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1.
On the basis of investigations on the composition and contents of heavy metals in the domestic refuse in the Three-Gorges region of the Yangtze River, in combination with the experimental results, this paper deals with the distribution rule of heavy metals in the various compartments of an incineration system： leachate pool, fly ash and residue. It is concluded that in the leachate pool heavy metals should not be neglectable since about 30% of Pb and 10% of Cr are leached here; in the incineration system, above 74% of Cr, As and Pb exists in residue; above 96% of Hg exists in fly ash and the contents of Cd in fly ash are close to those of residue. It is also concluded that the physical conditions of incineration have a significant influence on the distribution of heavy metals in the incineration system.  相似文献   

2.
The Lower Cretaceous strata in the Kuqa Basin in Xinjiang are marked by a set of arid red beds. Several types of sedimentary fades can be identified in this set of arid red beds: mudstones of the plaza and intracontinental sebkha, aeolian sandstones, sandy conglomerates of the intermittent river, conglomerates of the pluvial fan, etc. These types of sedimentary facies constitute a typical desert system. Therefore, the Cretaceous strata in the Kuqa Basin provide a favorable condition for studies of sequence stratigraphic divisions of the desert system. With the rise and fall of the base level of the sedimentary basin, cyclicity is clearly revealed in stratigraphic records, which helps the identification of the third-order sequences. Based on the cyclicity in stratigraphic records, 5 third-order sequences can be found in the strata of the Early Cretaceous in the Kuqa Basin. These sequences comprise a second-order tectonic  相似文献   

3.
Lead （Pb）, as an environmental hormone, acts as an estrogen in animal and human bodies, and its environmental pollution can result in many procreant anomalies, such as maladjustment of incretion, weakening of procreation function and descending of genital immunity. Experiments on pot-growth of paddies and corns in this study indicated that these crops did not show any macro-toxic symptoms in the observed contents of Pb added （0-4000 mg/kg） in soils. However, lead in soils can be easily absorbed by crops and accumulated in the different parts of plants. Statistical analysis showed that Pb contents in the crops are strongly positively correlated to the Pb contents in soils. In the crops, the Pb contents of roots are highest, tens to thousands of times those of straws and seeds. It is suggested that the root is a barrier of Pb absorbed by straws and seeds. Based on this fact, Pb pollution in soils can be gradually reduced by planting crops and subsequently removing the roots from the soil. This biotechnology may be used in environmental remediation, which embraces the quality of sustainable agricultural economy and a healthy environment.  相似文献   

4.
Tectonic Evolution and Petroleum Systems in the Junggar Basin   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The Junggar basin is located in the northern part of Xinjiang of China. It is part of the Kazakstan plate, surrounded by the Paleozoic folded mountains: the Halaart, Zayier and Chepaizi Mountains in the northwest, the Qingelidi and Karamaili Mountains in the northeast, and the Tianshan Mountains in the south. In different evolution stages, the basin's types are different, and the stratigraphy and deposition are also different. From the Carboniferous to Tertiary the basin has in turn gone through rift basin, collision foreland basin, intraplate depression basin and regenerated foreland basin. Based on an analysis of thermal evolution history and buried history of the source rocks, three major periods of oil generation are found in the basin. According to the characteristics of source rock distribution, evolution, oil-source correlation, structure and multi-phase and mixed pools, the Junggar basin could be divided into 4 composite petroleum systems. Due to the variation in sedimentary facies, difference in  相似文献   

5.
<正>Epaxial tendons play an important role in the study of the musculoskeletal system and locomotory style of dinosaurs.Although the ossified epaxial tendon lattice is fairly well known in Iguanodontoidea,only recently has knowledge of this complex been extended to ceratopsians.This study concerns the gross morphology and microstructure of the tendon lattice in Psittacosaurus,a basal ceratopsian.As in the neoceratopsian Chasmosaurus,the ossified tendons of Psittacosaurus form a three-layered, lattice-like structure.The microstructure of the tendons in large psittacosaur individuals retains an early stage of ossification,as in juvenile birds and nestling hadrosaurs,suggesting a slow developmental rate of ossification of the tendons in psittacosaur ontogeny.Comparative study indicates that a lattice-like arrangement of three-layered epaxial tendons is widely distributed in Cerapoda.This pattern also extends to Ankylosauria,implying a similar pattern of the epaxial muscles through the ornithischian clade.In addition,comparison with crocodiles implies that the different morphology of ossified tendons in dinosaurs may be associated with adaptive aspects of their paleobiology,not simply a side effect of skeletal ossification.In contrast to the short tendons in quadrupedal Chasmosaurus and Protoceratops,the elongated tendons in Psittacosaurus may be related to the bipedal locomotion characteristic of this taxon.  相似文献   

6.
Firstly, the macroscopic chemical equilibrium state of a series of chemical reactions between intercrystal brine and its media salt layer （salt deposit） in Qarhan Salt Lake was studied by using the Pitzer theory. The concept of macroscopic solubility product and its relation with accumulated ore dissolving ratio were presented, which are used in the numerical model of dissolving and driving exploitation of potassium salt in Qarhan Salt Lake. And secondly, with a model forming idea of transport model for reacting solutes in the multi-component fresh groundwater system in porous media being a reference, a two-dimensional transport model coupled with a series of chemical reactions in a multi-component brine porous system （salt deposits） was developed by using the Pitzer theory. Meanwhile, the model was applied to model potassium/magnesium transport in Qarhan Salt Lake in order to study the transfer law of solid and liquid phases in the dissolving and driving process and to design the optimal injection/abstraction strategy for dissolving and capturing maximum Potassium/ Magnesium in the mining of salt deposits in Qarhan Salt Lake.  相似文献   

7.
In the future time the exploration of marine oil and gas will be one of the significant domains in China. In this paper the biomarker assemblage characteristics of oilshow in the Nanlinghu Formation of the Majiashan profile, which is located in Chaoxian County, south of Anhui Province, are described in the light of gas chromatography/mass spectrometric （GCMS） analysis on the qualitative and quantitative basis. Based on the investigation of the biomarker assemblage characteristics of possible source rocks developed in the area studied, a conclusion is drawn that the oilshow was generated from the Nanlinghu Formation source rocks （abbreviated as Tin）, instead of the Qixia Formation source rocks （abbreviated as P1q）. It is pointed out that the Tin is of strong potential for future oil exploration, and therefore much attention should be paid to it.  相似文献   

8.
Overpressure systems are widely developed in the central depression and paleo-uplift in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins. They can be divided into three types according to the origin of abnormally high formation pressure in the reservoirs, i.e. the autochthonous, vertically-transmitted and laterally-transmitted types. The autochthonous overpressure system results from rapid disequilibrium sediment loading and compaction. In the allochthonous overpressure system, the increase of fluid pressure in sandstone originates from the invasion of overpressured fluid flowing vertically or laterally through the conduit units. The autochthonous overpressure system occurs in the deep-lying strata of Neogene age in the central depression of the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins. The vertically transmitted overpressure system is developed in the shallow strata of Late Miocene and Pliocene ages in the diapiric zone of the central Yinggehai basin, and the laterally transmitted overpressure system occurs in the Oligo  相似文献   

9.
Obvious differences in mineralization characteristics exist between the southern and northern parts of the eastern part of the Jiangnan Uplift in northern Jiangxi Province and southern Anhui Province. The regional metallogeny is discussed, and the ore-forming fluid systems are classified in this article. It is proposed that the fluid ore-forming activities in the Jiangnan Uplift both in northern Jiangxi and southern Anhui have close relationships with the crust-mantle interaction and magmatic-tectonic activities. The types and scales of the mineralization on the both sides of the eastern Jiangnan Uplift were determined by fluid ore-forming systems and geological backgrounds.  相似文献   

10.
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11.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112000369   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
A numerical model is developed for describing the transport of virus in a fracture-matrix coupled system with fracture-skin.An advective dispersive virus transport equation,including firstorder sorption and inactivation constant is used for simulating the movement of viruses.Implicit finite-difference numerical technique is used to solve the coupled non-linear governing equations for the triple continuum model consisting of fracture,fracture-skin and the rock-matrix.A varying grid is adopted at the fracture and fracture-skin interface to capture the mass transfer.Sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the effect of various properties of the fracture-skin as well as viruses on the virus concentration in the fractured formation with fracture-skin.Simulation results suggest that the virus concentration in the fracture decreases with increment in the fracture-skin porosity,fracture-skin diffusion coefficient,mass transfer coefficient,inactivation constant and sorption distribution coefficient, and with reduction in the fracture aperture.  相似文献   

12.
In this study, the behavior of thermal fronts along the fracture is studied in the presence of fracture-skin in a coupled fracture-matrix system. Cold water is injected into the fracture, which advances gradually towards production well, while extracting heat from the surrounding reservoir matrix. The heat conduction into the fracture-skin and the rock-matrix from the high permeability fracture is assumed to be one dimensional perpendicular to the axis of fluid flow along the fracture. Constant temperature cold water is injected through an injection well at the fracture inlet. The fluid flow takes place along the horizontal fracture which ensures connectivity between the injection and production wells. Since the rock-matrix is assumed to be tight, the permeability of fracture-skin as well as the rock-matrix is neglected. The present study focuses on the heat flux transfer at the fracture-skin interface as against the earlier studies on fracture-matrix interface, and the sensitivity of additional heterogeneity in the form of fracture skin in a conventional fracture-matrix coupled system is studied. The behavior of thermal fronts for various thermal conductivity values of the fracture-skin and rock-matrix is analyzed. Spatial moment analysis is performed on the thermal distribution profiles resulting from numerical studies in order to investigate the impact on mobility and dispersion behavior of the fluid in the presence of fracture-skin. The presence of fracture skin affects the heat transfer significantly in the coupled fracture-matrix system. The lower order spatial moments indicate that the effective thermal velocity increases with increase in skin thermal conductivity and a significant thermal dispersion is observed at the inlet of the fracture owing to the high thermal conductivity of the fracture-skin at the early stages. Furthermore the higher spatial moments indicate that the asymmetricity increases with decrease in skin thermal conductivity unlike the case with half fracture aperture and fluid velocity and the kurtosis is maximum with higher skin thermal conductivity which implies enhanced heat extraction from the fracture-skin into the fracture. Results suggest that the amount of heat extraction by the circulating fluid within the fracture from the reservoir not only depends on the rock-matrix module of the reservoir characteristics but also the fracture-skin characteristics of the system and subsequently influence the reservoir efficiency.  相似文献   

13.
A numerical model is presented to describe the evolution of fracture aperture (and related permeability) mediated by the competing chemical processes of pressure solution and free‐face dissolution/precipitation; pressure (dis)solution and precipitation effect net‐reduction in aperture and free‐face dissolution effects net‐increase. These processes are incorporated to examine coupled thermo‐hydro‐mechano‐chemo responses during a flow‐through experiment, and applied to reckon the effect of forced fluid injection within rock fractures at geothermal and petroleum sites. The model accommodates advection‐dominant transport systems by employing the Lagrangian–Eulerian method. This enables changes in aperture and solute concentration within a fracture to be followed with time for arbitrary driving effective stresses, fluid and rock temperatures, and fluid flow rates. This allows a systematic evaluation of evolving linked mechanical and chemical processes. Changes in fracture aperture and solute concentration tracked within a well‐constrained flow‐through test completed on a natural fracture in novaculite (Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2006, in press) are compared with the distributed parameter model. These results show relatively good agreement, excepting an enigmatic abrupt reduction in fracture aperture in the early experimental period, suggesting that other mechanisms such as mechanical creep and clogging induced by unanticipated local precipitation need to be quantified and incorporated. The model is applied to examine the evolution in fracture permeability for different inlet conditions, including localized (rather than distributed) injection. Predictions show the evolution of preferential flow paths driven by dissolution, and also define the sense of permeability evolution at field scale. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

14.
This study deals with transport of solutes through a saturated sub-surface rock formation with well-defined horizontal parallel fractures. For this purpose, a simplified conceptual model consisting of a single fracture and its associated rock-matrix is considered in the presence of a fracture-skin in order to study the mobility and mixing of solutes along the fracture. In this paper, a coupled fracture-skin-matrix system is modeled numerically using finite difference method in a pseudo two-dimensional domain with a constant continuous source at fracture inlet. Flow and transport processes are considered parallel to the fracture axis, while the transport processes in fracture-skin as well as in rock-matrix are considered perpendicular to the fracture axis. Having obtained the concentration distribution along the fracture, method of spatial moments is employed to study the mobility and spreading of solutes. Sensitivity analyses have been done to understand the effect of various fracture-skin parameters like porosity, thickness, and diffusion coefficient. Further, the influence of non-linear sorption and radioactive decaying of solutes are carried out for different sorption intensities and decay constants. Results suggest that the presence of fracture-skin significantly influences the mobility and spreading of solutes along the fracture in comparison with a coupled fracture-matrix system without fracture-skin.  相似文献   

15.
Examining the evolution of fracture permeability under stressed and temperature-elevated conditions, a series of flow-through experiments on a single rock fracture in granite has been conducted under confining pressures of 5 and 10 MPa, under differential water pressures ranging from 0.04 to 0.5 MPa, and at temperatures of 20–90 °C, for several hundred hours in each experiment. Measurements of fluid and dissolved mass fluxes, and post-experimental microscopy, were conducted to constrain the progress of mineral dissolution and/or precipitation and to examine its effect on transport properties. Generally, the fracture aperture monotonically decreased with time at room temperature, and reached a steady state in relatively short periods (i.e., <400 h). However, once the temperature was elevated to 90 °C, the aperture resumed decreasing and kept decreasing throughout the rest of the experimental periods. This reduction may result from the removal of the mineral mass from the bridging asperities within the fracture. Post-experimental observations by scanning electron microscopy, coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), revealed the formation of several kinds of secondary minerals such as silica and calcite. However, the precipitated minerals seemed to have had little influence on the flow characteristics within the fracture, because the precipitation was limited to quite local and small areas. The evolving rates and ultimate magnitudes of the fracture aperture are likely to be controlled by the stress exerted over the contacting asperities and temperatures, and by the prescribed flow conditions. Thus, this complex behavior should be attributed to the coupled chemically- and mechanically-induced effect. A coupled chemo–mechano conceptual model, accounting for pressure and free-face dissolutions, is presented in this paper to follow the evolution of the fracture permeability observed in the flow-through experiments. This model addresses the two dissolution processes at the contacting asperities and the free walls within the fractures, and is also capable of describing multi-mineral dissolution behavior. The model shows that the evolution of a fracture aperture (or related permeability) and of element concentrations may be followed with time under arbitrary temperature and pressure conditions. The model predictions for the evolving fracture aperture and elements concentrations show a relatively good agreement with the experimental measurements, although it is not possible to replicate the abrupt reduction observed in the early periods of the experiments, which is likely to be due to an unaccounted mechanism of more stress-mediated fracture compaction driven by the fracturing of the propping asperities.  相似文献   

16.
This paper presents the development of a discrete fracture model of fully coupled compressible fluid flow, adsorption and geomechanics to investigate the dynamic behaviour of fractures in coal. The model is applied in the study of geological carbon dioxide sequestration and differs from the dual porosity model developed in our previous work, with fractures now represented explicitly using lower-dimensional interface elements. The model consists of the fracture-matrix fluid transport model, the matrix deformation model and the stress-strain model for fracture deformation. A sequential implicit numerical method based on Galerkin finite element is employed to numerically solve the coupled governing equations, and verification is completed using published solutions as benchmarks. To explore the dynamic behaviour of fractures for understanding the process of carbon sequestration in coal, the model is used to investigate the effects of gas injection pressure and composition, adsorption and matrix permeability on the dynamic behaviour of fractures. The numerical results indicate that injecting nonadsorbing gas causes a monotonic increase in fracture aperture; however, the evolution of fracture aperture due to gas adsorption is complex due to the swelling-induced transition from local swelling to macro swelling. The change of fracture aperture is mainly controlled by the normal stress acting on the fracture surface. The fracture aperture initially increases for smaller matrix permeability and then declines after reaching a maximum value. When the local swelling becomes global, fracture aperture starts to rebound. However, when the matrix permeability is larger, the fracture aperture decreases before recovering to a higher value and remaining constant. Gas mixtures containing more carbon dioxide lead to larger closure of fracture aperture compared with those containing more nitrogen.  相似文献   

17.
Transient changes in the permeability of fractures in systems driven far‐from‐equilibrium are described in terms of proxy roles of stress, temperature and chemistry. The combined effects of stress and temperature are accommodated in the response of asperity bridges where mineral mass is mobilized from the bridge to the surrounding fluid. Mass balance within the fluid accommodates mineral mass either removed from the flow system by precipitation or advection, or augmented by either dissolution or advection. Where the system is hydraulically closed and initially at equilibrium, reduction in aperture driven by the effects of applied stresses and temperatures will be augmented by precipitation on the fracture walls. Where the system is open, the initial drop in aperture may continue, and accelerate, where the influent fluid is oversaturated with respect to the equilibrium mineral concentration within the fluid, or may reverse, if undersaturated. This simple zero‐dimensional model is capable of representing the intricate behavior observed in experiments where the feasibility of fracture sealing concurrent with net dissolution is observed. This zero‐order model is developed as a constitutive model capable of representing key aspects of changes in the transport parameters of the continuum response of fractured media to changes in stress, temperature and chemistry. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

18.
Two-dimensional reactive transport modeling of the Maqarin Eastern Springs site, a natural analogue for the alteration of a fractured limestone by high-pH Portland cement waters, has been performed using the CrunchFlow code. These 2D calculations included transport by advection–dispersion–diffusion along a single fracture and diffusion in the wall rock. Solute transport was coupled to mineral dissolution and precipitation. A limited sensitivity analysis evaluated the effect of different values of primary mineral surface areas, flow velocity and sulfate concentration of the inflowing high-pH solution.Major secondary minerals include ettringite–thaumasite, C–S–H/C–A–S–H and calcite. C–S–H/C–A–S–H precipitation is controlled by the dissolution of primary silicates. Ettringite precipitation is controlled by diffusion of sulfate and aluminum from the wall rock to the fracture, with aluminum provided by the dissolution of albite. Calcite precipitation is controlled by diffusion of carbonate from the wall rock. Extents of porosity sealing along the fracture and in the fracture-wall rock interface depend on assumptions regarding flow velocity and composition of the high-pH solution. The multiple episodes of fracture sealing and reactivation evidenced in the fracture infills were not included in the simulations. Results can qualitatively reproduce the reported decrease in porosity in the fractures and in the wall rock next to the fractures. Instances of porosity increase next to fractures caused by carbonate dissolution were not reproduced by the calculations.  相似文献   

19.
建立了一个综合的构造流体成矿体系的反应输运力学耦合动力学模型。利用有限元方法求解岩石变形、断裂作用和断裂网络统计动力学、流体流动、有机和无机地球化学反应及成岩成矿作用、压力溶液和其它压实力学、热迁移的方程组 ,可以对构造流体成矿体系的动力学演化过程进行 1～ 3维数值模拟。模拟的主要内容是在各种过程耦合作用下描述构造流体成矿体系的主要变量的时空演化 :( 1)与成矿流体的形成和性质有关的变量 ,如地层中矿物 (包括成矿物质 )的溶解速率、流体中各组分的浓度与饱和度、流体温度、压力、离子强度等 ;( 2 )与构造变形和流体运移有关的各变量 ,如应力与变形速率、岩石孔隙度、构造 (断裂 )渗透率等 ;( 3 )与沉淀成矿有关的变量 ,如矿物 (金属矿物和脉石矿物 )的成核速率、各矿物的沉淀量等 ;( 4 )上述各有关变量间的时空耦合关系 ,如断裂渗透率时空演化与流体流动、汇聚和成矿的耦合关系等。以湖南沃溪金锑钨矿床为例 ,应用该模型和方法对成矿动力学过程和动力学机制进行了初步的模拟与分析。  相似文献   

20.
Numerical modeling of stress effects on solute transport in fractured rocks   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The effects of stress/deformation on fluid flow and contaminant transport in fractured rocks is one of the major concerns for performance and safety assessments of many subsurface engineering problems, especially radioactive waste disposal and oil/gas reservoir fields. However, very little progress has been made to study this issue due to difficulties in both experiments and numerical modeling. The objective of this study is to systematically investigate the influence of stress on solute transport in fractured rocks for the first time, considering different stress and hydraulic pressure conditions. A hybrid approach combining discrete element method (DEM) for stress-flow simulations and a particle tracking algorithm is developed. The impact of matrix diffusion (diffusion of molecular size solutes in and out of the rock matrix, and sorption onto the surface of micropores in rock matrix) is also included. The numerical results show that stress not only significantly changes the solute residence time through the fracture networks, but also changes the solute travel paths. Matrix diffusion plays a dominant role in solute transport when the hydraulic gradient is small, which is often encountered in practice.  相似文献   

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