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1.
In late December 2013, Eastern Canada was hit by a severe ice storm that covered Southern Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritimes. Toronto, the largest city of Canada, was among the hardest hit. The freezing rain lasted for 3 days, leaving up to 30 mm coat of ice covering the ground and infrastructure. The urban forestry was badly hit as the ice accretion caused major tree failures and damage to the trees. Trees snapped as they were dormant and fragile during winter weather. In addition, tree limbs with branches heavily coated with ice brought down power lines. About 300,000 power customers (over a million people) were left without power for almost 3 days and tens of thousands for more than a week. The damages from the ice storm cost the city of Toronto over $106 million, while the cost of insured losses was in the range of $200 million. This short paper gives a brief overview of the ice storm, its impact on the city of Toronto, and the response and recovery measures that followed. 相似文献
2.
苏干湖沉积物粒度组成记录尘暴事件的初步研究* 总被引：6，自引：13，他引：6
文章通过分析苏干湖表层沉积物、流域表层沉积物、大气降尘以及湖泊冰面囚固碎屑颗粒等的粒度组成,比较了流域地表沉积与湖泊沉积物粒度组成的差异和苏干湖表层沉积粒度组成的空间变化。初步认为苏干湖沉积物粗颗粒组分(>63μm)主要由风力搬运入湖,>63μm组分的含量可以用来指示研究区尘暴事件的演化。结合湖泊沉积岩芯纹层计数年龄,重建的1000年来尘暴演化历史显示,在1210A.D.之前尘暴事件较弱,且变化幅度较小;1210A.D.以来则表现出高频率或者高强度,其中13世纪上半叶以及17世纪的高值段与东部降尘变化历史一致。就气候变化的特征时段(中世纪暖期、小冰期等)而言,尘暴事件主要与气候变冷情况下较强的盛行风场有关;而极端干旱区有效湿度的增加可能有利于地表粉尘的释放,助长了尘暴事件的发生。 相似文献
3.
Michael E Brookfield 《Sedimentary Geology》1988,60(1-4):137-153
Mid-Ordovician limestones of southern Ontario are usually considered to be tropical shelf limestones and interpreted using facies models derived from Recent tropical carbonate environments. Nevertheless, depositional rates, grain types, faunas, erosion surfaces, mineralogy and geochemistry are more compatible with a temperate or even cold shelf environment. In view of the low latitudes (20°S) indicated by paleomagnetism, this suggests deposition in relatively cold seas, deposition below a tropical thermocline, or that the paleomagnetic data are wrong. Similar features in other Caradocian limestones of eastern North America show that these inferred cooler conditions were widespread. If deposition occurred below a tropical thermocline, most shallow-water Caradocian limestones must be re-interpreted as deeper-water deposits. More likely, in view of the evidence for temperate conditions in shallow water, is that the whole eastern seaboard of North America was affected by cold currents arising from southern polar ice caps, and thus was a temperate shelf environment. 相似文献
4.
文章依据冰芯、树木年轮等自然记录和历史文献记录,分析了中国北方不同地区近2000年的沙尘事件及其与气候变化的关系。结果表明,在干旱区西部,历史时期的沙尘变化主要受温度变化的制约,无论在10年尺度,还是百年尺度上,沙尘事件与温度变化均表现为显著的反相关,即气候寒冷期与沙尘频发事件相对应,气候温暖期与沙尘发生变弱期一致;在半干旱区,在10年尺度上温度和降水序列与沙尘发生频率均显著负相关,但在百年尺度上沙尘与降水变化的关系更为密切;在干旱区东部,沙尘与气候变化的关系具有明显的过渡性特征,气候变化对沙尘事件的作用主要在百年尺度上体现出来,沙尘与温度记录的负相关比降水更好,在10年尺度上气候与沙尘序列尽管也是负相关,但不显著。通过对现代气象记录的气温、降水变化和沙尘事件频数分析,其结果与历史时期情况基本一致。 相似文献
5.
Agnieszka Gałuszka 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(5):861-870
One of the most crucial issues of recent environmental sciences is the topic of background concentrations of elements and
organic compounds in various abiotic and biotic systems. The relationship between natural and anthropogenically altered concentrations
of chemical species is a question that involves many implications in the geosciences, environmental and biological sciences,
toxicology, and other related disciplines. This is especially important when interpreting geochemical and biogeochemical anomalies
of toxic elements and/or organic compounds in various media. To better understand the potential impact of hazardous substances
in the environment, we must become more familiar with their spatial and temporal distribution and with their behavior under
different physico-chemical and biotic conditions. This review presents an assessment of the geochemical background concept
as used by various authors. Different assumptions and approaches to this topic are presented, including direct, statistical,
and integrated methods. Based on the results derived from geochemical and biogeochemical studies performed in selected forest
ecosystems of Poland, an integrated method is presented. As a consequence of data processing, a normal distribution of data
points was obtained using an iterative 2σ-technique. This method of estimating geochemical background is feasible and can
be used for setting environmental quality standards or for studying the impact of anthropogenic pollution sources on the environment. 相似文献
6.
Gazi Md. Khalil 《Natural Hazards》1992,6(1):11-24
Bangladesh, with its repeated cycle of floods, cyclones, and storm surges, has proved to be one of the most disaster-prone areas of the world. During the years from 1797 to 1991, Bangladesh has been hit by 60 severe cyclones (mostly accompanied by storm surges). This paper gives a brief account of these disasters with particular reference to the wind speed, surge height, loss of life, and damage to crops and properties, etc.In order to protect the coastal areas of Bangladesh from cyclonic storm surges and floods, a major system of embankments was constructed during the 1960s and 1970s, but this is now in need of rehabilitation. The Cyclone Protection Project, which was approved by the World Bank in 1989, would rehabilitate some of the existing embankments, build new embankments, and construct roads. Locally available materials, indigenous technology, and cheap surplus manpower should be used in this project. A variety of fruit trees should be planted along the dikes and roads.To the south-western part of Bangladesh bordering the Bay of Bengal, lies the world's largest single mangrove tract, known as the Sunderban, which covers a total area of 571 500 ha. This mangrove forest is of extreme importance since it provides efficient protection to life and property against cyclones and storm surges. But due to deforestation, the width of the mangrove belt is being rapidly diminished. The author therefore lays emphasis on coastal afforestation.Absolute security against cyclone hazard is probably out of the question, but an effective cyclone warning response can definitely reduce loss of life and damage to property. The author discusses the current conditions for cyclone forecasting and warning in Bangladesh, and then puts forward some proposals for improving the Cyclone Preparedness Programme. 相似文献
7.
The potential impacts of valley fills associated with mountaintop removal/valley fill (MTR/VF) coal mining on downstream flooding in the coalfields of eastern Kentucky and adjacent states are a subject of public debate and scientific uncertainty. This study explored two aspects of this issue. First, hydrologic indices of relative runoff production and surface and subsurface flow detention were applied to conditions typical of headwater and low-order drainage basins in eastern Kentucky. Results show that there is a clear risk of increased flooding (greater runoff production and less surface flow detention) following MTR/VF operations, and suggest that, on balance, valley fills are more likely to increase rather than decrease flood potential. However, there is a wide range of outcomes, qualitatively and quantitatively. Flood risks can be increased or decreased, and the degree of either may vary markedly. The effects of MTR/VF mining on downstream peak flows are highly contingent on local pre- and post-mining conditions, and it would be unwise to apply generalizations to specific sites. Second, the occurrence of flash floods downstream of MTR/VF operations when nearby unmined areas did not flood or had less severe floods has frequently been explained (without supporting data) in terms of locally greater precipitation. The likelihood of such short-range variability of storm precipitation is evaluated by applying the state probability function to NEXRAD radar estimates of precipitation for two 2001 storms which produced flash floods in eastern Kentucky. The spatial structure of the storm precipitation indicates that at the scale of the analysis (pixel size of approximately 2 km) large local variations in storm precipitation are unlikely—that is, the probability of nearby hollows or low-order drainage basins receiving substantially different storm precipitation totals is low. 相似文献
8.
黔东镇远地区早寒武世清虚洞组潮坪风暴沉积特征及古地理意义 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
东镇远地区早寒武世（相当于2008国际地层年表中的寒武纪第二世）清虚洞组发现类型丰富、特征典型的风暴沉积标志。侵蚀底面、粗粒滞留沉积、粒序层、波状层理、韵律层理等沉积组构明显,而丘状层理不发育。通过对金盆剖面和溜沙关剖面详细的野外观察及室内分析,识别出三种类型的风暴沉积序列。研究区风暴沉积的背景沉积为灰色纹层状灰岩,见波状层理、鸟眼构造等,指示潮坪环境。综合分析得出,镇远地区的风暴沉积属于潮坪风暴沉积。这丰富了湘西黔东地区早寒武世清虚洞组风暴沉积的类型。风暴沉积的发现也为研究区早寒武世位于赤道附近的低纬度区域提供了间接的证据。 相似文献
9.
MIKKO PUNKARI 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1980,9(4):307-310
On the basis of glacial landforms interpreted by means of Landsat satellite imagery and ice-flow data obtained by other methods, the Scandinavian ice sheet has been observed to have divided at the deglaciation stage into several ice lobes. The ice lobes were more active parts of the uniform ice sheet. They represent parts that had bordered on each other in different directions or on more passive portions of the ice. The reasons for the appearance of separate ice lobes were evidently the Fennoscandian topography, the location of accumulation areas, and regional differences in the amounts of ice generated. In the boundary zones of the different ice lobes, there occur exceptionally large glaciofluvial forms and moraines (interlobate complexes). An area of passive ice was often between ice lobes, and in such areas there occur no noteworthy eskers, marginal formations or streamlined forms. In the part of Finland located on the southern side of the Arctic Circle, six different ice lobes and four major areas of passive ice are interpreted to have existed. 相似文献
10.
JASON P. BRINER 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2007,36(2):143-147
Although drumlins and other subglacial bedforms are well-studied features, controls on their formation and morphometry have remained elusive. Of current interest is the hypothesis that elongate bedforms (length:width ratios ≥ 10) indicate fast ice flow, and perhaps the location of past ice streams. This hypothesis is explored by analysing drumlins from the New York State drumlin field. A subset of 548 drumlins between Oneida Lake and Lake Ontario was digitized using 10-m grid cell digital elevation data. Because bedform elongation is greatest along the axis of a reconstructed lobe and increases down flowline, elongate bedforms are best explained by fast ice flow. The swath of elongate bedforms between lakes Ontario and Oneida, the boundaries of which do not coincide with topography, may signify the location of an ice stream during deglaciation. 相似文献
11.
The article presents results of long-term monitoring, detailed studies and numerical simulation of hydrological hazards at the mouths of the Northern Dvina and the Pechora rivers. The Northern Dvina River discharges into the White Sea and the Pechora River flows into the Barents Sea. They are major rivers in northern European Russia. The main hydrological hazards at the mouths of these rivers include dangerous ice phenomena, inundations from both pure maximum stream flow and peak discharges with ice jams, surge-induced flooding, wind-induced down-surges, low-water periods and seawater intrusion into the delta branches. These hazards repeatedly caused significant socioeconomic loss and environmental damage to the riparian areas. Causes and characteristics of hydrological hazards have been evaluated and considered with respect to features, pattern and factors of their long-term, seasonal and spatial variability using statistic methods, remote sensing data and numerical simulation. Furthermore, the impact of regional climate change and economic activities is discussed. As a result, detailed information about the Northern Dvina river mouth is presented. It included the structure and the efficiency of measure for preventing ice jam formation and protecting from river discharge, ice jam and surge-induced inundations. The article also included fundamental and updated data on the structure, parameters and hydrological regime of the Northern Dvina and the Pechora river mouths and specifics of their changes in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. 相似文献
12.
Storm Surge Hazard in Canada 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
Storm surges occur frequently in Canada mainlydue to extra-tropical cyclones (ETC'S) also referred to as winter storms. The hurricanes from the Gulf of Mexico can affect eastern Canada including Lakes Ontario and Erie regions, after they get modified and acquire some extra-tropical characteristics. Storm surges have occurred both on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, in the Gulf of St.Lawrence, St.Lawrence Estuary, Bay of Fundy, Hudson Bay, James Bay, Northwest Passage, Beaufort Sea, the Great Lakes and other large lakes such as Lake Winnipeg.Squall lines which are embedded in the largerscale synoptic systems like the ETC'S could also generate storm surges (referred to as edge waves) in Lakes Huron, Erie and Ontario (edge waves are most prominent in Lake Michigan, but Canada has no territory touching this lake). The effect of climate change on storm surges in the Canadian water bodies could be two-fold. First, there may be some possible intensification of the weather systems and the associated wind fields resulting in bigger surges. Second, and probably even more relevant, is an east-west and north-south shift in the tracks of the weather systems, which could expose certain new areas to storm surge activity.A high priority for proper assessment of storm surge hazard is the production of maps showing inundation zones for storm surges that might occur in populated coastal areas. Such maps can be used to improve public awareness of tsunamis and for planning purposes (i.e., to reduce or avoid the risk). 相似文献
13.
山东杨庄地区寒武系发育大量风暴沉积及相关沉积构造。以沉积学理论为指导,通过详细的野外踏勘,结合室内资料综合分析,识别研究区典型的风暴沉积构造并划分风暴沉积序列,并建立风暴沉积模式。结果表明:杨庄地区发育风暴侵蚀构造、砾屑段、丘状构造及粒序层理4种沉积构造。根据风暴岩垂向组合特征及沉积构造差异,进一步划分出三种风暴沉积序列,分别对应潮坪、台缘滩台地和前缘斜坡。在风暴沉积垂向演化研究的基础上,建立了研究区风暴沉积模式。风暴岩的发现指示寒武纪杨庄地区位于低纬度热带区域,对早古生代华北东部古环境及古地理恢复具有重要意义。 相似文献
14.
贵州地质灾害的主要类型和诱因及其预防建议 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
通过贵州1993—2000年发生的345起地质灾害的资料统计，指出滑坡、泥石流、崩塌是我省分布广、危害性大的主要地质灾害类型；分析了在贵州省特殊的地质构造、自然地理和气候条件下，暴雨是地质灾害的天然诱因，工程活动则是地质灾害的人为诱因，建议组建地质灾害预测、预警、预报的专家机构，全面开展县市地质灾害调查与区划工作，加快山地的退耕还林和退耕还草工作，加强工程建设活动中的地质灾害评估及防治工作等的预防措施。 相似文献
15.
This paper describes a method for NOAA-AVHRR satellite data processing in sea ice and oceanographic studies in the polar seas.
This method includes geometrical processing to generate gridded and corrected images according to a polar stereographic map,
ice and cloud discrimination during summer, and the production of combined sea ice and sea surface temperature imagery for
watching marginal ice zone processes. 相似文献
16.
Glaciation is considered as one of the main natural processes that can have a significant impact on the long term performance of a deep geological nuclear waste repository (DGR) located in the Northern Hemisphere. The northern part of the American continent has been subjected to a series of strong glaciation and deglaciation events over the past million years. The last glacial cycle in the Northern Hemisphere started approximately 110,000 year ago. During that cycle, southern Ontario was buried under a continental ice sheet, with a maximum thickness of up to 3000 m at about 20,000 years ago. The ice cap retreated approximately 10,000 years ago. However, field data from deep boreholes in sedimentary rocks of southern Ontario show anomalous pore water pressure including underpressure and overpressure zones. In this paper, a large-scale coupled hydro-mechanical (HM) model is developed to investigate the hydro-mechanical (HM) response of the sedimentary rocks of southern Ontario to past glacial cycles. Particular emphasis has been placed on the evolution of pore water pressures and surface displacements. The HM model is verified using analytical solutions. The results of the large-scale HM modeling study shows that the past glaciation, particularly the second cycle (22,000 apb) had significant impact on the pore water pressure gradient and effective stress distribution in the sedimentary rocks of southern Ontario. Furthermore, good agreement between the large scale modeling results and anomalous pressures leads us to the conclusion that these anomalies could be glacially induced. The results of this research can provide information that will contribute to a better understanding of the impact of future glaciations on the long term performance of DRGs in sedimentary rocks. 相似文献
17.
雪冰中汞的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
汞是具有特殊物理化学性质的重金属元素,其较强的挥发性使之能够参与全球尺度传输,汞的高毒性又能对人类和高等生物体产生极大危害,因而汞是一种全球性污染物,在近几十年来备受科学界的关注.汞的全球生物地球化学循环演化规律是目前环境科学领域的研究热点.冰冻圈是地球系统的关键组成部分之一,是各圈层相互作用的重要环节;而雪冰是冰冻圈的主体,是环境和气候记录的良好载体之一.对南极、北极和中低纬高海拔冰川现代雪冰和冰芯中汞的季节变化、空间差异以及历史变化的研究成果进行了综述,总结了北极和亚北极地区汞的雪/气界面过程研究,归纳了汞的实验室检测手段和方法.针对该领域目前研究上的空白和热点,分别对利用冰芯高分辨率和长时间序列记录重建工业革命以来汞的变化历史(特别在青藏高原)、中低纬冰川区汞的雪/气界面过程、雪冰中汞的同位素分析等进行了展望. 相似文献
18.
长白山自然保护区历史森林景观的初步重建 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
本文在对环境因子(包括年均温、年降水量、海拔高度、坡度和坡向)进行空间表达的基础上,建立了长白山自然保护区当前森林景观垂直带(包括阔叶红松林、云冷杉林、岳桦林和苔原)与这些环境因子间的逻辑斯蒂回归模型,然后利用1997年各环境因子的空间数字面来反推1975年森林景观带的空间分布,并根据1975年MSS遥感影像计算机监督分类的结果,用Kappa指数对模型预测结果进行验证。结果表明,苔原、岳桦林、云冷杉林和阔叶红松林1975年的预测分布面积分别为7243.83hm2、6517.08hm2、125570.16hm2和34264.80hm2,与遥感分类结果相比,苔原和云冷杉林的面积分别减少了29.04%和3.05%;岳桦林和阔叶红松林的面积分别增加了246.45%和8.6%。用逻辑斯蒂回归模型可以较好地预测苔原在保护区内的分布范围,同时在一定程度上也能预测阔叶红松林的分布范围,但是对岳桦林和云冷杉林分布范围的预测结果较差。尽管如此,作为一种方法性的探讨,本文可以为森林景观空间分布和环境因子变化的关系以及森林景观对气候变化的反应研究提供一种新思路。 相似文献
19.
KARIN F. HELMENS STEFAN ENGELS 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2010,39(2):399-409
Helmens, K. F. & Engels, S. 2010: Ice‐free conditions in eastern Fennoscandia during early Marine Isotope Stage 3: lacustrine records. Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2010.00142.x. ISSN 0300‐9483. The traditional notion that Fennoscandia was glaciated throughout Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 4–2, from c. 70 kyr BP to the deglaciation 15–10 kyr BP ago, has been challenged during the last decade. Recent studies have shown that climate and environmental settings during MIS 3 were more dynamic than previously assumed, and lacustrine sediment bodies indicate open‐water conditions for several sites in eastern Fennoscandia. In this study, three sediment sequences from western, eastern and northeast Finland are compared in detail with respect to their chronology, vegetation reconstruction and climatic inferences. OSL‐dating places the sediments in early MIS 3. Pollen evidence suggests the presence of isolated birch trees and open birch forest close to the retreating ice margin, in contrast to vegetation reconstructions from central Europe, which indicate tree‐less vegetation. Furthermore, reconstructions of climate using transfer functions have yielded surprising results, indicating present‐day summer temperatures in northeast Finland. The combined results suggest ice‐free and warm conditions in major parts of eastern Fennoscandia in early MIS 3, possibly during Greenland Interstadial (GIS) 14 around 53 kyr BP ago. 相似文献
20.
根据暴雨洪涝灾害致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承载体易损性和防灾减灾能力4个一级因子,以山东地区为研究对象,综合考虑降雨、地形地势、河网密度、植被、人口和经济实力、道路交通信息等因子进行风险区划与分析。利用地理信息系统软件（ArcGIS）将上述因子进行归一化来获得标准化的多源栅格数据,结合层次分析法和自然断点法确定相关指标的权重,建立了暴雨洪涝灾害的风险评估模型,最后得到了山东地区暴雨洪涝灾害综合风险区划等级评估图。对研究区进行定性和定量分析后得出结论,山东地区暴雨洪涝灾害发生的高风险区在鲁中西部、鲁南及山东半岛东部沿海部分地区,此结论与历史数据基本吻合。研究结果为预防山东暴雨洪涝灾害提供了参考信息。 相似文献