大是驱动工业需水增长的主要因素;北方省份工业用水定额下降对抑制工业需水增长的贡献率明显;(5)农田灌溉面积变化对农田灌溉需水变化影响较大.分析结果为把握我国未来水资源需求变化态势,合理配置水资源提供依据. 相似文献
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文章对重庆市五大功能区1998-2013年的土地利用变更数据调查和能源消耗数据进行分析,运用库兹涅茨曲线模型研究了重庆市五大功能区16年间建设用地扩张与碳排放效应之间的内在关系。结果表明:（1）重庆市建设用地扩张与碳排放强度之间的回归模型关系呈倒U型库兹涅茨曲线关系,且拐点即将到来;（2）都市功能核心区、都市功能拓展区建设用地与碳排放强度之间的关系呈倒U型库兹涅茨曲线关系;（3）城市发展新区建设用地与碳排放强度之间的关系呈一次线性关系,显示出区域产业结构调整和土地利用集约水平的初级特征;（4）渝东北生态涵养区建设用地与碳排放强度之间呈正U型二次曲线关系,土地集约利用水平亟待提高。 相似文献
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京津冀城市群在快速城市化进程中,“高耗能、高污染、高排放”的粗放型经济发展模式带来了一系列大气污染问题,亟需协调经济发展与大气环境质量之间的关系。本文基于2004-2017年北京市、天津市、石家庄市的大气环境质量与城市化各指标数据,运用熵值法多维度研究了城市化进程中大气环境质量的演化规律。选取城市空气主要污染物SO2、NO2、PM10的年均浓度、好于Ⅱ级天天数4个指标反映城市大气环境质量水平,选取地区生产总值、人均GDP、三产比重、建成区面积等10个指标反映城市化发展水平,分别进行综合指数模型构建和回归拟合。分析表明,城市化对大气环境质量的影响是各因素共同作用的结果,京津冀三市的城市化综合指数与大气环境污染综合指数分别呈“倒U型”、“正U型”和“倒N型”。将10个城市化指标分别归类为结构效应、规模效应以及活动效应,进一步分析了各类效应对大气环境污染指数的影响。对于北京市,三类效应各因变量对大气环境均产生负向影响;对于天津市,结构效应、规模效应中的建成区面积和活动效应中的人均GDP、生产总值、居民消费水平和社会消费品零售总额与大气环境质量呈现负相关关系;对于石家庄市,由于分析数据的时间序列有限,三种效应的各因变量对大气环境质量的影响不明确。本文研究结果可为京津冀地区的城市生态文明建设提供基础数据支撑。 相似文献
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作物水分利用效率是评价农业用水效率的重要指标,由于气候差异,采用作物水分利用效率评价不同区域的用水效率可能存在一定误差,尚缺乏深入研究。基于潜在水分利用效率指标和气象数据,计算了2014年中国小麦、玉米和水稻在充分灌溉条件下的潜在水分利用效率,分析了区域气候差异对作物水分利用效率的影响,提出了相对水分利用效率和理论节水潜力的概念和计算方法,并进行了实例研究。结果表明:各类作物在不同站点的潜在水分利用效率的标准差为0.49~1.01 kg/m3,多数作物潜在水分利用效率的空间差异大于实际水分利用效率的空间差异;主要作物的平均相对水分利用效率为50.7%,其理论节水潜力为884.8~4 064.5 m3/hm2;作物水分利用效率和广义节水潜力指标可能高估或低估作物的用水效率和节水潜力。研究认为在比较区域间作物的水分利用效率时不能忽略气候差异的影响;由于考虑了区域气候差异,相对水分利用效率和理论节水潜力指标更合理。 相似文献
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Water-saving potential evaluation of water-receiving regions in Shandong province on the East Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project of China 
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下载免费PDF全文 Taking 13 water-receiving areas on the East Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (ERSNWDP) in Shandong Province as the study area, and comparing it with Jiangsu Province on the ERSNWDP and the Middle Route of the South-to-North (MRSNWDP), the current water-saving potential of the water-receiving areas within the municipalities of Shandong was analyzed. Different water-saving scenarios were constructed and analyzed with key water-saving indexes in various industries. These indexes include the effective utilization coefficient of farmland irrigation water, total water consumption of industrial sectors with an added value of over 10 000 RMB, average leakage rate of the urban public water supply pipe network and the penetration rate of water-saving appliances. Based on the scenarios, comprehensive water-saving potential of the 13 water-receiving area cities was calculated. The results show that the water-saving potential of the study area is at a relative high level. However, some cities still have a certain amount of water-saving potential for agriculture and industry to be elevated. Under the recommended water-saving scenario, the water-saving potential is 1.134 billion m3, accounting for 5.33% of the current total water consumption, of which 460 million m3 is in agriculture, 600 million m3 in industry, is and 74.20 million m3 in urban domestic sector. Comprehensive water-saving measures for the study area were proposed from the aspects of agricultural, industrial and domestic water uses. Agricultural and industrial water saving are more significant. The major cities for agricultural water saving include Jining City, Heze City, Weifang City and Jinan City; the focus cities of industrial water saving mainly include Weihai City, Jining City and Qingdao City and etc.; the key water-saving areas for urban use mainly include Zaozhuang City, Jining City and Heze City. 相似文献
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工业用水优化配置模型研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
探讨了工业部门内部水资源优化配置理论与方法，建立了水资源优化配置经济效益模型。在此基础上，深入研究了经济效益、社会效益、环境效益、水资源的可持续利用及其与国民经济、社会的协调发展等因素对水资源优化配置的影响。通过对上述影响因素的分析，给出了工业内部各行业综合影响系数的计算公式，建立了水资源优化配置综合效益数学模型。以山东省高密市为例，在收集分析了各行业的用水量、产值、利税等基本资料的基础上，以每个行业的历史用水量为样本，采用数理统计的方法推求出行业需水量上、下限，并利用综合效益模型，以1989年7月这一最枯月份为例，对工业内部各行业进行水资源重分配，结果比较符合实际情况。 相似文献
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This study evaluates the environmental efficiency of industrial sectors of Chinese major cities. The multi-directional efficiency analysis (MEA) approach is utilized for evaluation; thus, both the integrated MEA efficiency levels and the efficiency patterns, which are represented by the variable-specific MEA efficiency according to each type of the industrial pollutant emission or discharge, of Chinese major city are detected. In addition, the industrial energy conservation and pollutant reduction potentials are measured, and the relationship between environmental pressure and income is explored at the regional level of China. The main findings include the following: (1) The MEA environmental efficiency increases in the economically less developed cities were faster than the cities in the well-developed region, which indicates that the inequitable nationwide industrial developments of Chinese cities have started to alleviate. (2) Although some Chinese cities show similar environmental efficiency levels, the undesirable output variable-specific efficiency patterns of these cities are diversified, and according to the variable-specific efficiency, the most possible efficiency increase potential of each Chinese major city can be identified. (3) An N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve exists in the industrial sectors of Chinese major cities. (4) Different Chinese cities should have different industrial pollutant reduction priorities: East China cities should pay more attention to their industrial waste gas emissions and industrial waste water discharges, while west China cities should mainly focus on their industrial soot and dust emissions, and solid waste discharges.
相似文献16.
This study evaluates the environmental efficiency of industrial sectors of Chinese major cities. The multi-directional efficiency analysis (MEA) approach is utilized for evaluation; thus, both the integrated MEA efficiency levels and the efficiency patterns, which are represented by the variable-specific MEA efficiency according to each type of the industrial pollutant emission or discharge, of Chinese major city are detected. In addition, the industrial energy conservation and pollutant reduction potentials are measured, and the relationship between environmental pressure and income is explored at the regional level of China. The main findings include the following: (1) The MEA environmental efficiency increases in the economically less developed cities were faster than the cities in the well-developed region, which indicates that the inequitable nationwide industrial developments of Chinese cities have started to alleviate. (2) Although some Chinese cities show similar environmental efficiency levels, the undesirable output variable-specific efficiency patterns of these cities are diversified, and according to the variable-specific efficiency, the most possible efficiency increase potential of each Chinese major city can be identified. (3) An N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve exists in the industrial sectors of Chinese major cities. (4) Different Chinese cities should have different industrial pollutant reduction priorities: East China cities should pay more attention to their industrial waste gas emissions and industrial waste water discharges, while west China cities should mainly focus on their industrial soot and dust emissions, and solid waste discharges. 相似文献
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Spatial inequality in municipal solid waste disposal across regions in developing countries 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
The regional inequalities in socio-economical characteristics such as income, population density, age composition, unemployment rate and the education level may bring about variation in waste generation, recycling and collection. Using environmental Kuznets curve, the factors affecting municipal solid waste disposal are examined. The results demonstrate that an inverted N-shaped curve executes on municipal solid waste disposal for all regions. As personal disposable income increases, per capita municipal solid waste disposed firstly declines, then grows at the second stage and finally decreases again. All the explanatory variables including economic factors, social characteristics and geographical barriers are found to influence municipal solid waste disposal significantly. Each person increase in population density leads to an increase in municipal solid waste disposed by approximately 1.17 ×10?4 kg/day. Each percent increase in age composition results in a decrease in municipal solid waste disposed by approximately 0.0224 kg/day; in the unemployment rate causes a decrease of 0.0901 kg/day and in the education level results in a decrease of 0.01556 kg/day. In general, municipal solid waste disposal starts to increase at the first turning point of personal disposable income NT$ 198,000 (about US$ 6,280) and to decrease at the second point of NT$ 389,000 (about US$ 12,350) for all regions (pooled data). The rural regions, however, cannot support the inverted N-shaped curve by the ‘reduced form’ while urban regions have a significant outcome. This result implies that income can only explain a portion of variation while other social and geographical factors contribute a lot to identify the variation in municipal solid waste disposal between urban and rural regions. 相似文献
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黑河流域节水生态农业与流域水资源集成管理研究领域 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
概述了中国内陆河流域面临的水问题和日益激化的用水矛盾,强调了内陆河地区支柱产业——绿洲农业应该坚持节水和生态的方向,流域集成管理是持续农业的基础。长期从事该方面研究的黑河流域是个较好借鉴,同时也提供了深入开展相关研究的基础,为此提出了以黑河流域为背景的四大研究流域：水文、生物、经济系统水循环与水资源形成演变,节水农业的生物学研究与抗旱品种繁育,农业节水新材料研发与工程节水技术集成,水资源合理配置与流域集成管理;并简述了各领域的主要方向。 相似文献
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水资源短缺为掣肘安徽省经济社会可持续发展约束因素之一,提高水资源利用效率是破解其关键。运用完全分解模型,就技术进步、结构变动因素对安徽省单位GDP水耗贡献份额进行了测度,结果表明:(1)2001~2014年,技术进步导致安徽省单位GDP用水年均下降31.91m3,是提高水资源利用效率关键因素,贡献率高达88.69%,三次产业技术进步贡献率分别为45.19%、38.59%、4.91%;(2)产业结构调整对安徽省单位GDP用水强度下降贡献率为11.31%,三次产业变动贡献率分别为-4.98%、0.62%、15.66%。提高安徽省水资源利用效率核心在于:依靠科技创新,促进一、二产业技术水平提升,调整、优化产业结构,大力提高第三产业比重。研究结果,可为安徽省制定水资源利用效率的政策提供决策参考。 相似文献