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Michele Dragoni 《地学学报》1992,4(4):501-508
A model is proposed for studying the mechanical behaviour of faults during their interseismic periods. The model considers a plane fault surface in an elastic medium, subject to a uniform shear stress which increases slowly with time. A1-D friction distribution is assumed on the fault, characterized by asperities and a weaker zone. The traction vector on the fault plane has an arbitrary orientation: in particular, it can be nonperpendicular to the asperity borders. Aseismic fault slip takes place when the applied stress exceeds the frictional resistance: slip starts in weak zones and is confined by asperities, where it propagates at increasing velocity. Propagation into asperities is characterized by a dislocation front, advancing perpendicularly to the asperity border. Fault slip does not take prate in the direction of traction, except when traction is perpendicular or parallel to the asperity border. The propagation of such aseismic dislocations produces a stress redistribution along the fault and can play a key role in determining the conditions which give rise to earthquakes. 相似文献
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钙质砂与钢板接触面力学特性试验研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对一种人工制备的钙质砂与光滑铜板接触面进行了一系列的单调和循环剪切试验,表明钙质砂与光滑钢板的接触属于摩擦接触,界面剪应力与正应力之比与剪切位移关系有较好的归一性。等正应力试验中钙质砂的的缩性较大;等体积试验中接触面的抗剪强度因正应力的降低而远低于等正应力试验;循环剪切中加荷与卸荷曲线基本重合,经历循环剪切作用后接触面的抗剪强度有降低的趋势。界面湿摩擦系数低于干摩擦系数。 相似文献
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为了研究格栅?建筑渣土的界面摩阻特性，进行了4种不同级配的建筑渣土与3种格栅（两种双向格栅和一种三向格栅）的界面直剪摩阻试验。试验表明，格栅?建筑渣土界面摩阻应力和单位剪位移关系均可用双曲线模型表示；界面摩阻强度与垂直压力呈线性关系；格栅类型、填料级配等决定筋?土界面摩阻特性，其中格栅的拉伸模量影响最为明显；格栅的拉伸模量越大，筋?土界面似摩阻系数越大，界面似黏聚强度越大。似摩阻系数不受渣土级配影响，由格栅类型决定。似黏聚强度既受到渣土级配影响又与格栅特征有关，在本研究的4种级配渣土条件下，对于三向格栅?渣土界面，中、细砾为主的级配渣土的似黏聚强度最大，而对于双向格栅?渣土界面，粗砾为主的级配渣土的似黏聚强度最大。剪切前后渣土颗粒级配变化不明显，可忽略其影响。 相似文献
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低速滑坡的缓慢活动特征受其滑带岩土的蠕变行为控制。但是,新生型低速滑坡和复活型低速滑坡滑带岩土的蠕变行为显然分属于峰前状态和残余状态下的蠕变行为。两种状态下滑带岩土蠕变行为有何差异,国内外尚无明确认识。为此,本文以取自两个典型巨型低速滑坡——甘肃舟曲泄流坡滑坡和锁儿头滑坡滑带的含角砾黏性土为研究对象,分别采用直接剪切蠕变试验和直剪反复剪后的直剪蠕变试验方法,对比研究了峰前状态和残余状态下黏性土的剪切蠕变行为。研究发现,峰前状态和残余状态下,黏性土剪切蠕变均呈现阶段性,各阶段转换的临界剪应力均与正应力水平和角砾含量正相关。但是,峰前状态下黏性土蠕变具有明显的稳定蠕变阶段;残余状态下黏性土蠕变缺失这一阶段;前者加速蠕变临界剪应力大于后者、但小于峰值强度,后者加速蠕变临界剪应力略微大于残余强度。两种状态下,黏性土蠕变行为差异的根本原因在于土体内部的不同结构。 相似文献
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法向应力对土与结构接触面循环单剪力学特性的影响研究具有重要意义。运用80 t大型三维接触面试验机,进行了不同法向应力下粗粒土与结构接触面单剪试验,分析了法向应力对接触面循环单剪力学特性的影响规律。试验结果表明,法向应力对接触面变形位移、滑动位移、切向应力、可逆性剪切体变和不可逆性剪切体变以及抗剪强度等接触面性能参量的数值有显著影响,但对参量间关系形式影响较小。法向应力越大,接触面变形位移在初始几个循环内越大,随循环剪切的进行,其减小速率越快,最终稳定值越小;切向刚度越大,切向应力稳定值也越大,初始几个循环内切向刚度系数越小;不可逆性剪切体变越大,可逆性剪切体变峰值和稳定值越小,相变位移和相变应力比越小;抗剪强度越大,其异向程度则先增大后减小。不同法向应力下,接触面循环抗剪强度与法向应力符合摩尔-库仑准则;切向应力比-切向位移关系、不可逆性剪切体变和剪切功密度关系均具有良好一致性,基本不受法向应力影响,可用双曲线模型描述,这将大大简化接触面本构描述。 相似文献
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为明确盾构施工掌子面滑移破坏机制并确定掌子面支护力的合理范围，基于滑移线理论和极限分析上限定理，利用空间离散技术提出了一种盾构施工掌子面三维滑移破裂模型。依据大主应力拱理论计算滑移区顶部竖向土压力值，并以此作为滑移破坏区上部的竖向荷载计算掌子面极限支护力。研究表明，土拱效应显著影响掌子面前方土体竖向应力的大小及分布规律；将本模型与已有研究方法进行比较，验证了本模型获取的掌子面极限支护力极限分析上限解在黏性土地层以及摩擦土地层中的适用性。同时本模型构建的掌子面破坏区域形态更加贴近离心试验结果与数值计算结果。 相似文献
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构筑物与土体接触面力学行为是岩土工程研究的热点之一。基于一系列直剪试验,研究不同法向压力、土体含水率条件下黄土?水泥砂浆块界面剪切特性。结果表明,(1) 在土体含水率为9.2和13.1%条件下,法向压力为50、100 kPa时黄土?沙浆块界面剪切应力?位移曲线表现为应变软化型,且可分为峰值前、峰值后及残余阶段三部分,在法向压力为200、300 kPa时表现为应变硬化型;在土体含水率为17.1、20.8%条件下,不同法向压力时黄土?砂浆块界面剪切应力?位移曲线均为应变硬化型;(2) 黄土?砂浆块界面的抗剪强度包络线符合摩尔?库仑准则,随着含水率的增大,界面黏聚强度降低显著,摩擦强度略有增加,整体抗剪强度降低。当土体含水率由9.2%增加至20.8%时,界面黏聚力由41.5 kPa下降至3.6 kPa,界面摩擦系数由0.50增大至0.58。用非线性模型对界面剪切应力?位移曲线关系进行拟合,结果表明非线性模型可较好反映黄土?砂浆块界面的剪切特性。 相似文献
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在动荷载作用下,加筋土结构中筋土界面不仅会受到水平循环剪切作用,还会受到循环荷载的压缩作用。采用大型直剪仪对双向循环作用筋土界面动力剪切特性进行研究,探究不同循环法向荷载频率、水平循环剪切频率和法向荷载波形对界面剪切强度的影响。结果表明：当循环法向荷载频率和水平循环剪切频率一致时,峰值剪切应力和最大竖向位移随着频率的增加而增加,前后半周期剪切应力和位移曲线时间差均相同;反之,滞回圈应力−位移关系和竖向位移会由于双向循环荷载频率的不同呈现两种不同形态特性;正弦波法向荷载作用下剪切应力和竖向位移最大,而斜波和方波荷载作用下,滞回圈和竖向位移变化曲线较三角波和正弦波差别较明显;剪切刚度随着双向循环荷载频率的增大而增大,正弦波作用下界面剪切刚度最大,斜波作用下界面剪切刚度最小。 相似文献
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Bending stresses produced in pavement concrete slabs are influenced by the contact condition along the slab–foundation interface. A finite element model for the analysis of frictional contact between unbonded pavement layers is presented. A 2D plate element is proposed for the idealization of composite slabs. Interface elements are used to connect the unbonded layers within the composite slab and to model the interface between the bottom slab layer and the foundation layer. Interface elements have the ability to capture the separation and sliding between pavement layers, due to thermal loads, and to calculate the frictional traction at their interface. 相似文献
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进行岩石摩擦滑动变形演化过程的声发射特征试验研究。以数字散斑相关方法和声发射系统为试验监测手段,采用双面剪切模型试验方法,开展界面摩擦滑动速率与声发射振铃计数、界面摩擦滑动位移与声发射累计能量、试件变形能密度与声发射b值的对应关系研究。结果表明：（1）声发射振铃计数演化受岩石界面摩擦滑动速率影响,界面摩擦滑动速率的突变与声发射振铃计数激增有较好对应关系;（2）界面摩擦滑动位移与摩擦滑动过程中声发射累计能量演化趋势具有较好的对应关系,可以利用声发射累计能量对岩石摩擦滑动位移的变化趋势进行定性判断;（3）通过声发射b值演化分析可以得出,在剪应力缓慢增长阶段,界面摩擦滑动以随机分布的小尺度微破裂为主;在剪应力线性增长阶段后期,界面摩擦滑动以锁固段的大尺度微破裂为主;在剪应力波动增长阶段,岩石摩擦滑动失稳既可能是由小尺度微破裂为主引发的状态转化,又可能是由以锁固段大尺度微破裂为主引发的稳定状态转换。 相似文献
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基于粘结和摩擦特性的岩石变形与破坏的研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
就微观结构而言,矿物颗粒之间或相互粘结或相互分离,Coulomb准则的粘结力和内摩擦力在局部不能同时存在.粘结力是在变形作用下丧失的,材料丧失粘结力之后通过摩擦承载.若承载能力降低,屈服破坏仅在局部断面发生,具有脆性特征;反之将发生分布的屈服破坏,具有延性特征.围压增加可以使裂隙能够承载的摩擦力超过岩石材料的粘结力,那么当轴向应力增加到粘结力时,材料发生剪切屈服产生塑性变形,而摩擦力不会增加到其最大值,裂隙也不发生滑移.利用摩擦的概念可以理解不同岩石的变形、承载和破坏随围压变化的特征. 相似文献
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Macroscopic frictional behavior of granular materials is of great importance for studying several complex problems associated with fault slip and landslides. The main objective of this study is to model the macroscale frictional behavior of granular soils under monotonic and cyclic loadings based upon micromechanical determination of dissipated energy at particle contacts. This study is built on the general observation that the externally computed energy dissipation should be equal to the total internal energy dissipation derived from inter-particle sliding and rolling, energy losses from inter-particle collisions, and damping. For this purpose, the discrete element method is used to model a granular soil and determine the stored, dissipated, and damping energies associated with shear loading for applied monotonic and cyclic velocities. These energies are then related to the friction by an application of the Taylor-critical state power balance relationship. Also, the contributions of the different modes of energy dissipation (normal, shear, and rolling) to the total frictional resistance were studied. By changing the inter-particle friction, the simulations showed that the macroscopic friction was nearly constant, the slip friction increased almost linearly with increasing inter-particle friction, and the difference between the two was attributed to the non-energy dissipating dilatancy component. By providing a clear relationship between energy dissipated by micro-scale mechanisms versus the traditional engineering definition based on macro-scale (continuum) parameters, this study provides a means to develop a better understanding for the frictional behavior of granular media.
相似文献14.
黏性土的非极限主动土压力计算方法研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
经典土压力理论只能计算挡土墙位移达到极限状态时的土压力。为了更贴近工程实际,需要发展非极性土压力理论,但以往的研究仅限于砂土。对于黏性土的非极限主动土压力,在已有成果的基础上,从黏性土的应力莫尔圆出发,推导了介于初始状态和极限主动状态之间的中间状态时,黏性土的内摩擦角? 随墙体位移变化的关系公式;同时考虑了墙土接触面上外摩擦角? 和黏聚力cw的影响,根据黏性土应力莫尔圆的几何关系得到了土体黏聚力c与墙体位移的关系;最后应用水平分层法求得了非极限状态时黏性土的主动土压力计算公式。与模型试验数据的对比分析表明,理论计算值和试验实测值基本吻合。研究表明,计算方法对于计算黏性土在非极限状态时的主动土压力具有一定的理论意义,在实际工程中也具有相应的实用价值。 相似文献
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针对填埋场衬垫系统薄弱界面容易失稳,基于前期已完成的高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）加肋土工膜与砂性土界面直剪试验,以及结合试验结果对界面剪切特性及试样破坏形态分析的基础上,探讨了加肋土工膜与砂性土界面相互作用机制,给出了加肋土工膜与砂性土界面总阻力由面摩阻力、肋块所受端承阻力和侧摩阻力3部分组成的具体表达式,其中,肋块所受端承阻力是基于塑性滑移场理论建立起来的。同时,认为肋块端承阻力是提高加肋土工膜与砂性土界面剪切强度的主要原因,尤其在较高法向应力下,肋块端承阻力更能得到充分发挥。理论分析与试验结果较为吻合,该表达式能合理反映加肋土工膜与砂性土界面的总阻力。 相似文献
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通过GCTS空心圆柱扭剪仪,分别采用正弦波和三角波两种不同波形模拟海洋波浪的加载形式,对天津滨海吹填土进行一系列三向等压固结条件下的主应力轴循环旋转试验,探讨了动主应力方向连续旋转下循环剪应力幅值及振动波形对吹填土广义剪应变、动强度和孔压特性的影响。试验结果表明,循环剪应力幅值小于临界循环剪应力时,土体广义剪应变变化很小且增长缓慢,加荷波形对土体变形影响较小;循环剪应力幅值超过临界循环剪应力时,土体在较少的振动次数下便产生较大的变形,正弦波作用下广义剪应变的发展速率大于三角波,相同振次下正弦波对应的广义剪应变始终大于三角波。同一波形下破坏标准取值越大,动强度值越大。不同破坏标准下的动强度均随破坏振次增加呈减小趋势,并最终趋于同一数值,同条件时正弦波在主应力轴循环旋转效应下与三角波相比更容易导致土体破坏;对试验数据进行分析,构建了两种波形作用下考虑不同破坏标准时动强度与破坏振次间关系式。同等条件下,正弦波作用下土体孔压增长速率大于三角波,且循环剪应力幅值越大,孔压增长速率越快,但由于黏性土孔压的滞后效应,达到破坏应变时其值相对较小。 相似文献
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We present a new pore pressure cohesive element for modeling the propagation of hydraulically induced fracture. The Park-Paulino-Roesler cohesive zone model has been employed to characterize the fracturing behavior. Coulomb’s frictional contact model has been incorporated into the element to model the possible shear reactivation of pre-existing natural fractures. The developed element has been validated through a series of single-element tests and an available analytical solution. Furthermore, intersection behaviors between the hydraulic fracture and the natural fracture under various conditions have been predicted using the present element, which shows good agreement with experimental results. 相似文献
18.
This paper presents a series of cyclic 2D direct shear tests on sand–rough material interfaces under constant normal load (CNL) and constant normal stiffness (CNS) conditions. The aim of these tests is to describe the behavior of the soil–pile contact subjected to a large number of cycles due to environmental or anthropic loadings. These cycles (typically 104 or less due to an early rupture) are small (10, 20 and 40 kPa in terms of shear stress). A new interpretation of the direct shear tests is proposed. The sample of soil is schematically composed of a sheared interface and of a buffer under oedometric load. The problem of sand leakage between the shear box and the rough plate, classical phenomenon in this type of test, is focused. The effect of initial density, position of “center of cycles” in stress plane (mean cyclic variables) and cyclic amplitude is investigated. The cycles are defined by the initial mean cyclic normal stress, the level of initial mean cyclic stress ratio and the normalized cyclic amplitude. Under CNL condition, either dilation or contraction is exhibited, in agreement with the characteristic state developed by Luong (International symposium on soils under cyclic and transient loading, Swansea, 7–11 January, pp 315–324, 1980). The influence of a prescribed normal stiffness is especially considered. It can be highlighted that CNS cyclic paths are always contractive. This contraction results in a drop of mean cyclic normal stress often called degradation of friction. 相似文献
19.
On the pore‐scale mechanisms leading to brittle and ductile deformation behavior of crystalline rocks 
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下载免费PDF全文 Deformation mechanisms at the pore scale are responsible for producing large strains in porous rocks. They include cataclastic flow, dislocation creep, dynamic recrystallization, diffusive mass transfer, and grain boundary sliding, among others. In this paper, we focus on two dominant pore‐scale mechanisms resulting from purely mechanical, isothermal loading: crystal plasticity and crofracturing. We examine the contributions of each mechanism to the overall behavior at a scale larger than the grains but smaller than the specimen, which is commonly referred to as the mesoscale. Crystal plasticity is assumed to occur as dislocations along the many crystallographic slip planes, whereas microfracturing entails slip and frictional sliding on microcracks. It is observed that under combined shear and tensile loading, microfracturing generates a softer response compared with crystal plasticity alone, which is attributed to slip weakening where the shear stress drops to a residual level determined by the frictional strength. For compressive loading, however, microfracturing produces a stiffer response than crystal plasticity because of the presence of frictional resistance on the slip surface. Behaviors under tensile, compressive, and shear loading invariably show that porosity plays a critical role in the initiation of the deformation mechanisms. Both crystal plasticity and microfracturing are observed to initiate at the peripheries of the pores, consistent with results of experimental studies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
The analysis of mechanisms which could control the growth of fractures in non-homogeneous regions is of paramount importance. One such mechanism is the behavior of the fracture as it reaches a frictional interface; coupled with this is the question of re-initiation, e.g. whether a fracture can be contained within the region of initiation. Though the problems of slippage have been dealt with by other investigators, the present paper gives a more comprehensive picture and detailed treatment: effects of various frictional models at an interface are considered for a crack which intersects it at any angle; specialization then allows comparison with existing results in the literature. The problem of re-initiation, after slippage has occurred at a frictional interface, is also considered, using two different models. First, by introducing microcracks in the adjacent stratum and looking at the effects on propagation criteria and, secondly, by examining the actual distribution of the stress tangential to the slip surface; detailed computations are performed and a simple criterion for re-initiation is given, relating the re-initiation stress dominantly to the confining stress on the interface. 相似文献