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1.
Three Paleoproterozoic A-type rapakivi granite suites (Jamon, Serra dos Carajás, and Velho Guilherme) are found in the Carajás metallogenic province, eastern Amazonian craton. Liquidus temperatures in the 900–870 °C range characterize the Jamon suite, those for Serra dos Carajás and Velho Guilherme are somewhat lower. Pressures of emplacement decrease from Jamon (3.2±0.7 kbar) through Serra dos Carajás (2.0±1.0 kbar) to Velho Guilherme (1.0±0.5 kbar). Oxidizing conditions (NNO+0.5) characterized the crystallization of the Jamon magma, the Velho Guilherme magmas were reducing (marginally below FMQ), and the Serra dos Carajás magmas were intermediate between the two in this respect. The three granite suites have Archean TDM model ages and strongly negative Nd values (−12 to −8 at 1880 Ma), and they were derived from Archean crust. The Jamon granite suite may have been derived from a quartz dioritic source, and the Velho Guilherme granites from K-feldspar-bearing granitoid rocks with some sedimentary input. The Serra dos Carajás granites either had a somewhat more mafic source than Velho Guilherme or were derived by a larger degree of melting. Underplating of mafic magma was probably the heat source for the melting. The petrological and geochemical characteristics of the Carajás granite suites imply considerable compositional variation in the Archean of the eastern Amazonian craton. The oxidized Jamon suite granites are similar to the Mesoproterozoic magnetite-series granites of Laurentia, and they were derived from Archean igneous sources that were more oxidized than the sources of the Fennoscandian rapakivi granites. The Serra dos Carajás and Velho Guilherme granites approach the classic reduced rapakivi series of Fennoscandia and Laurentia. No counterparts of the Mesoproterozoic two-mica granites of Laurentia have been found, however. Following the model of Hoffman [Hoffman, P., 1989. Speculations on Laurentia's first gigayear (2.0 to 1.0 Ga). Geology 17, 135–138], the origin of the 1.88 Ga Carajás granites is related to a mantle superswell beneath the Trans-Amazonian supercontinent. This caused breakup of the continent and was associated with magmatic underplating and resultant crustal melting and generation of A-type granite magmas. The Paleoproterozoic continent that included the Archean and Trans-Amazonian domains of the Amazonian craton was assembled at 2.0 Ga; its disruption was initiated at 1.88 Ga, at least 200 Ma earlier than in Laurentia and Fennoscandia. The Carajás granites were related to the breakup of the supercontinent, not to subduction processes.  相似文献   

2.
Quaternary Erzincan Volcanics (QEVs) from the Erzincan Basin consist of mega- and pheno-cryst-bearing high-K calc-alkaline dome lavas. Fourteen nearly phenocrystic domes, with a range of basaltic-andesite, andesite, dacite and rhyolite compositions, were emplaced in the North Anatolian Fault Zone. The emplacement ages yielded by the unspiked K–Ar technique range from 102 to 140 ka. The andesitic domes (each less than 3 km in diameter) contain amphibole megacrysts. Amphibole compositions show a linear variation from ferro-edenite, edenite to pargasite from rhyolite to andesite. Pargasitic amphibole megacrysts scattered into the groundmass are very similar in composition to the microlites. All plagioclases are 53 mol%. Oscillation types are An32−50 whose variations range from 10 to 16 mol% An and have 10–150 μm in thickness. Pre-eruptive conditions, calculated from mega- and pheno-cryst composition, using pyroxene and two oxide thermometers and the Al-in-hornblende barometer, ranged from 918 to 837 °C and 6.6 to 4.3 kbar for andesitic magma, 824–755 °C and 4.6–4.2 kbar for dacitic magma to 803–692 °C and 4.3–3.9 kbar for rhyolitic magma, which correspond to a depth of >10 km for storage region of the crust. The fO2 values vary from −14.25 to −15.35 log units which are plotted just below nickel–nickel oxide (NNO) buffers. The systematic decrease in thermobarometric results from andesite to rhyolite is consistent with a single magma reservoir moving upward through the crust followed by fractional crystallization. Textural and compositional relationships of mega- and pheno-crystic phases suggest that magma mixing, fluid input to the reservoir and fractional crystallization processes, with a small amount crustal contamination play key role in evolution of the QEVs.  相似文献   

3.
Summary Oxygen isotope ratios of igneous zircon from magmatic rocks in Finland provide insights into the evolution and growth of the Precambrian crust during the Svecofennian orogeny. These data preserve magmatic δ18O values and correlate with major discontinuities in the lower crust. Oxygen isotope ratios of zircon across the 1.88–1.87 Ga Central Finland granitoid complex (CFGC) range from 5.50‰ to 6.84‰, except for three plutons in contact with the adjacent greenstone and metasedimentary belts (δ18O(Zrc) = 7.60‰–7.78‰). There is a systematic variation in δ18O(Zrc) with respect to geographic location in the CFGC, ranging from 6.60±0.23‰ (σ) in the northeast to 5.90±0.40‰ in the west-southwest. These values correlate with a change in crustal thickness and shift in geochemical composition. The oxygen isotope composition of the 1.65–1.54 Ga rapakivi granites and related rocks in southern Finland show a decreasing trend from north to south, independent of their emplacement age. The southern anorogenic granite group has an average δ18O in zircon of 6.14±0.07‰ and the northern anorogenic group has an average δ18O in zircon of 8.14±0.59‰. This difference reflects the boundary between island arc terrains accreted during the Paleoproterozoic. Deceased  相似文献   

4.
This study documents the petrography and whole-rock major and trace element geochemistry of 38 samples mainly from a drill core through the entire Fedorivka layered intrusion (Korosten Pluton), as well as mineral compositions (microprobe analyses and separated mineral fraction analyses of plagioclase, ilmenite, magnetite and apatite) of 10 samples. The Fedorivka layered intrusion can be divided into 4 lithostratigraphic units: a Lower Zone (LZ, 72 m thick), a Main Zone (MZ, 160 m thick), and an Upper Border Zone, itself subdivided into 2 sub-zones (UBZ2, 40 m thick; UBZ1, 50 m thick). Igneous lamination defines the cumulate texture, but primary cumulus minerals have been affected by trapped liquid crystallization and subsolidus recrystallization. The dominant cumulus assemblage in MZ and UBZ2 is andesine (An39–42), iron-rich olivine (Fo32–42), augite (En29–35Fs24–29Wo42–44), ilmenite (Hem1–6), Ti-magnetite (Usp52–78), and apatite. The data reveal a continuous evolution from the floor of the intrusion (LZ) to the top of MZ, due to fractional crystallization, and an inverse evolution in UBZ, resulting from crystallization downwards from the roof. The whole-rock Fe/Mg ratio and incompatible element contents (e.g. Rb, Nb, Zr, REE) increase in the fractionating magma, whereas compatible elements (e.g. V, Cr) steadily decrease. The intercumulus melt remained trapped in the UBZ cumulates due to rapid cooling and lack of compaction, and cumulus mineral compositions re-equilibrated (e.g. olivine, Fe–Ti oxides). In LZ, the intercumulus melt was able to partially or totally escape. The major element composition of the MZ cumulates can be approximated by a mixing (linear) relationship between a plagioclase pole and a mafic pole, the latter being made up of all mafic minerals in (nearly) constant relative proportions. By analogy with the ferrobasaltic/jotunitic liquid line of descent, defined in Rogaland, S. Norway, and its conjugated cumulates occurring in the Transition Zone of the Bjerkreim-Sokndal intrusion (Rogaland, a monzonitic (57% SiO2) melt is inferred to be in equilibrium with the MZ cumulates. The conjugated cumulate composition falls (within error) on the locus of cotectic compositions fixed by the 2-pole linear relationship. Ulvöspinel is the only Ti phase in some magnetites that have been protected from oxidation. QUIlF equilibria in these samples show that magnetite and olivine in MZ have retained their liquidus compositions during subsolidus cooling. This permits calculation of liquidus fO2 conditions, which vary during fractionation from ΔFMQ = 0.7 to − 1.4 log units. Low fO2 values are also evidenced by the late appearance of cumulus magnetite (Fo42) and the high V3+-content of the melt, reflected in the high V-content of the first liquidus magnetite (up to 1.85% V).  相似文献   

5.
This paper compares the 1.67–1.47 Ga rapakivi granites of Finland and vicinity to the 1.70–1.68 Ga rapakivi granites of the Beijing area in China, the anorogenic 130 Ma granites of western Namibia, and the 20–15 Ma granites of the Colorado River extensional corridor in the Basin and Range Province of southern Nevada. In Finland and China, the tectonic setting was incipient, aborted rifting of Paleoproterozoic or Archean continental crust, in Namibia it was continental rifting and mantle plume activity that led to the opening of southern Atlantic at 130 Ma. The 20–15 Ma granites of southern Nevada were related to rifting that followed the Triassic–Paleogene subduction of the Farallon plate beneath the southwestern United States. In all cases, extension-related magmatism was bimodal and accompanied by swarms of diabase and rhyolite–quartz latite dikes. Rapakivi texture with plagioclase-mantled alkali feldspar megacrysts occurs in varying amounts in the granites, and the latest intrusive phases are commonly topaz-bearing granites or rhyolites that may host tin, tungsten, and beryllium mineralization. The granites are typically ferroan alkali-calcic metaluminous to slightly peraluminous rocks with A-type and within-plate geochemical and mineralogical characteristics. Isotope studies (Nd, Sr) suggest dominant crustal sources for the granites. The preferred genetic model is magmatic underplating involving dehydration melting of intermediate-felsic deep crust. Juvenile mafic magma was incorporated either via magma mingling and mixing, or by remelting of newly hybridized lower crust. In Namibia, partial melting of subcontinental lithospheric mantle was caused by the Tristan mantle plume, in the other cases the origin of the mantle magmatism is controversial. For the Fennoscandian suites, extensive long-time mantle upwelling associated with periodic, migrating melting of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, governed by heat flow and deep crustal structures, is suggested.  相似文献   

6.
The 1·88–1·87 Ga post-kinematic granitoidsof the Central Finland Granitoid Complex (CFGC) provide a keygeochemical link to understanding granite formation in Paleoproterozoicorogenic and post-orogenic terrains. Thickness of the crustand intra-crustal differentiation processes played an importantrole in the formation of three granitoid types that shortlyfollowed the peak of the Svecofennian orogeny. In the easternCFGC, pyroxene-bearing plutons with C-type geochemical affinitiespredominate. These were formed from a mixture of low- to moderate-degreepartial melts (30%) of mafic mantle-derived (basaltic, 49% SiO2)source rocks and partial melts of pre-existing mafic granulitelower crust at depth. In the western CFGC, high-silica, iron-rich,fluorite-bearing plutons with A-type granite characteristicspredominate. A higher thermal gradient, thinner upper and lowercrust, and significantly more shallow Moho depth resulted inhigher proportions of crustal melts (0·3–0·4vs 0·1–0·2 in the eastern CFGC) incorporatedinto the partial melts of a mafic mantle-derived source. A geochemicalmodel focusing on the Jämsä and Honkajoki plutonsof the post-kinematic suite is presented, constraining the natureof the source rock(s), the degree of partial melting, proportionsof partial melts and fractionation processes involved. KEY WORDS: magmatic evolution; geochemistry; Proterozoic; granite; Finland  相似文献   

7.
Agpaitic rocks comprise most of the exposed part of the 1.16 Ga old, 8 × 17 km large and about 1700 m thick Ilímaussaq intrusion in South Greenland. Within these, more than 600 m thick sequence of sodalite-rich “naujaites” (mainly sodalite + arfvedsonite + alkali feldspar + nepheline + eudialyte + aenigmatite) are interpreted as a sodalite flotation cumulate. Sodalites show two to three different zones in cathodoluminescence (CL) and at least two zones in thin sections. The CL zones can be related to chemical differences detectable by electron microprobe, whereas relations with optical zonations are less obvious. Compositional trends in sodalite reflect trends in the evolution of volatile contents in the melt. The sodalite at Ilímaussaq is almost free of Ca and closely corresponds to the pure Na–Cl sodalite endmember with about 7 wt.% of Cl; S contents reach up to 0.9 wt.%. Cl/Br ratios range from 500 to 1700. Raman spectroscopy shows that S is present as [SO4]2− in sodalite, although sphalerite (ZnS) is a stable phase in naujaites. Peralkalinity and fO2 conditions allow S2− and [SO4]2− to be present contemporaneously.

The whole naujaite sequence is divided into two parts, an upper part with low, homogeneous S contents and Cl/Br ratios in the sodalite cores, and a lower part with strongly variable and higher S contents and with Cl/Br ratios, which are decreasing downwards. The details of the S content and the Cl/Br ratio evolution show that sodalite strongly influences the halogen contents of the melt by scavenging Cl and Br.

The naujaites were formed from a highly reduced, halogen-rich magma in equilibrium with magmatic methane at about 800 °C, which, upon ascent, cooling and fractionation, exsolved an aqueous fluid phase. Both fluids were trapped in separate inclusions indicating their immiscibility.

Micrometer-sized aegirine crystals and primary hydrocarbon-bearing inclusions are abundant in the crystal cores. The inclusions were trapped at pressures up to 4 kbar, although the emplacement pressure of the intrusion is about 1 kbar. This indicates growth of the sodalite during melt ascent and a very effective mechanism of trace element scavenging during sodalite growth. Sodalite rims are devoid of aegirine or primary hydrocarbon inclusions and probably reflect the emplacement stage.  相似文献   


8.
Dirk Küster  Ulrich Harms 《Lithos》1998,45(1-4):177-195
Potassic metaluminous granitoids with enrichments of HFS elements constitute part of widespread post-collisional magmatism related to the Late Neoproterozoic Pan-African orogeny in northeastern Africa (Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia) and Madagascar. The plutons were emplaced between 580 and 470 Ma and comprise both subsolvus and hypersolvus biotite–granite, biotite–hornblende–granite, quartz–monzonite and quartz–syenite. Pyroxene-bearing granitoids are subordinate. Basic dikes and enclaves of monzodioritic composition are locally associated with the granitoid plutons. Granitoids emplaced in pre-Neoproterozoic crust have Sri-ratios between 0.7060 and 0.7236 and Nd(t) values between −15.8 and −5.6 while those emplaced in, or close to the contact with, juvenile Neoproterozoic crust have lower Sri-ratios (0.7036–0.7075) and positive Nd(t) values (4.6). However, it is unlikely that the potassic granitoids represent products of crustal melting alone. The association with basic magmas derived from subduction-modified enriched mantle sources strongly suggests that the granitoids represent hybrid magmas produced by interaction and mixing of mantle and crust derived melts in the lower crust. The most intense period of this potassic granitoid magmatism occurred between 585 and 540 Ma, largely coeval with HT granulite facies metamorphism in Madagascar and with amphibolite facies retrogression in northeastern Africa (Somalia, Sudan). Granitoid magmatism and high-grade metamorphism are probably both related to post-collisional lithospheric thinning, magmatic underplating and crustal relaxation. However, the emplacement of potassic granites continued until about 470 Ma and implies several magmatic pulses associated with different phases of crustal uplift and cooling. The potassic metaluminous granites are temporally and spatially associated with post-collisional high-K calc-alkaline granites with which they share many petrographical, geochemical and isotopical similarities, except the incompatible element enrichments. The resemblance indicates a strongly related petrogenesis of both granite associations.  相似文献   

9.
Reaction rims of titanite on ilmenite are described in samples from four terranes of amphibolite-facies metapelites and amphibolites namely the Tamil Nadu area, southern India; the Val Strona area of the Ivrea-Verbano Zone, northern Italy, the Bamble Sector, southern Norway, and the northwestern Austroalpine Ötztal Complex. The titanite rims, and hence the stability of titanite (CaTiSiO4O) and Al–OH titanite, i.e. vuaganatite (hypothetical end-member CaAlSiO4OH), are discussed in the light of fH2O- and fO2-buffered equilibria involving clinopyroxene, amphibole, biotite, ilmenite, magnetite, and quartz in the systems CaO–FeO/Fe2O3–TiO2–SiO2–H2O–O2 (CFTSH) and CaO–FeO/Fe2O3–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–O2 (CFASH) present in each of the examples. Textural evidence suggests that titanite reaction rims on ilmenite in rocks from Tamil Nadu, Val Strona, and the Bamble Sector originated most likely due to hydration reactions such as clinopyroxene + ilmenite + quartz + H2O = amphibole + titanite and oxidation reactions such as amphibole + ilmenite + O2 = titanite + magnetite + quartz + H2O during amphibolite-facies metamorphism, or, as in the case of the Ötztal Complex, during a subsequent greenschist-facies overprint. Overstepping of these reactions requires fH2O and fO2 to be high for titanite formation, which is also in accordance with equilibria involving Al–OH titanite. This study shows that, in addition to P, T, bulk–rock composition and composition of the coexisting fluid, fO2 and fH2O also play an important role in the formation of Al-bearing titanite during amphibolite- and greenschist-facies metamorphism.  相似文献   

10.
Zircon U–Pb SHRIMP, petrographical and geochemical data lead to the first characterization of the Tonian plutonism (Salto da Divisa Granite Suite), ascribed to the continental rift stage of the precursor basin of the Araçuaí Orogen (Eastern Brazil). The suite includes batholitic plutons and comprises mainly fluorite-bearing, dominantly mesoperthitic hornblende–biotite leucogranites. The presence of mafic (tholeiitic) gabbroic enclaves and syn-plutonic dykes confers to the suite a bimodal character. The plutons were locally deformed and foliated under amphibolite facies conditions, in response to the Neoproterozoic collage of the Araçuaí Orogen against the São Francisco Cratonic margin. However, undeformed magmatic facies are well preserved at inner portions of the plutons. The granitoids are metaluminous, with high SiO2 and HFSE: Nb, Zr, Y, Ta and REE (except Eu); low CaO, Al2O3, Sc, Ba, Sr; high FeOt/MgO ratios, characterizing a chemical signature akin to the subalkaline, A-2 type granites. U–Pb SHRIMP data obtained on zircons from the main pluton yielded a magmatic crystallization age of 875 ± 9 Ma. Some inherited xenocrysts revealed ages of ca. 2080 Ma, corresponding to ages of the host rocks, a Paleoproterozoic basement. Nd isotopic evolution studies confirm the Paleoproterozoic influence on magma genesis with a TDM model age of ca. 1.6 Ga and εNd of − 5.58 at 880 Ma. The African counterpart, the West Congo Belt, encompasses thick rift-related alkaline volcanic-sedimentary basin (Zadinian and Mayumbian groups, and associated anorogenic granites), dated in the interval of ca. 1000–900 Ma. The age differences between the Salto da Divisa Suite intrusion and the anorogenic magmatic episode at the West Congo Belt suggests a westward migration (i.e. to the Brazilian side) of the thermal axis of the rift, ca. 30 Ma after the ending of the extensional process in Africa.  相似文献   

11.
O. Eklund  D. Konopelko  H. Rutanen  S. Fr  jd    A. D. Shebanov 《Lithos》1998,45(1-4):87-108
At least 14 small (1–11 km across) 1.8 Ga Svecofennian post-collisional bimodal intrusions occur in southern Finland and Russian Karelia in a 600-km-long belt from the Åland Islands to the NW Lake Ladoga region. The rocks range from ultramafic, calc-alkaline, apatite-rich potassium lamprophyres to peraluminous HiBaSr granites, and form a shoshonitic series with K2O+Na2O>5%, K2O/Na2O>0.5, Al2O3>9% over a wide spectrum of SiO2 (32–78%). Although strongly enriched in all rocks, the LILE Ba and Sr and the LREE generally define a decreasing trend with increasing SiO2. Depletion is noted for HFSE Ti, Nb and Ta. Available isotopic data show overlapping values for lamprophyres and granites within separate intrusions and a cogenetic origin is thus not precluded. Initial magmas (Mg#>65) in this shoshonitic association are considered to be generated in an enriched lithospheric mantle during post-collisional uplift some 30 Ma after the regional Svecofennian metamorphic peak. However, prior to the melting episode, the lithospheric mantle was affected by carbonatite metasomatism; more extensively in the east than in the west. The melts generated in the more carbonate-rich mantle are extremely enriched in P2O54%, F12,000 ppm, LILE: Ba9000 ppm, Sr7000 ppm, LREE: La600 ppm and Ce1000 ppm. The parental magma underwent 55–60% fractionation of biotite+clinopyroxene+apatite+magnetite+sphene whereupon intermediate varieties were produced. After further fractionation, 60–80%, of K-feldspar+amphibole+plagioclase±(minor magnetite, sphene and apatite), leucosyenites and quartz-monzonites were formed. In the west, where the source was less affected by carbonatite metasomatism, calc-alkaline lamprophyres (vogesites, minettes and spessartites) and equivalent plutonic rocks (monzonites) were formed. Removal of about 50% of biotite, amphibole, plagioclase, magnetite, apatite and sphene produced peraluminous HiBaSr granites. The impact of crustal assimilation is considered to be low. At about 1.8 Ga, the post-collisional shoshonitic magmatism brought juvenile material, particularly enriched in alkalis, LILE, LREE and F, into the crust. Although areally restricted, the regional distribution of the post-collisional intrusions may indicate that larger volumes of 1.8 Ga juvenile material resides in unexposed parts of the crust.  相似文献   

12.
Emplacement of 1.6 to 1.3 Ga Mesoproterozoic plutons in Baltica and Laurentia formed an immense belt of A-type granite batholiths that include (1) low-fO2, ilmenite-series granite intrusions from the Baltic region to Wyoming, (2) high-fO2, magnetite-series granite intrusions of the central to southwestern U.S., and (3) peraluminous, two-mica granite intrusions from Colorado to central Arizona. These mineralogic divisions are mirrored by substantial elemental and oxygen isotopic differences. The ilmenite-series granites, which often contain classic rapakivi textures, have the highest Fe/Mg ratios and are highest in LIL element enrichment. They also have the lowest whole-rock δ18O values at 5.7‰ to 7.7‰. The magnetite-series granites are less potassic, less LILE-enriched, and have higher whole-rock δ18O values, ranging from 7.6‰ to 10.8‰. Although they retain A-type characteristics, the peraluminous granites are the least LILE-enriched and have the lowest Fe/Mg ratios. They also have the highest whole-rock δ18O values ranging from 8.8‰ to 12.0‰. Feldspar, where strongly reddened, can exhibit elevated δ18O values, which is interpreted to indicate subsolidus exchange with surface-derived aqueous fluids. Quartz δ18O values are interpreted to generally retain their magmatic values. The transcontinental mineralogic, chemical, and oxygen isotopic variations are interpreted as indicative of broad changes in the composition of a lower crustal source, which is compatible with a reduced mantle-derived crustal source for the ilmenite-series granites and a more oxidized crustal source for the others, including a metasedimentary component in the source for the two-mica granite subprovince.

Widespread thermal metamorphism at 1.4 Ga is present throughout much of the magmatic province and is viewed as a consequence of this immense event. Compressional deformation associated with several western 1.4 Ga Laurentia granite batholiths, alternatively interpreted as the distal expressions of a presumed 1.4 Ga orogeny, have at least in part been shown to be localized on preexisting Paleoproterozoic zones of deformation. Thus, we do not find compelling evidence for a 1.4 Ga orogeny related to the formation of most of these granites. Renewed intrusions at 1.0–1.1 Ga between and immediately following phases of the Grenville orogeny indicate that situations leading to their formation need to be more broadly considered.

The origin of this red granite-forming event in Laurentia and Baltica is considered as part of a global magmatic event that was coeval with intrusion of massif anorthosites and associated charnockites. Most are viewed as anorogenic, but it is recognized that the same conditions leading to their formation may have occurred during extensional phases of orogens. The immense volumes of red granites produced are also essentially unique to the Mesoproterozoic and appear to be tied to the stabilization and eventual break up of supercontinents of both Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic age.  相似文献   


13.
G. Gal  n  O. Su  rez 《Lithos》1989,23(4):233-245
Petrographic and mineralogical characteristics of amphibole-olivine- and pyroxene-bearing ultramafic rocks from Asturias (NW Spain) are dealt with in this paper. These rocks are of cortlandtitic type and occur as small rare enclaves in basic rocks related to Hercynian calc-alkaline, post-tectonic epizonal granites, in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula.

These particular ultramafic enclaves are characterized by poikilitic cumulate microtexture. Olivine (Fo77–81), spinel, from chromite to pleonaste composition, enstatite, subordinated diopside and sulphides are included in large brown calcic amphibole crystals displaying an irregular zonation. Phlogopite and plagioclase are also found, in a much lower proportion, between the large amphibole crystals.

Mineral assemblage and chemical composition of minerals indicate formation conditions of 1150°C, 7–8 kbar of Ptotal and PH2O<Ptotal. These rocks could represent the earlier products of fractional crystallization from a hydrated high-alumina basalt involved in the genesis of the calc-alkaline granites. This basic magma would start crystallizing at a relatively deep level, carrying up the first products of its crystallization during its ascent.  相似文献   


14.
The Qinling–Dabie–Sulu belt is the world's largest ultrahigh pressure (UHP) metamorphic belt. The UHP metamorphism is well dated at 220–245 Ma in the Dabie–Sulu belt but at 507 Ma in the Qinling belt. The Tongbaishan is located between the Qinling orogenic belt to the west and the Dabie–Sulu UHP metamorphic belt to the east. It is the key area for studying the tectonic relation between the Qinling and Dabie–Sulu belts and the diachronous UHP metamorphism. The Jigongshan granitic pluton (t=128 Ma) with a total area of 1200 km2, composed of monzogranite, was mostly emplaced into the Tongbai complex, an exposed basement in the Tongbaishan. The Jigongshan granites have SiO2=69.85–72.35%, K2O/Na2O=0.87–1.13, A/CNK=0.91–1.03, Rb/Sr=0.14–0.25 and Th/U=3.3–12. Their REE compositions show strongly fractionated patterns with (La/Yb)N=14–58 and Eu*/Eu=0.79–1.05. The granites are characterized by low radiogenic Pb isotopic composition. The present-day whole-rock Pb isotopic ratios are 206Pb/204Pb=16.707–17.055, 207Pb/204Pb=15.239–15.326 and 208Pb/204Pb=37.587–37.853, which are similar to that of the continental lower crust. Their Nd(t) values range from −16 to −20, and depleted-mantle Nd model ages (TDM) from 1.8 to 2.2 Ga. The above evidence indicates that the magma of the Jigongshan granites was derived from the partial melting of the continental crust. The Pb and Nd isotopic compositions of the Jigongshan granites resemble those of the Dabie core complex in the Dabieshan but are distinct from those of the Tongbai complex in the Tongbaishan. Thus, the Dabie core complex would be the magma source of the Jigongshan granites. The result implies that the Dabie core complex is extended to the west and constitutes the unexposed basement underlaying the Tongbai complex in the Tongbaishan.  相似文献   

15.
Summary The wiborgite and dark wiborgite rapakivi granite phases of the Wiborg batholith in southeastern Finland compose about 80% of the total batholith area. A new study of the dominant mafic silicate minerals, in comparison with mafic silicates from more evolved granite phases, hybridized granite and mafic magmatic enclaves provide insights into the overall petrogenesis of the Wiborg batholith. All of the mafic silicate minerals are iron-rich, reflective of the whole rock compositions. Biotite is annitic, calcic amphibole is ferro-edenite to hastingsite, and subsolidus Fe-Mg amphibole is found as accessory grunerite. Temperatures derived from amphibole-plagioclase thermometry suggest crystallization at about ∼ 740 °C. Pressure estimates derived from Al in amphibole barometry range between 2.5 and 5.4 kilobars. This is noticeably higher than the previous estimates of 1 kbar for the Wiborg batholith. Oxygen fugacity estimates from biotite suggest low fO2 initial values and increase from FMQ to above NNO for late stage granite phases. Received February 29, 2000; revised version accepted December 27, 2000  相似文献   

16.
以往将位于湘南、桂东北的都庞岭花岗岩基分为西体、中体和东体三部分。野外观察和岩相学研究表明,都庞岭中体和东体主要由黑云母正长花岗岩、黑云母二长花岗岩和二云母二长花岗岩组成,岩石具斑状结构,部分钾长石斑晶呈椭球状至球状,具斜长石环边,构成环斑结构。采用锆石SHRIMP U-Pb法获得都庞岭中体和东体中环斑花岗岩的侵位年龄分别为226.6±6.9 Ma和209.7±3.1 Ma,均属于晚三叠世,相当于印支晚期。都庞岭环斑花岗岩富硅、碱,贫钛、磷、镁和钙,其Rb、Cs、Th、U、REE、Pb、Y含量和Rb/Sr、Rb/Ba比值较高,而Sr、Ba含量和Zr/Hf比值(8.16~25.01)较低,具强烈的Eu负异常(δEu=0.02~0.13),10000×Ga/Al比值(2.64~4.38,平均3.15)高,显示A型花岗岩的地球化学特征。与华南印支早期S型花岗岩相比,都庞岭环斑花岗岩的εNd(t)值(-8.0~-8.3)明显偏高(前者低于-10),而tDM2值(1624~1645 Ma)则明显偏低(前者1800 Ma),表明它们可能直接源于地壳物质的部分熔融,但成岩过程中有地幔物质的参与。都庞岭环斑花岗岩的发现及其时代的确定,揭示了晚三叠世华南东部处于大陆裂解或造山后伸展的构造环境。结合华南东部沉积/岩石大地构造分析,认为华南早中生代构造体制的转换发生在中、晚三叠世,而非前人所认为的发生在中、晚侏罗世;同时,环斑花岗岩的出现,指示了华南中生代大规模成矿作用的来临,晚三叠世是华南中生代大规模成矿的第一个高峰期。  相似文献   

17.
A. Dini  G. Gianelli  M. Puxeddu  G. Ruggieri   《Lithos》2005,81(1-4):1-31
Extensive, mainly acidic peraluminous magmatism affected the Tuscan Archipelago and the Tuscan mainland since late Miocene, building up the Tuscan Magmatic Province (TMP) as the Northern Apennine fold belt was progressively thinned, heated and intruded by mafic magmas. Between 3.8 and 1.3 Ma an intrusive complex was built on Larderello area (Tuscan mainland) by emplacement of multiple intrusions of isotopically and geochemically distinct granite magmas. Geochemical and isotopic investigations were carried out on granites cored during drilling exploration activity on the Larderello geothermal field. With respect to the other TMP granites the Larderello intrusives can be classified as two-mica granites due to the ubiquitous presence of small to moderate amounts of F-rich magmatic muscovite. They closely resemble the almost pure crustal TMP acidic rocks and do not show any of the typical petrographic features commonly observed in the TMP hybrid granites (enclaves, patchy zoning of plagioclase, amphibole clots). On the basis of major and trace elements, as well as REE patterns, two groups of granites were proposed: LAR-1 granites (3.8–2.3 Ma) originated by biotite-muscovite breakdown, and LAR-2 granites (2.3–1.3 Ma) generated by muscovite breakdown. At least three main crustal sources (at 14–23 km depth), characterized by distinct εNd(t) and 87Sr/86Sr values, were involved at different times, and the magmas produced were randomly emplaced at shallow levels (3–6 km depth) throughout the entire field. The partial melting of a biotite-muscovite-rich source with low εNd(t) value (about −10.5) produced the oldest intrusions (about 3.8–2.5 Ma). Afterwards (2.5–2.3 Ma), new magmas were generated by another biotite-rich source having a distinctly higher εNd(t) value (−7.9). Finally, a muscovite-rich source with high εNd(t) (about −8.9) gave origin to the younger group of granites (2.3–1.0 Ma). The significant Sr isotope disequilibrium recorded by granites belonging to the same intrusion is interpreted, as due to the short residence time of magmas in the source region followed by their rapid transfer to the emplacement level. Partial melting was probably triggered by multiple, small-sized mafic intrusions, distributed over the last 3.8 Ma that allowed temporary overstepping of biotite- and muscovite-dehydration melting reactions into an already pre-heated crust. Dilution in time of the magmatic activity probably prevented melt mingling and homogenization at depth, as well as the formation of a single, homogeneous, hybrid pluton at the emplacement level. Moreover the high concentrations of fluxing elements (B, F, Li) estimated for the LAR granites modified melt properties by reducing solidus temperatures, decreasing viscosity and increasing H2O solubility in granite melts. The consequences were a more efficient, fast, magma extraction and transfer from the source, and a prolonged time of crystallization at the emplacement level. These key factors explain the long-lived hydrothermal activity recorded in this area by both fossil (Plio-Quaternary ore deposits) and active (Larderello geothermal field) systems.  相似文献   

18.
A combined fluid inclusion and mineral thermobarometric study in groups of synchronous inclusions in quartz within weakly foliated granites from the Chottanagpur Gneissic Complex, India, reveals super dense carbonic (CO2 with minor CH4 and H2O) inclusions and hypersaline (H2O–NaCl ± NaHCO3) inclusions, with halite- and nahcolite daughter phases. This study documents the highest density (1.115 g cm− 3) CO2 fluids ever reported in granites. Fluid isochores, constructed from CO2 (± CH4) and halite-bearing inclusions, coupled with two-feldspar thermometry constrain the minimum P–T at 8 kbar/ 750 °C for fluid entrapment in granites. By contrast, the carbonic inclusions in quartz from granite-hosted metapelite enclaves contain substantial CH4 (up to 30 mol%), and the entrapment pressure ( 4.3 kbar/600 °C) is considerably lower compared to those in the granites. By implication, the sillimanite-free granites were not derived from the metapelitic enclaves, and instead were formed by partial melting of fluid-heterogeneous lower crustal protoliths, with fluid entrapment at magmatic conditions.  相似文献   

19.
Rapakivi granites characteristic practically of all old platforms are greatly variable in age and irregularly distributed over the globe. Four types of magmatic associations, which include rapakivi granites, are represented by anorthosite-mangerite-charnockite-rapakivi granite, anorthosite-mangerite-rapakivi-peralkaline granite, gabbro-rapakivi granite-foidite, and rapakivi granite-shoshonite rock series. Granitoids of these associations used to be divided into the following three groups: (1) classical rapakivi granites from magmatic associations of the first three types, which correspond to subalkaline high-K and high-Fe reduced A2-type granites exemplifying the plumasitic trend of evolution; (2) peralkaline granites of the second magmatic association representing the highly differentiated A1-type reduced granites of Na-series, which are extremely enriched in incompatible elements and show the agpaitic trend of evolution; and (3) subalkaline oxidized granites of the fourth magmatic association ranging in composition from potassic A2-type granites to S-granites. Magmatic complexes including rapakivi granites originated during the geochronological interval that spanned three supercontinental cycles 2.7?1.8, 1.8?1.0 and 1.0?0.55 Ga ago. The onset and end of each cycle constrained the assembly periods of supercontinents and the formation epochs of predominantly anorthosite-charnockite complexes of the anorthosite-mangerite-charnockite-rapakivi granite magmatic association. Peak of the respective magmatism at the time of Grenvillian Orogeny signified the transition from the tectonics of small lithospheric plates to the subsequent plate tectonics of the current type. The outburst of rapakivi granite magmatism was typical of the second cycle exclusively. The anorthosite-mangerite-charnockite-rapakivi granite magmatic series associated with this magmatism originated in back-arc settings, if we consider the latter in a broad sense as corresponding to the rear parts of peripheral orogens whose evolution lasted from ～1.9 to 1.0 Ga. Magmatism of this kind was most active 1.8?1.3 Ga ago and represented the distal effect of subduction or collisional events along the convergent boundaries of lithospheric plates. An important factor that favored the emplacement of rapakivi granites and anorthosites in a huge volume was the thermal and rheologic state of the lithosphere inherited from antedating orogenic events, first of all from the event ～1.9 Ga ago, which was unique in terms of heat capacity transferred into the lithosphere. Anorthosite-mangerite-rapakivi granite-peralkaline granite magmatism is connected with activity of the mantle plums only. Degradation of the rapakivi granite magmatism toward the terminal Proterozoic was controlled by the general cooling of the Earth in the course of the steady dissipation of its endogenic energy, as these processes became accelerated since the Late Riphean  相似文献   

20.
The Ljusdal Batholith (LjB) is a major component of the central Svecofennian Domain in Sweden. It is separated from the Bothnian Basin to the north by the 1.82–1.80 Ga crustal-scale Hassela Shear Zone (HSZ). The LjB has emplacement ages of 1.86–1.84 Ga, is mainly alkali-calcic, metaluminous, has Nd values between − 0.3 and + 1.2 and was formed in a magmatic arc setting.

During the Svecokarelian orogeny the LjB was affected by at least three fold episodes. Large-scale folded screens of migmatised metasedimentary rocks occur in the eastern part of the batholith, and to the north of the HSZ, there is a 50 km wide diatexite belt. The Transition Belt (TrB), consisting of 1.88–1.85 Ga granitoids, is located at the northwestern extension of this belt. A calc-alkaline and peraluminous composition combined with negative Nd values (− 1.7 to − 0.8) indicates a large proportion of metasediments in the source for these granitoids.

U–Pb SIMS data on zircon rims from migmatites and leucogranites to the north and east of LjB yield ages of 1.87–1.86 Ga, i.e. coeval with the granitoids of the LjB and the TrB. There is thus a close relationship between the LjB, the TrB and the migmatites in both space and time. Syn-migmatitic shearing along the HSZ indicates that a proto-HSZ was initiated already at c. 1.86 Ga, and the location of the proto-HSZ is inferred to be controlled by two older nuclei present in the lower parts of the crust. As crustal-scale shear zone systems are known to act as ascent pathways for sheet-like flow in active orogenies the TrB may represents accumulations of melts that were attracted and extracted by the proto-HSZ and intruded in a block that was not pervasively affected by subsequent shear along the HSZ.

An active continental margin setting for the LjB implies subduction at c. 1.86 Ga, and provides a heat source for both the migmatites and the TrB.

A later migmatisation at 1.82 Ga has been recorded to the south of the HSZ. Within the LjB the 1.82 Ga stromatic migmatites are folded by F2 folds, and the fabric is truncated by 1.80 Ga pegmatites.  相似文献   


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