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1.
滇西沘江流域水体中重金属元素的地球化学特征 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
通过测定流经兰坪金顸铅锌矿区的沘江水体中Pb、Zn、Cd、As的含量和底泥中重金属元素的化学形态的含量,分析了重金属元素的分布和化学形态的变化。结果表明,沘江水遭到了Cd污染,底泥已经成为重金属元素的蓄积库,以国家土壤环境质量标准（Ⅲ级）衡量,Pb、Zn、Cd和舡分别超标3．4倍、15．8倍、106倍和2．6倍。沘江水中重金属元素含量的峰值在矿山附近的下游,而底泥中重金属元素的峰值在矿山下游30-50km的地方,矿业活动、水流变缓、pH等水体环境条件的变化都能影响水和底泥中重金属元素的含量。底泥中的Pb以碳酸盐结合态为主,Zn和Cd以铁锰氧化物结合态为主,而As以残渣态为主。Pb、Cd、Zn三种元素的环境有效态含量比较高,对沘江流域生态环境具有潜在的巨大的危害。 相似文献
2.
LAURA M. WEHRMANN ANNELEEN FOUBERT BENJAMIN BRUNNER DOMINIQUE BLAMART LIES DE MOL DAVID VAN ROOIJ JAN DEWANCKELE VEERLE CNUDDE RUDY SWENNEN PHILIPPE DUYCK JEAN‐PIERRE HENRIET 《Sedimentology》2012,59(2):578-604
Alpha Mound and Beta Mound are two cold‐water coral mounds, located on the Pen Duick Escarpment in the Gulf of Cadiz amidst the El Arraiche mud volcano field where focused fluid seepage occurs. Despite the proximity of Alpha Mound and Beta Mound, both mounds differ in their assemblage of authigenic minerals. Alpha Mound features dolomite, framboidal pyrite and gypsum, whereas Beta Mound contains a barite layer and predominantly euhedral pyrite. The diagenetic alteration of the sedimentary record of both mounds is strongly influenced by biogeochemical processes occurring at shallow sulphate methane transition zones. The combined sedimentological, petrographic and isotopic analyses of early diagenetic features in gravity cores from Alpha Mound and Beta Mound indicate that the contrast in mineral assemblages between these mounds is caused by differences in fluid and methane fluxes. Alpha Mound appears to be affected by strong fluctuations in the fluid flow, causing shifts in redox boundaries, whereas Beta Mound seems to be a less dynamic system. To a large extent, the diagenetic regimes within cold‐water coral mounds on the Pen Duick Escarpment appear to be controlled by fluid and methane fluxes deriving from layers underlying the mounds and forcings like pressure gradients caused by bottom current. However, it also becomes evident that authigenic mineral assemblages are not only very sensitive recorders of the diagenetic history of specific cold‐water coral mounds, but also affect diagenetic processes in turn. Dissolution of aragonite, lithification by precipitation of authigenic minerals and subsequent brecciation of these lithified layers may also exert a control on the advective and diffusive fluid flow within these mounds, providing a feedback mechanism on subsequent diagenetic processes. 相似文献
3.
江西东乡铜矿层间溶蚀残积堆积物的特征及成因 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
对存在于赣东北东乡铜矿地层中的一种被当地称为Kcd的金属矿岩溶堆积形态的特征和成因进行了研究。Kcd是一种层间松散堆积物,呈带状分布于金属硫化矿体附近。岩性主要为铁锰质含量高的中、细砂、粉土、粉质粘土等,富含碎石和块石,局部为泥砾、泥砂混合物,性状松散、饱水、色杂。根据岩性、产出形态和现代矿区水文地质条件分析,认为Kcd应是白云岩围岩在硫化矿物氧化带硫酸水作用下产生的白云岩粉(砂)和围岩崩落的碎石、块石,以及由水流携带的粘性土共同堆积而形成的一种沉积形态,并且现在仍在发生和发展中。它是一种金属矿岩溶堆积形态的新类型。Kcd常形成井下突泥,给矿山施工带来极大危害。 相似文献
4.
在分析矿业开发引起水土环境演化基础上，探讨了产生水土环境演化的形成机制，进而对调控水土环境的技术途径，工艺流程和技术关键进行了研究，尤其阐述了近年来研制和开发的一些有效的新技术，如两段接触生物氧化净化技术，地学－生态工程学技术和沙地净化技术处理矿山废水，利用矸石无复土生物快速复垦技术，生态农业复垦技术和泥浆泵复垦技术，通过研究认为，今后应继续加强和完善已有新技术，进一步找到经济，可靠的技术集成，以有效地保护矿山水土环境，实现煤炭工业的可持续发展。 相似文献
5.
6.
海相碳酸盐的沉淀方式被认为与水体氧化还原条件密切相关,即太古宙至古元古代缺氧的铁化海水中碳酸盐沉淀抑制剂Fe2+和Mn2+强力抑制灰泥在水柱中成核,但允许文石直接在海底生长,从而导致大量文石以海底沉淀方式产出,而新元古代适度的氧化海水则有利于灰泥以水柱沉淀方式形成。然而,碳酸盐沉淀方式的长期变化还可能受控于其他因素,其与海水氧化还原条件之间的关系还需要通过大量具体实例来验证。针对上述科学问题,笔者选择碳酸盐沉淀方式尚处于过渡时期的华北中元古界碳酸盐岩为研究对象,开展碳酸盐沉淀方式及与之对应的氧化还原条件研究。结果表明,华北高于庄组三段(约1.56 Ga)、雾迷山组四段下部(约1.48 Ga)和铁岭组二段(约1.44 Ga)发育大量灰泥水柱沉淀,其Ⅰ/(Ca+Mg)值较高(普遍大于0.5 μmol/mol)、Ce负异常(低至0.8),指示适度氧化的条件;而高于庄组四段下部(约1.55 Ga)和雾迷山组二段中部(约1.50 Ga)则发育大量纤维状文石海底沉淀,其Ⅰ/(Ca+Mg)值约为0,指示次氧化至缺氧的环境。因此,本研究首次用大量实例证实了前寒武纪海水氧化还原条件对碳酸盐沉淀方式的重要调控作用,并且后者可作为海水氧化还原条件分析的重要指标,适用于高效开展长序列、多剖面的低氧背景下前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层的氧化还原条件分析。 相似文献
7.
S. Huang 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(1):65-39
Elemental composition of the particle flux at the Oceanic Flux Program (OFP) time-series site off Bermuda was measured from January 2002 to March 2005. Eighteen elements (Mg, Al, Si, P, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Cd, Ba and Pb) in sediment trap material from 500, 1500 and 3200 m depths were quantified using fusion-HR-ICPMS. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was used to elucidate sources, elemental associations and processes that affect geochemical behavior in the water column.Results provide evidence for intense elemental cycling between the sinking flux material and the dissolved and suspended pools within mesopelagic and bathypelagic waters. Biological processing and remineralization rapidly deplete the sinking flux material in organic matter and associated elements (N, P, Cd, Zn) between 500 and 1500 m depth. Suspended particle aggregation, authigenic mineral precipitation, and chemical scavenging enriches the flux material in lithogenic minerals, barite and redox sensitive elements (Mn, Co, V, Fe). A large increase in the flux of lithogenic elements is observed with depth and confirms that the northeast Sargasso is a significant sink for advected continental materials, likely supplied via Gulf Stream circulation.PMF resolved major sources that contribute to sinking flux at all depths (carbonate, high-Mg carbonate, opal, organic matter, lithogenic material, and barite) as well as additional depth-specific elemental associations that contribute about half of the compositional variability in the flux. PMF solutions indicate close geochemical associations of barite-opal, Cd-P, Zn-Co, Zn-Pb and redox sensitive elements in the sinking flux material at 500 m depth. Major reorganizations of element associations occur as labile carrier phases break down and elements redistribute among new carrier phases deeper in the water column.Factor scores show strong covariation and similar temporal phasing among the three trap depths and indicate a tight coupling in particle flux compositional variability throughout the water column. Seasonality in flux composition is primarily driven by dilution of the lithogenic component with freshly-produced biogenic material during the late winter primary production maximum. Temporal trends in scores reveal subtle non-seasonal changes in flux composition occurring on month long timescales. This non-seasonal variability may be driven by changes in the biogeochemical properties of intermediate water masses that pass through the region and which affect rates of chemical scavenging and/or aggregation within the water column. 相似文献
8.
尧峪金矿区超厚水敏性风化层,在钻进过程中遇到坍塌、掉块、事故频繁发生等问题,采用常规护壁措施并没有取得预想的效果。通过试验应用PAB不分散聚合物泥浆和钾基处理的聚合物泥浆,取得了良好的效果,顺利完成了ZK604孔的钻探施工,为该矿区今后的钻探工作提供了一些可供参考的经验。介绍了该矿区钻探施工的难题以及采取的泥浆技术措施。 相似文献
9.
地下水的化学特征是围岩矿物和水流之间内在关系所形成的结果,决定于地下水运动时接触的围岩成分,水文地质条件和氧化还原环境等。地下水的水化学成份及不同离子含量的多少,与其赋存条件有着十分密切的关系。通过对矿区主要含水层水样常规水质分析,研究矿区地下水的水化学成份及其背景含量特征,研究和分析矿区不同地下水含水层水化学特征,从而揭示矿区水文地质条件。 相似文献
10.
Interest in palustrine carbonates and calcretes has increased over the last 20 years since they contain significant environmental information. Much of the work performed in this area has focused on either of two types of terrestrial carbonate—palustrine carbonates or calcretes (pedogenic and groundwater)—yet their simultaneous study shows there may be a gradual transition from one form to the other, revealing the interplay between pedogenic, sedimentary, and diagenetic processes. Three main factors control the formation of these carbonates: the position of the water table, the host rock, and the period of sub-aerial exposure. In pedogenic calcretes, precipitation of carbonate takes places mostly in the vadose zone above the water table, and within a previous host rock or sediment. In groundwater calcretes, the precipitation of carbonate also occurs within a previous host rock and around the groundwater table. In palustrine carbonates, however, the precipitation of lime mud occurs in a lacustrine water body. Palustrine carbonates necessarily form on previous lacustrine mud, whereas both types of calcretes may form on any type of sediment or soil. The sub-aerial exposure time needed to form palustrine carbonates may by relatively short (even a season), whereas pedogenic calcretes need more time (several years to millions of years). Groundwater calcretes do not form on the topographic surfaces, so there is no need of sub-aerial exposure. However, stable surfaces favour the development of thick groundwater calcretes. Small fluctuations in the water table cause gradual transitions of these three types of terrestrial carbonates and the subsequent mixture of their characteristic features, causing difficulties in the interpretation of these carbonates.
The formation of these carbonates is controlled by palaeoenvironmental factors. Both commonly form in semi-arid climates. Arid climates are also suitable for calcretes, but sub-humid conditions are more suitable for palustrine carbonates. More indications of climatic conditions may be obtained through the analysis of the δ18O content of both calcretes and palustrine carbonates, and from the depth of the horizon containing carbonate nodules in pedogenic calcretes. Vegetation is also important in the formation of these types of carbonates. Data on the prevailing vegetation can be obtained from the analysis of the micro and macrofabric as well as from the δ13C signal of the primary carbonates, which, in pedogenic carbonates, has also been used to estimate atmospheric pCO2 during the Phanerozoic. These terrestrial carbonates are widely distributed on floodplains and distal areas of alluvial basins. Their presence and characteristics can be used as indicators of aggradation, subsidence or accommodation rates, and therefore as indicators of different tectonic regimes.
Even though the study of these carbonates has notably increased in recent years, much less is known about them than about marine carbonates. Presently, there is much emphasis on obtaining a general model for sequence stratigraphy in terrestrial basins, with a need to include the carbonates analysed in this paper. 相似文献
11.
Short-term changes in water chemistry, and especially in dissolved trace element concentrations, associated with diel cycles during base-flow conditions at a specific sampling station in the Baccu Locci stream draining the homonymous old mine area in Sardinia (Italy) were investigated. Diel fluctuations in pH and alkalinity were correlated with the temperature-dependent CO2 solubility and the biologically-induced CO2 production, both of which were higher during the night. Adsorption/desorption to/from streambed material, in particular ferrihydrite, is believed to be the main in-stream mechanism causing the observed diel variations in dissolved concentrations of As and Zn. Arsenic was mainly affected by the dual action of temperature and competing carbonate ions, whereas pH seemed less important. Temperature acted in accordance with the exothermic feature of anion sorption onto hydrous metal oxide surfaces; aqueous carbonate species exerted their competitive effect in relation to alkalinity variation. Zinc was primarily affected by temperature, in accordance with the endothermic feature of metal cation sorption onto hydrous metal oxide surfaces, and secondly by pH. Co-precipitation of As and Zn with calcite is another possible mechanism, which requires further investigation involving examination of inorganic and biological materials coating the streambed. All these processes potentially controlling the diel cycles of trace elements should be carefully considered to assess the effectiveness of remediation actions currently in progress at Baccu Locci. A normalization method for data from asynchronous sampling has been developed and proposed in order to eliminate or at least attenuate the effect of sampling time and provide an additional tool to identify the processes/mechanisms involved in trace element concentration fluctuations observed along a contaminated stream during base-flow conditions. 相似文献
12.
Morphological instabilities in periodic patterns occurring both in precipitation and crystallization processes (Liesegang rings and crystal zoning) are investigated and compared with similar patterns in geological samples (zebra rocks and mud bands in snow sediments). In classical Liesegang systems, undisturbed parallel or concentric precipitation bands are emanated from even or concentric diffusion sources in homogeneous diffusion matrices of gelatine or other gels. In the case of superposing diffusion sources, sources with undulatory curvatures or local diffusion barriers there may occur several types of instabilities within the sequence of regular patterns: (a) gaps within the bands forming radial alleys free of precipitate, (b) transition from broken bands to speckled patterns and (c) apparent branching of bands linked together by so-called anastomoses. Calculations with a competitive particle growth (CPG) model show that lateral instabilities in Liesegang bands (gaps and radial alleys of gaps) are the result of Ostwald ripening effects taking place after precipitation. Apparent branching of bands or formation of anastomoses can be simulated with a prenucleation model according to Ostwald's supersaturation theory. Similar irregularities can be observed in zebra rocks (e.g. banded siderite) whose bandings are commonly explained by sequential sedimentation processes. A very different mechanism is assumed to be responsible for the origin of mud bands in snow sediments. An initially homogeneous distribution of intrinsic mud in snow sediments can be arranged into parallel bands according to a crystal zoning mechanism which is based on repeated thawing and freezing of the snow sediment due to the daily alternation of sun and darkness. 相似文献
13.
Xiaosi Su Shuai Lu Wenzhen Yuan Nam Chil Woo Zhenxue Dai Weihong Dong Shanghai Du Xinyue Zhang 《Hydrogeology Journal》2018,26(5):1573-1589
The spatial and temporal distribution of redox zones in an aquifer is important when designing groundwater supply systems. Redox zonation can have direct or indirect control of the biological and chemical reactions and mobility of pollutants. In this study, redox conditions are characterized by interpreting the hydrogeological conditions and water chemistry in groundwater during bank infiltration at a site in Shenyang, northeast China. The relevant redox processes and zonal differences in a shallow flow path and deeper flow path at the field scale were revealed by monitoring the redox parameters and chemistry of groundwater near the Liao River. The results show obvious horizontal and vertical components of redox zones during bank filtration. Variations in the horizontal extent of the redox zone were controlled by the different permeabilities of the riverbed sediments and aquifer with depth. Horizontally, the redox zone was situated within 17 m of the riverbank for the shallow flow path and within 200 m for the deep flow path. The vertical extent of the redox zone was affected by precipitation and seasonal river floods and extended to 10 m below the surface. During bank filtration, iron and manganese oxides or hydroxides were reductively dissolved, and arsenic that was adsorbed onto the medium surface or coprecipitated is released into the groundwater. This leads to increased arsenic content in groundwater, which poses a serious threat to water supply security. 相似文献
14.
Simona Regenspurg Mashal Alawi Guido Blöcher Maria Börger Stefan Kranz Ben Norden Ali Saadat Traugott Scheytt Lioba Virchow Andrea Vieth-Hillebrand 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(13):516
After completion of an exploration well, sandstones of the Exter Formation were hydraulically tested to determine the hydraulic properties and to evaluate chemical and microbial processes caused by drilling and water production. The aim was to determine the suitability of the formation as a reservoir for aquifer thermal energy storage. The tests revealed a hydraulic conductivity of 1–2 E-5 m/s of the reservoir, resulting in a productivity index of 0.6–1 m3/h/bar. A hydraulic connection of the Exter Formation to the overlaying, artesian “Rupelbasissand” cannot be excluded. Water samples were collected for chemical and microbiological analyses. The water was similarly composed as sea water with a maximum salinity of 24.9 g/L, dominated by NaCl (15.6 g/L Cl and 7.8 g/L Na). Until the end of the tests, the water was affected by drilling mud as indicated by the high pH (8.9) and high bicarbonate concentration (359 mg/L) that both resulted from the impact of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) additives. The high amount of dissolved organic matter (>?58 mg/L) and its molecular-weight distribution pattern indicated that residues of cellulose, an ingredient of the drilling mud, were still present at the end of the tests. Clear evidence of this contamination gave the measured uranine that was added as a tracer into the drilling mud. During fluid production, the microbial community structure and abundance changed and correlated with the content of drilling mud. Eight taxa of sulfate-reducing bacteria, key organisms in processes like bio-corrosion and bio-clogging, were identified. It can be assumed that their activity will be affected during usage of the reservoir. 相似文献
15.
露天煤矿长时间大流量疏排降水导致矿区地下水资源严重浪费、井田周围生态环境急剧退化、生产运行成本大幅增加,截水帷幕技术为露天矿山地下水控制提供了新的思路。槽段稳定性直接关系到截水帷幕施工安全、成槽效率及防渗效果。为探讨矿山截水帷幕砂卵石地层在成槽时长幅槽段的稳定性,以我国内蒙古东部某露天煤矿为例,采用二维和三维水平条分法对砂卵石地层长幅槽段稳定性影响因素及规律进行研究,并对比分析二维与三维水平条分法在安全系数计算结果上的差异;借助FLAC3D软件模拟分析砂卵石地层分别开挖17.5、22.5 m 2种长度时槽段的稳定性;结合上述分析结果给出砂卵石地层长幅槽段稳定性控制措施;再通过超声波测试手段验证长幅槽段稳定性及控制效果。研究结果表明:影响槽段稳定性的主要因素有地层岩土体性质、槽段开挖深度、泥浆液面、泥浆密度、泥浆液面与地下水位高差及单幅槽段长度;调整泥浆参数、提高泥浆液面、降低地下水位、优化成槽次序及控制成槽时间等措施可以增加长幅槽段的稳定性;该地层条件下单幅槽段长度不超过21 m时,槽段可以保持直立稳定,长幅成槽技术可行。 相似文献
16.
《Applied Geochemistry》2005,20(2):275-293
The recently developed geochemical modelling code, SULFIDOX, has been applied to simulate weathering of a waste rock dump at the Aitik mine site, Sweden. SULFIDOX models the key chemical and physical processes in the dump temporally and spatially (in two dimensions). The following processes are represented: gas and heat transport; water infiltration; aqueous speciation; mineral dissolution/oxidation and precipitation.Field observations at the site suggest that sulphide oxidation rates within the dump are variable. Although the major part of the dump is oxidising slowly, there are pockets of more highly oxidising material, particularly toward the dump edges. Using SULFIDOX, several models of the dump were investigated: (i) a dump wholly comprised of slowly oxidising material (representing a case where water flow paths are such that no rapidly oxidising regions are accessed); (ii) a dump wholly comprised of the more rapidly oxidising material (representing the opposite (and probably unlikely) extreme, where water flows only through rapidly oxidising regions in the dump); and (iii) a dump comprising a mixture of both slowly and more rapidly oxidising material, that more closely represents the mix of material in the dump.All the models studied gave O2 depth profiles consistent with those observed in probe holes at the site, and confirmed that only a minimal amount of heat production would be expected in the dump due to the role of exothermic sulphide oxidation reactions. The models suggested that a medium-term steady-state, with respect to effluent chemistry, would be achieved after 3–4 years. Based on sulphide consumption rates during this steady-state period, the time periods required to consume all the sulphide in the dump range from a few hundred to many thousands of years. Using the mixed model, and based on a mixture containing 86% slowly and 14% rapidly oxidising material, the calculated effluent chemistry was in good agreement with the observed effluent chemistry. Improvements with respect to the K concentrations were possible by including precipitation of a K-bearing secondary mineral such a K-jarosite in the model. Results from the more rapidly oxidising model suggested that gypsum precipitation might be expected in those regions of the dump containing this material.In summary, the SULFIDOX modelling code has been used successfully to reproduce observed data for the Aitik waste-rock dump. Using SULFIDOX, valuable insight was gained in relation to the temporal and spatial evolution of the dump. 相似文献
17.
水平定向钻进（HofizontNDirecfionl Drilling,简称HDD）是采用安装于地表的钻孔设备。对于大直径管道来说,工程竣工后在钻孔和管道之间要留下300mm-400mm的环状间隙。要对泥浆固结后进行应力应变的分析,前提是要知道环空泥浆的固结时间。而传统测量环空泥浆的固结时间的方法存在着很多问题与缺陷,这也导致了时间检测上面误差较大,从而耽误了研究泥浆固结后受力分析的最佳时间。因此,弄清泥浆固结时间的变化规律非常必要,而目前国内在判定泥浆固结时间的方法上仍处于空白阶段。针对这一状况．本人设计采用两种方法进行固结时间的判定,通过湿度传感器测量环空泥浆间隙的水蒸气含量进行泥浆固结时间的判定。 相似文献
18.
This paper presents the experimental study for the physical-mechanical-chemical behaviour of the mud stone for one open pit coal mine. The experimental results indicate that large amount water affinity and colloid material are contained in the mud stone. It is find out that the mud stone under investigation has loose structure and high degree of saturation. The relation between the number of dynamical loading cycle and the strength, deformation of mud stone. It is find out that the mud stone under investigation has loose structure and high degree of saturation. The relation between the number of dynamical loading cycle and the strength, deformation of mud stone is obtained through the dynamical triaxiali shear tests. The failure mechanism under different confine stress and the relation between the moisture content and the strength of the mud stone are also investigated. Finally, the displacement under wheel points and the deformation and non-homogenous road base under different loading by finit element analysis are given in this paper. 相似文献
19.
Pore water geochemistry near the sediment-water interface of a zoned, freshwater wetland in the southeastern United States 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Sediment and its associated pore water were collected from a zoned, freshwater, riparian wetland, located in the Talladega
National Forest, northeastern Hale County, Alabama, to study the porewater chemistry and its spatial changes within and between
the wetland ecological zones. Obvious changes in pH, Eh and element concentrations were observed between the different wetland
ecological zones. Major cations (Ca, Mg, and Na) and trace elements (B, Ba, Sr, and Mn) have very good spatial correlation
with Fe and Mn distributions, both in the pore water and the sediment, suggesting that adsorption on, and desorption from,
iron and manganese oxyhydroxides are important processes controlling the distributions of these elements in the wetland sediment.
However, an equilibrium adsorption model is not able to explain the distribution of trace elements between the pore water
and sediment. A redox kinetic model gives similar vertical profiles for iron and the correlated elements as those measured
in the field and thus suggests that the relative rates of ferrous iron oxidation and the reductive dissolution of ferric iron
in the sediment are important variables determining the distributions of these elements in the wetland pore waters.
Received: 31 October 1996 · Accepted: 27 May 1997 相似文献
20.
本文对某大型露天煤矿一坑道泥岩的物理力学和物理化学特性的试验研究进行了全面的介绍。试验结果表明泥岩中含有的大量亲水性粘土矿物和少量的水稳性胶结物质及其较松弛的结构和高的含水量是泥岩物理力学特性形成和演变的基本因素。本文给出了在动态荷载作用下泥岩的强度与重复荷载次数之间的关系,泥岩在不同围压条件下的破坏机理以及泥岩强度与含水量之间的关系。最后,通过有限元的分析计算得出了均质泥岩路基与非均质(层状)泥岩路基的变形与轮压下的位移值。 相似文献