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Patricia A. Lockridge 《Natural Hazards》1990,3(4):403-412
While earthquakes generate about 90% of all tsunamis, volcanic activity, landslides, explosions, and other nonseismic phenomena can also result in tsunamis. There have been 53 000 reported deaths as a result of tsunamis generated by landslides and volcanoes. No death tolls are available for many events, but reports indicate that villages, islands, and even entire civilizations have disappeared. Some of the highest tsunami wave heights ever observed were produced by landslides. In the National Geophysical Data Center world-wide tsunami database, there are nearly 200 tsunami events in which nonseismic phenomena played a major role. In this paper, we briefly discuss a variety of nonseismic phenomena that can result in tsunamis. We discuss the magnitude of the disasters that have resulted from such events, and we discuss the potential for reducing such disasters by education and warning systems. 相似文献
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火山是地球内部与表层系统连接的纽带,是地球充满生机活力的体现.减轻大型火山喷发对全球气候和环境的影响是地球科学的重大研究主题.提出探索岩浆储库的累积组装和演变规律,研究火山喷发的触发机制,聚焦地球内、外层圈的相互作用,认识火山活动与全球气候和表层环境变化的互馈关系,构建火山地球工程的理论体系和技术框架,是减轻火山灾害对全人类不利影响的关键.其中,基于岩浆动力学和火山学的岩浆通道系统研究,将会为火山活动的预测和监测提供新的理论依据.火山活动的影响是全球性的.所以,我们要抢占先机,在深化火山喷发机制理论研究和构建减轻火山灾害影响的工程技术体系等方面有所作为. 相似文献
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海南岛火山海岸以沿小火山口形成的海蚀地貌和全新世火山爆发使局部海湾抬升为海岸阶地、河口堵流并形成深切海湾以及促进了珊瑚礁发育为特征。火山活动改变了海岸带的地势、坡度、动力条件、沉积特征以及海岸演变趋势,火山海岸发育受到构造内动力、波浪、潮流、风化作用等外动力以及生物作用的多重影响。火山岩岩性和时代反映出北部湾湾底的现代拉张构造活动。夏威夷火山海岸的环境效应以造陆和板块移动形成岛链、近期熔岩流喷溢改变地貌和大气质量等为特征。现代日本鹿儿岛火山碎屑喷发物掩埋道路和建筑物并促发泥石流灾害,改变着火山海岸作用过程。对比研究火山海岸及其环境效应,及时预报并进而制定有效的防灾、减灾对策。 相似文献
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中国第四纪气候变化和未来北方干旱灾害分析 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
气候异常变化不仅是气象灾害、海洋灾害、洪涝灾害、生物灾害的源头,而且由于地球及其各圈层运动的整体性和联系性,气候异常变化的激烈时期也常是地震和地质灾害的多发期。为了对未来自然灾害作出预测,文章研究了第四纪气候变化和发展规律,据此认为21世纪初虽然可能降水量有所增加,但仍属干旱期,特别是中国北方将受到干旱灾害的严重威胁,并将诱发或伴生一系列其他自然灾害。文章认为要从节流与开源并重的战略高度解决北方水资源短缺问题,只有这样才能保证社会经济的可持续发展。 相似文献
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《China Geology》2018,1(2):286-303
Nanogeology is a subject that is a combination of geology and nanoscale science, and it has been a frontier field in recent years. It is also a new subject with the features of intersectionality and multidisciplinary. Digging deeper into geological problems and nanoscale phenomena helps better revealing the more essential mechanisms and processes in geological science, which is also an evitable path in the development of geology. In this paper, we elaborate the concept, feature and main subdisciplines, and summarize three stages of nanogeology development from preliminary research in the 1990s to subject formation in China. After summarizing the researchers’ achievements in this field, we illustrate some primary research progresses of nanogeology in China as eight subdisciplines. On the basis of the above content, we propose the development prospect of nanogeology in China. There are many geologic problems with scientific values and economic benefits, such as research of geologic fundamental problems, resource exploration and development, mechanism study and prediction of geological activities (disasters), mechanism research and management of environmental pollution and others. Nanogeology has a great potential in China to solve all of these problems. As a result, the theories and methods of nanogeology will become enriching and advanced. It offers important theoretical basis and technological methods to deal with major issues concerning the national economy and the people’s livelihoods, such as the prediction of geological activities, as well as resource distribution and its exploration and utilization. 相似文献
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Geoffrey S. Plumlee 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):75-76
Large volumes of solid, gaseous, or liquid materials that are of potential concern from an environmental or public health perspective are commonly produced by natural or anthropogenic disasters, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, wildfires, urban fires, landslides, hurricanes, tsunamis, floods, windstorms, industrial spills, and terrorist attacks. Geochemical processes play key roles in the environmental and health impacts of these materials. Yet, process-focused environmental geochemistry expertise and characterization methods are often underutilized in disaster response and planning. In part, the scientific studies needed for detailed process characterization are difficult to plan and implement while the events are still underway, and delayed responses can miss key transient processes and byproducts. Further, emergency responders are focused primarily on identifying the types, amounts, and health hazards of contaminants produced by the event, thus the responders do not have the time or the need to collect the full range of appropriate geological, geochemical, microbiological and other data necessary to understand the full range of physical and chemical processes that influence contamination from these extreme events. A thorough characterization and understanding of geochemical and environmental processes that occur during specific disasters can be used to better anticipate effects of and plan for similar future disasters. A broad spectrum of environmental geochemistry capabilities can be applied to help emergency response authorities and the public health community in their initial hazardous materials assessments immediately following disasters. 相似文献
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Hazel Rymer 《Geology Today》2000,16(1):26-31
The 1990s were designated the International Decade of Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) by the United Nations and considerable research effort has gone into achieving a better understanding of volcanic processes and public understanding of volcanic phenomena. Some eruptions have been predicted successfully and thousands of lives have been saved through evacuation and well co-ordinated aid programmes. 相似文献
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近年来,受全球气候变暖和城市扩张进程中的人类社会经济活动影响,青海省突发性、局地性地质灾害事件频发。为积极应对地质灾害严峻形势,保障人民生活生产安全、巩固防灾减灾成果、提出科学合理的应对措施。文章以1990—2019年青海省滑坡崩塌泥石流灾害为研究对象,通过数理统计,分析研究了30年间青海省滑坡崩塌泥石流灾害发育特征、时空分布规律及主要引发因素。结果表明:①灾害规模多为小型,灾害类型以滑坡为主。②时间上,多发生在5—10月;空间上,主要发生在地形复杂的青东地区西宁市和海东市。③降雨和开挖边坡是主要引发因素。④近年来,滑坡崩塌泥石流灾害增加趋势明显。研究结果对于今后一段时期青海省地质灾害防范工作具有指导和借鉴意义。 相似文献
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地质灾害的分布和发生发展过程具有空间特性, 其影响因素具有自身的特点和复杂性。作者开发的地质灾害图象分析系统(GHMIAS)是以典型地质灾害为主要对象、以空间信息管理和分析为主要功能的应用性地理信息系统, 该系统有独特的空间分析模型扩充, 融矢量、栅格和Windows图形用户对象为一体, 支持多种数据格式相互转换, 具有丰富的制图功能和高质量的制图输出, 可以快速生成灾害专题图件。 相似文献
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松辽盆地庆深气田深层火山岩储层储集性控制因素研究 总被引：14，自引：3，他引：11
松辽盆地庆深气田深层火山岩主要岩石类型为流纹岩、熔结凝灰岩、凝灰岩、火山集块岩、安山岩、英安岩和粗面岩,以中酸性火山岩为主,其主要储气岩为流纹岩和凝灰岩,与国内其他含油气盆地的火山岩储层明显不同。其原生孔隙受岩性、岩相控制,后期的成岩改造作用,包括构造活动、风化淋滤、溶蚀作用、脱玻化作用决定了火山岩次生孔隙发育程度,尤其是溶蚀作用,它是决定原生孔隙不发育火山岩能否成为有效储层的关键因素。不同地区火山岩储层的发育状况与火山岩所处的位置有关。火山机构多沿断裂带分布,火山口附近多种岩相叠合区和近火山口爆发相和喷溢相叠合区的储层物性较好,是天然气勘探的有利目标。 相似文献
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火山喷发过程所伴生的地震活动会诱发大量的崩塌滑坡次生灾害,其所造成的人员财产损失甚至超过火山活动本身。2002年以来长白山天池火山区地震活动的异常,表明火山深部的岩浆正在发生变化,天池火山存在喷发的危险。地震崩塌滑坡的危险性区划是降低生命财产损失的有效手段。将火山伴生地震作为崩塌滑坡灾害的诱发因素并据此设置地震参数,利用简化的Newmark累积位移模型,考虑地形因素对地震的放大效应,对长白山地区天池火山喷发下次生崩塌、滑坡灾害的危险性进行评价。通过探讨不同地震震级下的危险性分区结果,认为不同地震参数的设置对危险性分区结果没有影响。将研究区划分为极高、高、中等、低、极低等5个危险等级,其中,极高危险区主要分布在3个区域:以天池口为中心,40km为半径的范围内;沿江乡—两江镇—松江镇条带区域;长白县境内鸭绿江沿岸区域。 相似文献
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西藏地区雪灾等级评估研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
建立了基于距离函数的雪灾等级评估模型,采用此模型对1979-2013年西藏地区39个站点筛选出的370次雪灾个例进行等级评估。结果如下：一级和二级雪灾占绝大多数,三、四级雪灾出现的次数相对较少。春季发生雪灾的次数最多,其次为冬季,夏季只有9次一级雪灾发生。1979-2013年,三级雪灾出现的次数在减少。20世纪90年代以前三级雪灾多发生在冬季,以后三级雪灾多发生在春季。四级雪灾在20世纪90年代发生的次数最多,且持续时间较长,大多发生在冬季,21世纪以来有所减少,雪灾发生在秋季和冬季的次数相当。 相似文献
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Saudi Arabia has in recent years experienced frequent disasters, including flooding, epidemics, and dust storms, while many parts of the country are subject to regular earthquake and volcanic activity. The paper examines public perception of the risk of disasters in this interesting socio-cultural and regional environment not already covered by existing literature. A wide national survey conducted between March and May 2012 resulted in 1,164 responses across the 13 regions of Saudi Arabia. The study showed that the majority of the participants have faith that God is in control of the world and that disasters may be a punishment from him. However, this does not hinder their desire to be prepared to cope with disasters. It also highlighted that direct experience with such disasters does not directly influence perception. The research findings lead to the emergence of a number of recommendations regarding raising awareness of hazards and the risk of disasters, including education, training, encouraging voluntary work, and improving public access to vital information resources. A requirement for research into resilience also emerges, to prepare communities to cope with disasters; this is the focus of the authors’ future research. 相似文献
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各种地质灾害与自然灾害不是孤立出现的,而是构成相互联系的灾害系统。灾害系统受控于地球的运动与天体活动。现在地球的运动已进入一个新的活跃时期,推测灾害有加剧的趋势,因此研究灾害系统的规律,制定灾害预测和防御措施是一项重要的工作。 相似文献
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针对长岭火山岩气藏地质条件的复杂性,为了合理部署设计水平并,实现储量高效动用提供依据,运用动静结合的方法,以火山喷发旋回为基础,以标志层为界限,以地震剖面上可连续追踪为手段,结合测井曲线不同组合特征及试采井气体组份变化,刻画出长岭火山岩发育上下两个期次的岩性系列、九个火山岩体。其中,上部四个酸性含气火山岩体互不连通独立成藏,是下一步开发评价的重点目标区。在经后期多口实钻井,证实了这种动静结合岩体刻画的方法较为可靠,这对其它同类火山岩气藏的开发具有重要的指导意义。 相似文献
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Earthquakes in Iran are major and chronic disasters, but there is a seemingly downward trend in the number of lives lost from earthquake disasters in the past five decades. This paper particularly examines whether factors such as urbanization, literacy rate, wealth, and retrofitting measures have contributed to the declining trend of fatalities over past decades. Data records of 1960–2010 have been used to demonstrate the fatalities trend and a shorter series of 1990–2010 has been used to carry out a statistical analysis due to limited availability of information on retrofitting practices in the country. Regression models run in two stages. The first stage consists of normalized fatalities of Iran’s earthquakes, regressed on urbanization, wealth, and retrofitting. The second stage involves the measure of retrofit as the dependent variable regressed over urbanization and/or wealth as explanatory variables. The resulted regression models clearly explain the importance of retrofitting measure in saving lives in earthquakes disasters, as well as providing economic advantages and robust environment to the population. The study provides significant guidance for public policy. Undoubtedly, retrofitting, started in the country from 1990, has decreased the number of deaths; nonetheless, the measure is found to be mostly enforced in the cities and not in rural areas. Decision makers can use the results of this study to prioritize retrofit in rural areas, more than ever, and as much as possible. 相似文献