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1.
Because of the existence of a front stable rockmass barrier, the failure pattern of an oblique inclined bedding slope is conventionally recognized as a lateral rockfall/topple, and then a transformation into a rockfall accumulation secondary landslide. However, the Jiweishan rockslide, Wulong, Chongqing, which occurred on June 5, 2009, illustrates a new failure pattern of massive rock slope that rockmass rapidly slides along apparent dip, and then transforms into a long runout rock avalanche (fragment flow). This paper analyzes the mechanism of the new failure pattern which is most likely triggered by gravity, karstification, and the processes associated with mining activities. A simulation of the failure processes is shown, using the modeling software, FLAC3D. The results show that there are five principal conditions for an apparent dip slide associated with an oblique inclined bedding slope are necessary: (1) a block-fracture bedding structure. The rockmass is split into obvious smaller, distinct blocks with several groups of joints, (2) an inclined rockmass barrier. The sliding rockmass (i.e., the rockslide structure before movement) exists along a dip angle and is barricaded by an inclined stable bedrock area, and the subsequent sliding direction is deflected from a true dip angle to an apparent dip angle; (3) apparent dip exiting. The valley and cliff provide a free space for the apparent dip exiting. (4) Driving block sliding, which means the block has a push type of effect on the motion of the rockslide. The “toy bricks” rockmass is characterized by a long-term creeping that induces the shear strength reduction from peak to residual value along the bottom soft layer, and the sliding force is therefore increased. (5) The key block resistance and brittle failure. The pressure on the key block is increased by the driving rockmass and its strength decreases due to karstification, rainfall, and mining. The brittle failure of the karst zone between the key block and the lateral stable bedrock occurs instantaneously and is largely responsible for generating the catastrophic rockslide–rock avalanche. If there was not a pre-existing key block, the failure pattern of such the inclined bedding rockmass could be piecemeal disintegration or small-scale successive rockfall or topple. The recognition of catastrophic failure potential in such inclined bedding slopes requires careful search for not only structures dipping in the direction of movement, but also key block toe-constrained condition.  相似文献   

2.
This paper uses the catastrophic rockslide at Sanxicun village in Dujianyan city as an example to investigate the formation mechanism of a rapid and long run-out rockslide-debris flow of fractured/cracked slope, under the application of a rare heavy rainfall in July 2013. The slope site could be affected by the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake in 2008. The sliding involved the thick fractured and layered rockmass with a gentle dip plane at Sanxicun. It had the following formation process: (1) toppling due to shear failure at a high-level position, (2) shoveling the accumulative layer below, (3) forming of debris flow of the highly weathered bottom rockmass, and (4) flooding downward along valley. The debris flow destroyed 11 houses and killed 166 people. The run-out distance was about 1200 m, and the accumulative volume was 1.9?×?106 m3. The rockslide can be divided into sliding source, shear-shoveling, and flow accumulative regions. The stability of this fractured rock slope and the sliding processes are discussed at four stages of cracking, creeping, separating, and residual accumulating, under the applications of hydrostatic pressure and uplift pressure. This research also investigates the safety factors under different situations. The double rheological model (F-V model) of the DAN-W software is utilized to simulate the kinematic and dynamic processes of the shear-shoveling region and debris flow. After the shear failure occurred at a high-level position of rock, the rockslide moved for approximately 47 s downward along the valley with a maximum velocity of 35 m/s. This is a typical rapid and long run-out rockslide. Finally, this paper concludes that the identification of the potential geological hazards at the Wenchuan mountain area is crucial to prevent catastrophic rockslide triggered by heavy rainfall. The identified geological hazards should be properly considered in the town planning of the reconstruction works.  相似文献   

3.
Landslides and slope failures are very common phenomena in hilly regions, Southwestern China. These are hazardous because of the accompanying progressive movement of the slope-forming material. To minimize the landslide effects, slope failure analysis and stabilization require in-depth understanding of the process that governs the behavior of the slope. The present paper first briefly describes a three-dimensional numerical brittle creep model for rock. The model accounts for material heterogeneity, through a stochastic local failure stress field, and local material degradation using an exponential material softening law. Then a case study of the Jiweishan rockslide that occurred in China is numerically investigated considering the effect of the mining activity. Numerical simulations visualize the entire process of the Jiweishan rockslide from the fracture initiation, propagation and coalescence. The distribution and evolution of associated stress and deformation field during the slide are also presented. Numerical simulations show that the underground mining excavations have remarkably negative effect on the stability of the rock slope, which is one of the important triggering factors of the rockslide. Moreover, it is possible to take some precautions for the unstable failure of rock mass by monitoring acoustic emission (AE) events or microseismicities since the occurrence of clusters of AE events prior to the final unstable rockslide. The results are of general interest, because they can be applied to the investigation of time-dependent instability in rock masses, to the mitigation of associated rock hazards in rock engineering, and even to a better understanding of the seismic activities in geological and geophysical phenomena occurring in the earth’s crust.  相似文献   

4.
This paper describes a recent large rockslide, which occurred at Su village in Lishui, Zhejiang Province, China, on September 28, 2016. In the past decade, a vegetation-free deformed surface was clearly visible and frequent rockfalls were noticed. Due to strong sustained rainfall, approximately 0.4 million m3 of granite blocks rapidly descended from the upper part of the hillside. The mass rushed into the V-shaped valley resulting in the formation of a barrier dam and dammed lake. The catastrophic rockslide caused 27 deaths and more than 20 houses were destroyed. The evolutionary process before the rockslide is clearly captured by high-resolution remote sensing images and photos. Video of the rockslide and field investigations show entrainment of superficial material in the middle and lower parts of the slope.  相似文献   

5.
Two deadly rockslides, triggered by heavy precipitation and open-pit mining, were reported in Emei County, Sichuan Province, China, from 2011 to 2015. About 6.0 million m3 of rock detached from the upper slopes, pushed the pre-sliding deposits, and hit the opposite mountains at average velocity of 18 to 36 km/h. Detailed field investigation, geological mapping, and UAV aerial photographic interpretation are presented to analyze the failure mechanisms of the events. The results suggest that the high-speed consequent bedding rockslides were triggered by the failure of rock mass, which were influenced by the engineering activities and climate change. Key contributive factors were weathered and fragmented basalts that were affected by open-pit mining and frequent blasting, as well as the weak underlying tuffs with swell-shrink potential. Persistent rainfall was the direct trigger in initiating and reactivating the landslide. Water affected the slope stability by increasing the slope material’s unit weight and penetrating into joints and cracks to make the tuffs degrade and causing a reduction in effective stress. The mechanisms for the two landslide events are a high-speed regressive consequent bedding (RCB) rockslide in 2011 and a reactivated high-speed advancing consequent bedding (ACB) rockslide in 2015. This paper can provide an insight into large-scale consequent bedding rockslides associated with the interaction between the rainfall and open-pit mining slopes instabilities.  相似文献   

6.
杜琴 《地质与勘探》2018,54(2):332-343
辽宁省五龙金矿区地质工作程度较高,截至目前开采深度达近千米,而地球物理工作相对滞后,急需开展深部隐伏矿地球物理探测工作,进而指导深部找矿预测研究,实现寻找深部隐伏矿的有效突破。为此,在分析矿区地质、构造及岩矿石物性资料的基础上,结合区域航磁资料和区域构造的分析结果,针对矿区主要成矿地质体和成矿构造,实施开展了连续电导率观测,通过二维反演与综合分析,预测五龙矿区163主矿体向下仍有较大的成矿空间,且矿体向东南方向延伸,在矿区东南部及外围形成较为有利的成矿部位,进而为下一步矿区地质找矿工作提供有效帮助或指导。  相似文献   

7.
2009年6月5日下午15时许,重庆市武隆县铁矿乡鸡尾山山体发生了大规模的崩滑,约500万m3被结构面切割成积木块状的灰岩山体,沿缓倾页岩软弱夹层发生整体滑动。高速运动的滑体物质在堵塞前部宽约200m,深约50m的铁匠沟沟谷后,形成平均厚约30m,纵向长度约2200m的堆积区,掩埋了12户民房和正在开采铁矿的矿井入口,造成10人死亡,64人失踪,8人受伤,成为近年来少有的一次崩滑灾难性事件。本文在对灾害现场进行大量地质调查的基础上,结合遥感、三维激光扫描等综合手段,对鸡尾山崩滑体特征进行了详细描述,对灾害发生原因进行了初步分析。结果表明,鸡尾山山体垮塌是在不利的地质结构条件下,并受到长期重力、岩溶等作用和采矿活动的影响,因前部起阻挡作用的关键块体被剪断突破而导致的一起大型山体崩滑事件。深入研究鸡尾山崩滑体的形成条件和成灾机理,对我国西南地区存在与鸡尾山崩滑体类似地质条件的灾害隐患点的减灾防灾工作,具有重要的指导意义。  相似文献   

8.
The hydrogeology of the deep-seated, slowly creeping Klasgarten rockslide in Austria is investigated in this study based on detailed surface and subsurface field data, laboratory analyses, and analytical and numerical simulations. Field data are derived from several deep exploration and monitoring boreholes, an exploration drift located within the rockslide, and geological and geomorphological mapping. Particular attention is given to the pore pressure measurements and their temporal and spatial variability. These pore pressure variations are controlled by a thin layer of clayey fault gouge (representing the basal shear zone of the rockslide), a high-permeability rockslide mass, and moderately fractured paragneissic bedrock. Variably saturated equivalent-continuum hydraulic conductivities and storage properties are derived from packer tests, laboratory tests and optical televiewer images. These data sets are used for two-dimensional numerical groundwater models to study the flow-field and pore-pressure variations caused by the reservoir water-level fluctuations, the transient groundwater infiltration from snowmelt and precipitation along the slope, and the exploration drift. The strongest pressure transients in the rockslide are caused by reservoir level fluctuations and not the natural groundwater recharge, even at substantial distances from the reservoir. The response times are very short and only a minor distance-dependent attenuation is observed. The results of this study are essential to analyse the hydromechanical control of the deformation behaviour of rockslides adjacent to hydropower reservoirs. Further, it helps to understand how the formation of a rockslide can change the original bedrock aquifer.  相似文献   

9.
Wu  Youyin  Zhang  Ming  Yang  Long  Liu  Tao  Zhang  Taili  Sun  Qiang  Wang  Bo  Xie  Xinpeng 《Landslides》2021,18(7):2565-2574
Landslides - At about 04:00 on 10 August 2019, the heavy rainfall carried by Typhoon Lekima induced a catastrophic rockslide in Shanzao Village, Yongjia County, China. The heavy rainfall triggered...  相似文献   

10.
Deposits of catastrophic rockslides composed of lithologies rich in carbonate minerals may undergo precipitation of cements that can be used to proxy-date the rockslide event and/or subsequent geomorphic changes of the rockslide mass.In the Alps, localized to widespread lithification of post-Glacial rockslide deposits is observed in lithologies ranging from limestones and dolostones to metacarbonates to calcphyllites. Lithification of rockslide deposits to breccias may be localized to meteoric ‘runoff-shadows’ below larger boulders, or may comprise a layer of breccia or may affect a rockslide mass down its base. In addition, precipitation of cements and small stalactites may take place in megapores on boulder undersides. Cements found in rockslide deposits comprise skalenohedral calcite, prismatic calcite, blocky calcite, calcitic micrite and micropeloidal calcitic cement and, rarely, botryoidal aragonite. Initial cement formation probably is driven by meteoric dissolution–re-precipitation of (mini-) micritic abrasive rock powder generated by dynamic disintegration during the rockslide event. Preliminary 234U/230Th ages of rockslide cements support a concept that cementation starts immediately or early after a rockslide event. In rockslide deposits of calcphyllite with accessory pyrite, oxidation of pyrite probably also propels the process of carbonate dissolution–re-precipitation. Limestone-precipitating springs emerging from rockslide masses, and well-cemented talus slopes and fluvial conglomerates percolated by rockslide-derived groundwaters, indicate that rockslide deposits remain diagenetically active long after emplacement.  相似文献   

11.
In this paper, we describe the investigations and actions taken to reduce risk and prevent casualties from a catastrophic 210,000 m3 rockslope failure, which occurred near the village of Preonzo in the Swiss Alps on May 15, 2012. We describe the geological predisposition and displacement history before and during the accelerated creep stage as well as the development and operation of an efficient early warning system. The failure of May 15, 2012, occurred from a large and retrogressive instability in gneisses and amphibolites with a total volume of about 350,000 m3, which formed an alpine meadow 1250 m above the valley floor. About 140,000 m3 of unstable rock mass remained in place and might collapse partially or completely in the future. The instability showed clearly visible signs of movements along a tension crack since 1989 and accelerated creep with significant hydromechanical forcing since about 2006. Because the active rockslide at Preonzo threatened a large industrial facility and important transport routes located directly at the toe of the slope, an early warning system was installed in 2010. The thresholds for prealarm, general public alarm, and evacuation were derived from crack meter and total station monitoring data covering a period of about 10 years, supplemented with information from past failure events with similar predisposition. These thresholds were successfully applied to evacuate the industrial facility and to close important roads a few days before the catastrophic slope failure of May 15, 2012. The rock slope failure occurred in two events, exposing a compound rupture plane dipping 42° and generating deposits in the midslope portion with a travel angle of 39°. Three hours after the second rockslide, the fresh deposits became reactivated in a devastating debris avalanche that reached the foot of the slope but did not destroy any infrastructure. The final run-out distance of this combined rock collapse–debris avalanche corresponded to the predictions made in the year 2004.  相似文献   

12.
大型高速岩质滑坡的碰撞碎裂解体对其运动特性有显著控制效应,进而影响堆积体的地质结构和稳定性。本文以唐家山高速滑坡为研究对象,基于地质分析原理,解译了滑体碰撞碎裂过程和特征。通过岩石坠落碰撞试验,量化了碎屑物粒径,岩块质量损失与碰撞速度的关系,得出碰撞速度增加会使碰撞块体质量损失增大,碎裂物粒径更小,从而降低滑体摩擦系数。开展碰撞前后岩块的岩石常规力学实验,发现碰撞后岩石的力学参数指标会降低。最后借助岩石滑槽碰撞模型试验,获取岩块撞击方式和撞击速度等对滑距和堆积形态的控制效应。研究可为高速岩石滑坡成灾范围的预测提供借鉴。  相似文献   

13.
陡倾煤层开采条件下上覆山体变形破坏物理模型试验研究   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4  
大型岩质滑坡是中国西南岩溶矿区的主要地质灾害类型,其破坏和成灾过程具有复合性。以我国重庆武隆鸡冠岭滑坡为例,通过离心物理模型试验研究了地下开采条件下陡倾灰岩斜坡的变形失稳机制。试验时随着煤层模型板被拔出,上覆岩层在拟重力作用下开始出现位移与层间错动,当煤层模型被拔出150 mm时,模型山体发生显著破坏。试验结果表明:陡倾灰岩斜坡在长期重力作用下,会出现弯曲倾倒的变形,随着地下煤层逐渐采空,上覆陡倾层状岩体失去支撑,岩层层面分离并产生拉张裂缝,岩体变形加剧发生倾倒破坏,并对煤层下部的稳定岩体形成挤压,下伏稳定岩体发生剪切破坏,最终导致鸡冠岭以倾倒-滑移的复合模式整体失稳。这一研究对中国西南山区大型岩质滑坡的早期识别与失稳机制分析具有指导意义。   相似文献   

14.
陕西陇县李家下滑坡稳定性分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
李家下滑坡是大型岩质滑坡,发育在黄土滑坡众多的黄土高原区。基于野外地质调查、工程地质勘探和室内岩土体分析测试及土工试验,利用Ansys有限元软件对3种气候条件及3种滑带土强度条件下李家下滑坡的稳定性进行了模拟分析。模拟结果表明:滑带土强度参数的改变对李家下滑坡的稳定性有极大的影响,李家下滑坡已处于不稳定状态。结合李家下滑坡最新的变形现象,认为沿主滑带再次滑动的可能性较大。   相似文献   

15.
Research on catastrophic rock avalanche at Guanling, Guizhou, China   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
On June 28, 2010, a catastrophic rock avalanche occurred after an extreme rainstorm at Guanling with N 25°59′10′′ in latitude and E 105°16′50′′ in longitude, Guizhou, China. This rock avalanche has a long run-out distance of 1.5 km, with 1.75 million cubic meters of debris instantly burying two villages and resulting in 99 deaths. It originated in the coal measure strata, with the upper part of limestone and dolomite, the middle part of the sandstone with gentle inclination, and the lower part of shale and mudstone, together locally with coals. This kind of unique structure, with hard resistant caprock overlying softer ductile rocks, coupled with the central outflow region at the contact zone, has catastrophic potential for rock avalanches and creates challenges for engineering geological/hydrogeological analysis. The topography showed that the hillside slopes were steeper at the upper portion but gentler in the lower portion, looked like the shape of a “boot.” The upper steep landform easily led to slope instability due to its high static shear stresses, and the wide middle and lower parts provided kinematic conditions for long run-out. Transformation of the larger potential energy into kinetic energy contributed to the formation of a rapid long run-out rock avalanche. The rainfall from June 27 to 28 was the apparent trigger of this catastrophic avalanche. The measured rainfall of more than 310 mm within 24 h exceeded the local historical records that were recorded over the last 60 years. The pore pressure on discontinuities of sandstone had an effect on the slope stability. The valley runoff supplied a saturated base for the long run-out debris, inducing an additional increase of the terminus distance and the increased velocity of the avalanche movement.  相似文献   

16.
The distribution and chemistry of the springs in the Tuscarora Creek watershed is controlled by both geologic structure and karst dissolution. The watershed is located in eastern West Virginia in the structurally complex Great Valley of the Appalachian Valley and Ridge province. The upper portion of the stream parallels strike along a mapped fault zone and is bordered by clastic rocks that comprise North Mountain. The lower reaches of the stream flow cross-strike through Cambro-Ordovician carbonates. The controlling chemical signature in the spring water is carbonate dissolution. Little evidence was seen for the recharge from adjacent clastic rocks although differences in the Ca/Mg molar ratio between springs indicated the presence of localized spring basins in headwater reaches. Na, Cl and Ca generally increased from upstream to downstream in the cross-strike reaches. Comparison of stream and cumulative spring discharge was consistent with significant groundwater base-flow contribution directly to the creek, particularly in the strike-parallel region. The largest spring in the watershed (>162 L/s) was sampled during and after a large storm event along with the adjacent creek. The creek displayed a typical dilution response with each flood pulse, whereas the spring had only a limited or delayed response. The overall chemical and thermal stability of the spring, relative to the creek, indicated the lack of significant direct hydraulic connection between the two. The conceptual model for the area includes localized flowpaths in the headwater region where the stream flow is parallel to strike and a thrust fault. In addition to the shallow localized flowpaths, a deeper, more regional flowpath likely exists for a large spring further downstream.  相似文献   

17.
More than 150 landslides originated in the eastern part of the Czech Republic (region of the Flysch Outer Western Carpathians—hereinafter, OWC) due to soil saturation caused by antecedent precipitation and long lasting and intensive rainfalls on 16–18 May 2010 (>300 mm as measured by some stations). As a consequence, a multitude of small failures originated 88% of which was smaller than 104 m2. Most landslides are characterised as shallow (<10 m) or middle–deep (10–30 m) incipient (rather short travel) landslides, debris slides and soil slips spatially clustered to a geological domain underlain by rather weak thin-bedded flysch and unconsolidated Quaternary deposits. An exception to this is represented by a kilometre-long rockslide (∼2–3 mil m3) affecting tectonically weakened and weathered claystone/mudstone-dominated flysch on the southern slope of Mt. Girová (the Beskydy Mountains). The rockslide is one of the largest long runout landslides in the territory of the Czech Republic activated over the past few decades as it reaches the dimensions of the largest documented Holocene long runout landslides in the Czech part of the OWC. A majority of the May 2010 landslide events developed inside older (Holocene or historic) landslide terrains, which points to their spatial persistency and recurrent nature. In spite of the fact that the May 2010 landslide event was not as destructive as some previous landslide activisation in the OWC region (e.g. July 1997 event), it left many slope failures at the initial stage of their potential future reactivation.  相似文献   

18.
2008年5月12日,汶川M8.0地震在四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟内诱发一巨型滑坡。通过现场调查得知,滑坡前后缘高差455m,厚度20~30m,滑面为基岩层面,初始方量2.750×107m3。滑体在运动中转化为碎屑流。滑坡-碎屑流总的水平运动距离为4022m,垂直运动距离为1443m,遗留的堆积物体积达5×107m3。滑坡距映秀—北川断裂仅3.6km,位于其下盘,地震烈度达X I度。滑坡导致文家沟中48人遇害,并形成一条完整的地震次生地质灾害链。初步分析表明滑坡启动速度快,滑坡向碎屑流转化过程明显、地点明确。碎屑流运动过程复杂,伴有强烈的"气垫效应"和"前缘气浪冲击效应"。作者认为,文家沟滑坡的高启动速度是长持时强烈地震动作用的结果,与山体的猛烈碰撞是导致滑体解体并转化为碎屑流的原因。  相似文献   

19.
为了确定五龙金矿围岩的侵位和变形时代,进一步探讨辽东地区晚中生代构造体制转折时限,采用岩相学观察和锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年技术,对辽东五龙大型金矿的围岩五龙岩体、侵入五龙岩体中的花岗斑岩脉和三股流岩体进行了研究。结果表明,五龙岩体具弱片麻状、片麻状构造,花岗斑岩脉也发生了变形作用,三股流岩体未发生变形作用。五龙岩体SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为（159.2±1.9） Ma和（160.0±1.4） Ma,花岗斑岩SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为（132.14±0.85） Ma,三股流岩体SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为122~124 Ma。辽东五龙岩体经历的推覆、挤压事件止于132~124 Ma。辽东地区晚侏罗世的推覆、挤压事件与古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆俯冲作用关系密切,五龙金矿的成矿大地构造背景亦与此次俯冲有关。  相似文献   

20.
湖北大悟娘娘顶钨铍矿区处于华北板块与扬子板块之间的桐柏-大别造山带中部,区内元古宙地层出露广泛,岩浆活动频繁,构造具有多期次性。矿区内钨铍矿床产于花岗岩体接触带上,与燕山晚期娘娘顶岩体、鸡公山岩体密切相关。本文在分析了娘娘顶钨铍矿成矿地质背景和矿床地质特征的基础上,进行了勘查地球化学研究,圈定了2处化探异常,指出本区内燕山晚期花岗岩与地层、岩体间接触带及构造破碎带部位为重点找矿地带及找矿方向。本次研究既填补了武当-桐柏-大别成矿带钨铍矿相关矿产研究方面的空白,又首次描述了研究区内铍矿床的地质特征,补充了国内研究相对很少的铍矿床方面的内容,同时为研究区乃至大别山地区下一步钨铍矿种的勘查工作提供了一定的理论依据和指导意义。  相似文献   

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