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1.
厦门地区的花岗岩地层中发育了大量的球状风化体（俗称孤石）,对地铁工程的建设产生了不利的影响。通过对厦门地铁一号线、二号线进行钻探及室内试验研究,根据揭示的孤石进行统计分析,并分析对地铁工程的影响。研究表明：厦门地区花岗岩孤石埋深主要集中在0~20m之间;89%的孤石厚度不超过4m;近半数孤石分布于强风化层;其饱和抗压强度主要集中在40~45MPa和90~100MPa,天然抗压强度集中在45~50MPa和100~110MPa;地铁施工时孤石可能会导致盾构机损坏和姿态失控。 相似文献
2.
深圳地区花岗岩风化球成因探讨及勘察对策 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对深圳地区花岗岩的成因，区域构造，风化作用等因素的对比分析，探讨了风化球成因与它们的内在联系。燕山晚期混染花岗岩，蚀变花岗岩是风化球形成的内在原因，断裂构造带及次生裂隙为风化球形成提供了有利条件；风化带特征与风化球形态有密切关系。由此提出圈定花岗岩风化球发育地段的几点原则和勘察对策。列工程实例予以说明。 相似文献
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4.
在广东珠海地区采用便携式半导体测氡仪进行了大比例尺土壤氡浓度调查,测点数469个,面积大于100km2。珠海地区地下0.6 m处的平均土壤氡浓度为55.94±58.54 kBq/m3,其中在珠海斗门的第四纪沉积物地区、沉积物和风化花岗岩混合地区,以及风化花岗岩地区的土壤氡浓度分别是7.14±8.75,37.64±25.92和151.25±196.23 kBq/m3。高氡潜势区主要分布在黑云母花岗岩、风化花岗岩地区和新的工业开发区,且表现出与当地岩性密切相关。城市化和工业化改变了原有的天然辐射背景。珠海市区的平均土壤氡浓度分别为广州、泉州和晋江市平均值的8.3倍和15倍。研究结果表明：珠海是一个氡潜势较高的区域,需要进一步开展辐射防护目的的氡测量。 相似文献
5.
深圳地区花岗岩球状风化体地下分布规律统计分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
深圳花岗岩发育地区球状风化体(俗称孤石)广泛分布,对地下工程建设产生了不利的影响.通过对深圳地区花岗岩孤石大样本的统计分析,得到如下统计结论:深圳地区花岗岩孤石主要成份是微风化花岗岩,60％以上分布在强风化花岗岩层中,残积层和全风化层中也有分布,孤石层面分布高程集中在40.00～70.00m(黄海高程)区间内;80％的孤石揭示“厚度”不超过2.50m,三分之二花岗岩孤石主要发育一层,随着发育层数的增多,出现频率锐减. 相似文献
6.
文章选择深圳市的亚热带典型小流域作为研究对象,通过定期采集流域内降水、泉水、岩石及风化残积土样品,分析所有样品的常量元素和微量元素,探讨流域水体的化学成分组成和主要成分来源以及岩石化学风化程度和风化趋势,结合流域水文气象数据估算了花岗岩化学风化速率及CO2消耗速率。结果表明,研究区地下水化学类型为HCO3-Na型,主要受控于硅酸盐矿物的风化溶解作用和阳离子交换作用。花岗岩的化学蚀变指数（CIA）为47.15~57.47,残积土的CIA为59.24~82.71。A-CN-K三角图指示风化初期Na,Ca活泼性元素流失,风化中后期K元素流失,Al元素逐渐富集。花岗岩的平均化学风化速率为14.40 m/Myr。岩性、离子径流通量和气候条件的不同可能是造成化学风化速率差异的主要原因。大气酸沉降对岩石风化的贡献约占总化学风化量的11.73%。研究区平均CO2消耗速率为0.59×106 mol/(km2 yr),酸雨使得岩石在风化过程中对大气/土壤中CO2的消耗减少。 相似文献
7.
花岗岩是高放射核废料地质处置库的主要围岩之一,其水力学特征优劣直接决定了花岗岩体能否有效地阻隔地下水对处置库中核废物的侵袭。围岩微裂隙结构和化学风化程度是水力学特征的直观表现,微裂隙结构量化和化学风化程度计算对高放射核废料地质处置库埋藏深度的比选有一定的科学意义。本文以阿拉善某600 m的花岗岩钻孔内不同深度的岩芯作为研究对象,得到大量的微裂隙显微照片;通过测网法和图像处理技术,获得岩芯数字化的裂隙空间分布图像,并从中提取了微裂隙特征参数（裂隙条数、隙宽、裂隙率、裂隙面密度参数等）;然后,对微裂隙特征参数进行了统计分析,描述了裂隙空间分布变异性。花岗岩样品的化学风化程度评价指标有:天然含水率、CIA。同时,利用SEM-EDS探测裂隙部位形貌特征及元素含量等数据。最后,对花岗岩完整性与核废料处置库适宜性进行综合评价。通过本研究,得到了以下结论:（1）研究区的花岗岩微裂隙发育情况随深度增大逐渐变弱。（2）花岗岩受外力作用后微裂隙首先发育在石英中,其次是在长石和黑云母中。（3）临近破碎带,裂隙率、平均隙宽、裂隙条数均增大,同时受后期热液填充的影响,CIA也会表现出高值。（4）破碎带的发育,对周边完整岩体的微观破裂影响距离可以超过10.6 m,后期热液对下方完整岩体的侵染蚀变影响距离可以超过50.27 m。（5）通过综合评价,来自该钻孔不同深度的7个样品中,取自地下598.8 m处的样品所代表的位置最适宜作为核废料处置库深埋区。 相似文献
8.
位于东昆仑山中段的格尔木河流域分布着大面积的花岗岩,其中局部出露富钾花岗岩,研究这些富钾花岗岩的分布特征,K、B、Li等元素的含量变化以及它们风化迁移的时空演变过程,对揭示下游察尔汗盐湖的成盐成矿规律具有重要的意义。本研究采集格尔木河流域昆仑河、西大滩和小干沟不同河段不同风化程度的岩石/碎屑样品,采用常微量元素分析、岩石薄片显微照片、风化指数、光释光定年(OSL)等方法,系统研究了该流域内的花岗岩分布、类型及其成盐元素迁移的时空变化规律。结果显示:①昆仑河、西大滩区段内主要出露灰白色中细粒二长花岗岩,属于中等钾含量花岗岩;小干沟区段主要出露灰白、肉红色高钾斑状二长花岗岩组合,钾含量较高,为主要的富钾基岩分布区;②风化程度由低到高的花岗岩样品中,K元素含量逐步降低,B、Li元素含量逐渐升高;在空间分布上,K、B元素含量在小干沟区段最高,Li元素在昆仑河区段最高;③流域内风化程度不同的花岗岩样品的地球化学数据能够很好地响应化学风化势指数(WPI)和烧失量(LOI)的变化,说明这两种化学风化指标在区域上对花岗岩的风化具有高度的敏感性;④小干沟坡积-冲洪积沉积剖面形成于95.9±10.5～17.7±1.0 ka之间,该剖面中WPI和K、B、Li元素含量的变化说明花岗岩中元素的风化迁移与流域内冰期-间冰期旋回气候导致的化学风化强度变化密切相关,同时也为察尔汗盐湖提供了丰富的成盐离子。 相似文献
9.
不同温度条件下饱水风化花岗岩强度及变形特性分析 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
为研究温度和围压对风化花岗岩抗压强度、 剪切强度参数及变形特性的影响规律， 以新疆天山某一矿区的风化花岗岩为研究对象， 对不同温度（15、 -5、 -15 ℃）、 不同围压（0、 4、 7、 10 MPa）条件下的饱水风化花岗岩进行单轴和三轴压缩试验。结果表明： 相同温度条件下， 围压在0 ~ 10 MPa变化时， 风化花岗岩三轴抗压强度随围压线性增大。在相同围压下， 抗压强度随温度的降低而明显提高， 风化花岗岩的黏聚力c随温度降低而增大， 内摩擦角φ随温度的降低呈增长趋势。弹性模量随围压的增大不断提高， 但随着温度的降低， 增长幅度逐渐减小。泊松比也随温度降低和围压的增加呈增大趋势。温度和围压对风化花岗岩试样的破坏形态影响机制不同。温度降低使矿物颗粒及内部的微裂纹和间隙收缩， 进而胶结强度增大； 荷载和围压的增大会使岩石内部形成微裂隙并逐渐贯通， 同时孔隙冰破碎裂隙充分接触， 进一步增加摩擦力提高岩石强度。 相似文献
10.
为了研究和评价降雨对滑坡活动的影响过程及其作用,利用地表伸缩计、三维地表位移观测计以及地下水流量和地下侵蚀观测计等现场监测仪器,对一典型的日本结晶片岩滑坡--善德滑坡内部的地下侵蚀特征以及地下侵蚀与该滑坡活动之间的关系进行了定量的分析和研究。研究结果表明,季节性集中强降雨是导致地下侵蚀发生的主要原因。善德滑坡地下侵蚀主要有连续土砂排泄和集中土砂排泄2种侵蚀类型,而结晶片岩滑坡的异常活动主要与暴雨引起的集中土砂排泄型地下侵蚀作用有关。通过对地下侵蚀和滑坡活动之间关系的分析发现,地下侵蚀对善德滑坡不同滑体活动的影响作用表现出不同的特征。其中,厚度为10～20 m的浅层滑体,地下侵蚀的影响作用最为显著,而对于具有深层滑动面的滑体（>20 m）其影响作用并不明显。 相似文献
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In a multi‐scale approach to the study of the organic and mineral components in an active barrage‐type tufa system of southern Italy, neo‐formed deposits, in both natural depositional sites and on inorganic substrates placed in the stream for this study, were observed and compared through one year of monitoring. Dams and lobes representing the basic morpho‐facies of the deposits are composed of two depositional facies: vacuolar tufa (a mixture of phytoclastic and framestone tufa) and stromatolitic tufa (phytoherm boundstone tufa). Three petrographic components comprise both facies: micrite and microsparite, often forming peloidal to aphanitc, laminar and dendrolitic fabrics, and sparite, which occurs as isolated to coalescent fan‐shaped crystals forming botryoids or continuous crusts. All fabrics occurring in all depositional facies are organized into layers with a more or less well‐developed cyclicity, which has its best expression in stromatolitic lamination. The precipitation of all types of calcite (with Mg 1·0 to 3·2 mole % and Sr 0·5 to 0·8 mole %) takes place more or less constantly during all seasons, in spite of the low saturation state of the water (the saturation index range is 0·75 to 0·89) within the active depositional zone; the latter extends for a few hundred microns through the external surface of the deposit. The active depositional zone has a particular micro‐morphology composed of porous micro‐columns (50 to 150 μm in size), separated by interstitial channels. Mineral precipitation occurs upon both external surfaces and within internal cavities of the micro‐columns, while further point sites of precipitation occur suspended within the masses of cyanobacterial tufts. Sub‐spherical mineral units, ‘nano‐spheres’ (10 to 20 nm in diameter) are the basic biotic neo‐precipitate; they commonly form by replacing non‐living degrading organic matter and at point sites along the external surface of living cyanobacterial sheaths. Nano‐spheres agglutinate to form first rod‐shaped aggregates (100 to 200 nm) which then evolve into triads of fibres or polyhedral structures. Successively, both triads and polyhedral solids coalesce to form larger calcite crystals (mainly tetrahedrons tens of microns in size) that represent the fundamental bricks for the construction of the micro‐columns in the active depositional zone. Precipitation is attributed to the presence of a widespread biofilm that occurs in the active depositional zone; this is composed of a heterogeneous community comprising epilithic and endolithic filamentous cyanobacteria, green algae, unicellular prokaryotes, actinobacteria and fungi, with a variable amount of extracellular polymeric substances. No precipitation takes place where the biofilm is absent, indicating that the biological activities of the biofilm are crucial, with its living organisms and non‐living organic matter. Basic aggregates of neo‐precipitates do not form in association with any one particular type of organic matter substrate, but appear to be related to the seasonal temperature variation: polyhedral micro‐crystals mainly precipitate in the colder season, short triads in the intermediate seasons, and long triads in the warmest conditions. These three basic crystal aggregates have a petrographic counterpart, respectively, in the spar, microspar and micrite. 相似文献
12.
近年来，中国的各种传媒上不断出现有关夜明珠的报道。引起了广泛的注意，当前市场上出现的夜明珠主要是荧石夜明珠，笔者对荧石夜明珠作了一些初步研究和探讨。发光的原因主要是含稀土元素（rare earth elements)所致，含量可以低至万分数。本文的资料希望能促进对夜明珠问题的深入认识。 相似文献
13.
Oxidizing conditions normally prevail in surface waters and near-surface groundwaters, but there is usually a change to reducing conditions in groundwater at greater depth. Dissolved O2 originally present is consumed through biogenic and inorganic reactions along the flow paths. Fracture minerals participate in these reactions and the fracture mineralogy and geochemistry can be used to trace the redox front. An important task in the safety assessment of a potential repository for the disposal of nuclear waste in crystalline bedrock, at an approximate depth of 500 m in Sweden, is to demonstrate that reducing conditions can be maintained for a long period of time. Oxygen may damage the Cu canisters that host nuclear waste; additionally, in the event of a canister failure, oxidizing conditions may increase the mobility of some radionuclides. The present study of the near-surface redox front is based on mineralogical (redox-sensitive minerals), geochemical (redox-sensitive elements) and U-series disequilibrium investigations of mineral coatings along open fractures. The fractures have been sampled along drill cores from closely spaced, 100 m deep boreholes, which were drilled during the site investigation work in the Laxemar area, south-eastern Sweden, carried out by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. (SKB). The distribution of the redox-sensitive minerals pyrite and goethite in open fractures shows that the redox front (switch from mainly goethite to mainly pyrite in the fractures) generally occurs at about 15–20 m depth. Calcite leaching by recharging water is indicated in the upper 20–30 m and positive Ce-anomalies suggest oxidation of Ce down to 20 m depth. The U-series radionuclides show disequilibrium in most of the samples, indicating mobility of U during the last 1 Ma. In the upper 20 m, U is mainly removed (due to oxidation) or has experienced complex removal and/or deposition. At depths of 35–55 m, both deposition and removal of U are indicated. Below 55 m, recent deposition of U is generally indicated which suggests removal of U near surface (oxidation) and deposition of U below the redox front. Scattered goethite occurrences below the general redox front (down to ca 80 m) and signs of U removal at 35–55 m mostly correlate with sections of high transmissivity (and/or high fracture frequencies). This shows that highly transmissive fractures are generally required to allow oxygenated groundwaters at depth greater than ca 30 m. Removal of U (oxidation) below 55 m within the last 300 ka is not observed. Although penetration of glacial waters to great depths has been confirmed in the study area, their potential O2 load seems to have been reduced near the surface. 相似文献
14.
Microstructural changes accompanying the opal-A to opal-CT transition: new evidence from the siliceous sinters of Geysir, Haukadalur, Iceland 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Opaline silica (opal-A) has formed in marine, lacustrine and geothermal environments throughout geological time. During diagenesis opal-A normally changes to opal-CT, then opal-C, and finally to quartz. Such changes commonly destroy the original fabrics and any fossils that opal-A contained. The physical changes that accompany the opal-A to opal-CT transition, however, are known poorly. X-ray diffraction analyses, electron microprobe analyses and high-resolution, high-magnification scanning electron microscope imagery of siliceous sinters from the Geysir geothermal area in Iceland show that opal-A is formed of heterometric arrays of randomly packed microspheres (up to 5 μ m diameter) with neighbouring spheres commonly being joined by small connection pads. In contrast, enlarged spheres, lepispheres, inverse opal (two types) and spindle frameworks with hexagonal motifs characterize opal-CT. The textures in opal-CT, which vary on a microscale, reflect the complex interplay between dissolution (e.g. inverse opal) and precipitation (e.g. enlarged spheres, spindle frameworks) that probably was mediated by groundwater in a near-surface environment. The processes deciphered from these young rocks should, however, be applicable to sedimentary opal-A and opal-CT of all ages, irrespective of their origin. 相似文献
15.
Yih Jeng Chih-Sung Chen Hung-Ming Yu Andres Shiuan-Ru Jeng Chou-Yi Tang Ming-Juin Lin 《Tectonophysics》2007,443(3-4):255
Ultrashallow P-wave seismic reflection experiments were conducted at a model test site and in a trenched shallow fault zone along the Chelunpu fault line. The field layout was designed to have the shallowest undistorted reflection from about 1 m depth with 0.5 m vertical resolution. The smallest group interval tested in this study was 0.05 m with a 0.25 ms sample interval, which can avoid spatial aliasing of ground roll if the target is very shallow and the velocities are low. Data processing was designed to be simple but consistent. As the ultrashallow reflections may be contaminated with high-amplitude coherent noise in many aspects, first break muting and surgical muting were performed on each file as detailed as possible, and f–k filtering was applied mainly for the purpose of attenuating the aliasing energy and back-scattered noise. Data acquired in this study show that the low P-wave velocities (< 200 m/s) and high dominant frequencies (120–200 Hz) of near-surface layers may have a potential vertical resolution of 0.4 m or even better.Comparing the test profile with the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) control profile of the same test site and correlating the results obtained from the study site with those of the geologic cross-section of the trench, this experiment demonstrates the possibility of using seismic methods in investigating shallow structures at depths of less than a few meters with vertical resolution comparable to the GPR technique. 相似文献
16.
收集整理了阪神、通海、唐山、集集以及海城地震等5次大地震的液化资料,对比分析了场地特征,剖析了其差别和联系。分析结果表明,几次地震中液化层埋藏深度、液化场地地下水位深度差异明显,液化层和地下水位分布范围从小到大依次为通海地震、唐山地震、阪神地震和集集地震,液化层分别主要集中在0～2、2～6、4～6、2～8 m间,地下水位则分别主要集中在0～1、1～2、1～3、1～3 m间;集集地震液化层埋深和水位均分布最广,液化层埋深分布在0～20 m,地下水位则分布在0～9 m范围;几次地震液化层标准贯入击数集中范围相似,主要在5～15击之间,但范围差异显著,通海地震虽然地下水位和液化层埋藏深度最浅,但标贯击数均值最大,而集集地震标贯击数范围最广,最大超过30击;几次地震液化层剪切波速变化范围差异明显,海城地震在150 m/s以内,阪神地震集中在150～200 m/s,而集集地震集中在150～250 m/s,其均值接近200 m/s,且有波速250 m/s左右液化场地存在,以往认为场地剪切波速210 m/s以上可不考虑场地液化的认识有误。 相似文献
17.
位于四川茂县南新镇的周场坪滑坡是一大型古滑坡,曾于1982年发生大规模快速复活,目前滑体半堰塞岷江。野外地质调查表明,周场坪滑坡在平面上呈不规则长舌形,长约850 m,滑体前后缘高差约350 m;在剖面上发育3级滑动,钻探揭露滑带埋深以50~70 m为主,推测潜在失稳滑坡体积为1 500×10 4~2 000×10 4 m 3。周场坪滑坡在平面上分为4个变形区,在滑体中后部和前缘坡脚发育大量拉裂缝与下错陡坎,拉裂缝宽度以0.2~3.0 m为主,陡坎下错高度2~10 m。在野外调查和钻探分析的基础上,对该滑坡开展了地表位移(GNSS)、深部蠕滑变形(钻孔测斜仪)和雨量等监测。监测分析表明,目前周场坪滑坡后缘变形速率达0.80 m/a,中部和前缘分别为0.69 m/a和0.51 m/a,呈推移式滑动变形,整体向NW310°方向滑动;地表位移速率在监测期内基本在1~3 mm/d之间波动,波动主要受降雨量影响,且略滞后于降雨量;滑移加速度基本在0~6 mm/d 2范围波动。ZK2钻孔测斜仪监测数据表明,滑坡在80 m深度内主要沿2层滑带蠕滑,其中浅层滑带埋深在22 m左右,深层滑带埋深在46 m左右,滑移速率在0~5 mm/d范围波动。综合研究认为,周场坪滑坡目前处于缓慢变形的深层蠕滑中,其变形速率受降雨和河流侵蚀等因素的影响,在极端内、外动力条件下,可能会加速滑动,并再次整体复活,造成堵塞岷江等危害。 相似文献
18.
泥河湾盆地沉积物粒度组分与磁化率变化相关性研究 总被引：25，自引：6，他引：25
以泥河湾盆地郝家台剖面为例,分析沉积物粒级组分与磁化率大小变化的相关性。从厚约 12 2m的剖面选取 80 0多个样品,分别测试从 0.2～ 5 0 0 μm各个粒度区间颗粒的百分含量和质量磁化率。通过计算它们之间的相关关系,认为湖相沉积物磁化率的变化与 0.2～ 35 μm间细粒物质的含量,特别是与 0.2～ 7.5 μm区间悬浮物质的含量反相关,而与 35～ 5 0 0 μm间较粗粒物质的含量正相关。这种相关性与顶部的黄土堆积刚好相反,反映了二者之间磁化率不同的变化机制。据此可认为以外源碎屑输入为主的湖泊中,沉积物磁化率的变化主要受控于外源铁磁性矿物,它反映了湖水面的升降,蕴涵着一定的古气候信息。 相似文献
19.
祁连山不同海拔氮磷循环细菌数量变化特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
祁连山植被的水源涵养作用对于维持黑河的流量至关重要,地下微生物参与生态系统的物质和能量循环,维持了地上植被的稳定,因而具有重要的生态作用. 研究分析了祁连山冰沟流域不同海拔梯度上硝化细菌、反硝化细菌、固氮细菌、解磷细菌和植酸矿化细菌的数量随土壤深度的变化规律. 结果表明：随土壤深度的增加,氮磷循环细菌的数量下降;随海拔升高,硝化细菌相对减少,而反硝化细菌和固氮细菌呈增多的趋势. 典范对应分析（CCA）显示,硝化细菌的数量变化主要受地下生物量和土壤pH值的影响,而反硝化细菌、固氮细菌、解磷细菌和植酸矿化细菌主要受植被盖度、地上生物量和土壤含水量的影响. 聚类分析表明,低海拔（E1-2 905 m和E2-3 128 m）浅层土壤（0~40 cm）聚类,而其深层土壤（60 cm）与高海拔（E3-4 130 m）土壤聚类,说明高海拔处土壤发育与低海拔处深层土壤的早期发育相类似. 研究表明,高山地区氮磷循环细菌数量的变化受到海拔主导下植被和土壤理化因子的共同作用. 相似文献
20.
为掌握黄土高原土壤干燥化程度的空间分布特征,定量评价雨季前、后土壤干燥化程度,于2013年在黄土高原南北方向布设一条样带（N=86）,获取雨季前、后0~5 m剖面土壤含水量。采用地统计学方法分析了土壤干燥化指数的空间分布规律及变异特征。结果表明:在黄土高原地区,土壤干燥化程度存在明显的纬度地带性,且雨季前土壤干燥化指数的空间变异程度高于雨季后;经过雨季降水的补给,土壤干层在一定程度上得到修复,且中部地区的修复效果明显优于南部及北部地区;土壤干燥化指数剖面分布特征在雨季前、后的差异主要表现在浅层0~2.3 m土层,这主要归因于降水对浅层土壤水分的补给。 相似文献