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1.
A hydrophilic kapok fiber was prepared by a chemical process of the Fenton reaction and used as an adsorbent to remove Pb(II) from aqueous solution. The effects of experimental parameters including pH, contact time, Pb(II) concentration, and coexisting heavy metals were estimated as well as evaluated. The optimum concentrations of FeSO4 and H2O2 for the Fenton reaction-modified kapok fiber (FRKF) were 0.5 mol L?1 and 1 mol L?1, respectively. The adsorption kinetic models and isotherm equations of Langmuir and Freundlich were conducted to identify the most optimum adsorption rate and adsorption capacity of Pb(II) on FRKF. The FRKF displayed an excellent adsorption rate for Pb(II) in single metal solution with the maximum adsorption capacity of 94.41?±?7.56 mg g?1 at pH 6.0. Moreover, the FRKE still maintained its adsorption advantage of Pb(II) in the mixed metal solution. The FRKF exhibited a considerable potential in removal of metal content in wastewater streams.  相似文献   

2.
A theoretical model was developed to study the chemical speciation of the trace elements Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb aqueous solutions and their responses to variations in ionic strength and complexation. Two mixing solutions were investigated, a freshwater-seawater system and a freshwater-brine system. The brine was a calcium, sodium-chloride solution with a molal ionic strength of two. Trace element associations with the ligands OH?, Cl?, CO2?3, SO2?4, and HCO?3 were considered at pHs from 3.5 to 11.0 at 25°C. In general, the relative importance of the various ligand-trace element complexes can be predicted from a comparison of their stability constants. However, the effect of pH on the importance of a given complex is not readily apparent from the stability constants. Freshwater-seawater mixtures, as might be found in a totally mixed estuary, show that seawater composition is the dominant control on chemical complexing. Chloride complexing is similar for lead and zinc in the freshwater-brine mixtures. This similarity may account in part for the association of lead and zinc in strata-bound ore deposits.  相似文献   

3.
Manganese oxides, typically similar to δ-MnO2, form in the aquatic environment at near neutral pH via bacterially promoted oxidation of Mn(II) species by O2, as the reaction of [Mn(H2O)6]2+ with O2 alone is not thermodynamically favorable below pH of ~?9. As manganese oxide species are reduced by the triphenylmethane compound leucoberbelein blue (LBB) to form the colored oxidized form of LBB (λmax?=?623 nm), their concentration in the aquatic environment can be determined in aqueous environmental samples (e.g., across the oxic–anoxic interface of the Chesapeake Bay, the hemipelagic St. Lawrence Estuary and the Broadkill River estuary surrounded by salt marsh wetlands), and their reaction progress can be followed in kinetic studies. The LBB reaction with oxidized Mn solids can occur via a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reaction, which is a one-electron transfer process, but is unfavorable with oxidized Fe solids. HAT thermodynamics are also favorable for nitrite with LBB and MnO2 with ammonia (NH3). Reactions are unfavorable for NH4+ and sulfide with oxidized Fe and Mn solids, and NH3 with oxidized Fe solids. In laboratory studies and aquatic environments, the reduction of manganese oxides leads to the formation of Mn(III)-ligand complexes [Mn(III)L] at significant concentrations even when two-electron reductants react with MnO2. Key reductants are hydrogen sulfide, Fe(II) and organic ligands, including the siderophore desferioxamine-B. We present laboratory data on the reaction of colloidal MnO2 solutions (λmax?~?370 nm) with these reductants. In marine waters, colloidal forms of Mn oxides (<?0.2 µm) have not been detected as Mn oxides are quantitatively trapped on 0.2-µm filters. Thus, the reactivity of Mn oxides with reductants depends on surface reactions and possible surface defects. In the case of MnO2, Mn(IV) is an inert cation in octahedral coordination; thus, an inner-sphere process is likely for electrons to go into the empty e g * conduction band of its orbitals. Using frontier molecular orbital theory and band theory, we discuss aspects of these surface reactions and possible surface defects that may promote MnO2 reduction using laboratory and field data for the reaction of MnO2 with hydrogen sulfide and other reductants.  相似文献   

4.
Total concentrations of and binding capacities for Cd, Cu, and Pb were measured in selected surface waters from northwestern Europe. Linear multiple regression predictive models explained 97, 93, and 96% of the observed variation in Cd, Cu and Pb binding capacities, respectively. The models constructed used (CO23?) and (SO22?) to predict Cd binding capacity, (OH?) and (SO42?) to predict Cu binding capacity and (OH?), (CO32?) and (SO42?) to predict Pb binding capacity. Organic carbon was not significantly correlated with binding capacities for Cd, Cu, and Pb and was unimportant in explaining a significant amount of the variability in binding capacities for the metals of northern European surface waters. Thus, the effects of these organics on trace metal speciation can be ignored and predictive models of trace metal speciation constructed, using inorganic solubility equilibria only. Ratios of total Cd, Cu, and Pb concentrations to their respective binding capacities were much less than unity for all waters studied. Copper exhibited the greatest metal concentrations: binding capacity ratio in all waters investigated.  相似文献   

5.
The physical (turbidity, color, smell, taste, pH, and conductivity) and geochemical properties (Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Al, K, Cl?, HCO3 ?, SO4 2?, Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cr) of the drinking water in Gümü?hane city center were determined. This city center constitutes the study area. The pH levels of the water samples ranged from 6.3 to 8.2, and their conductivities ranged between 240 and 900 μS. These findings were concordant with the drinking water standards of the Turkey Standard Institute and the World Health Organization. The hardness of the water samples in the study area was between 18.1 and 115.1 °Fr. These samples were classified as extremely hard, hard, and quite hard. In addition, an assessment using the criteria for Inland Surface Water Classification indicated that considering certain parameters (pH levels, amount of Na, SO4 2?, Fe, Mn, Al, Co, Ni, Cu, and Cr), the samples belonged to class I (high quality) water. When Cl? amount and conductivity were considered, the samples belonged to the first and second classes (less polluted) of water. The water in the study area was generally classified as carbonated and sulfated (Ca + Mg > Na + K) water classes. This water contained more weak acids than strong acids (HCO3 ? + CO3 2? > Cl? + SO4 2?). The pH levels (6.3–8.2) of the water in the study area were unrelated to the varying concentrations of metals in the water. Elements such as Fe, Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu increase in the water through the water–rock interaction in the area in which water rises or through the mixture of water with either mine or industrial wastes. In addition, several water samples belonged to an acceptable water class for drinking and usage.  相似文献   

6.
The Ba2+ ion adsorption isotherms on β-MnO2 were of the Langmuir type. The endothermic heat of adsorption (40 kJ mol?1) is ascribed to entropy contributions associated with the Na+Ba2+ ion-exchange mechanism. The Ba2+ ion adsorption density was higher at pH 10 than that at pH 7, due to the more negative surface charge at the higher pH. Ba2+ ions were found to reverse the sign of the ζ potential of the MnO2 particles.More oleate was adsorbed by β-MnO2 in the presence of Ba2+ ions than in their absence. The oleate adsorption isotherms on Ba2+-activated MnO2 were of the Freundlich type and indicated an exothermic process. Hallimond flotation recovery of Ba2+-activated MnO2 was higher at pH 10 than at pH 7, although less oleate was adsorbed at the higher pH. At pH 7, Mn2+-activation led to higher recoveries than Ba2+-activation. It seems that the attraction between the surface and the activator plays an important rôle in determining the flotation recovery.  相似文献   

7.
Ion chemistry of mine pit lake water reveals dominance of alkaline earths (Ca2+ and Mg2+) over total cation strength, while SO4 2? and Cl? constitute the majority of total anion load. Higher value of Ca2+?+?Mg2+/Na+?+?K+ (pre-monsoon 5.986, monsoon 8.866, post-monsoon 7.09) and Ca2+?+?Mg2+/HCO3 ??+?SO 4 2 (pre-monsoon 7.14, monsoon 9.57, post-monsoon 8.29) is explained by weathering of Ca?CMg silicates and dissolution of Ca2+-bearing minerals present in parent rocks and overburden materials. Silicate weathering supposed to be the major geological contributor, in contrast to bicarbonate weathering does a little. Distribution coefficient for dissolved metals and sorbed to surface sediments is in the order of Cd?>?Pb?>?Fe?>?Zn?>?Cu?>?Cr?>?Mn. Speciation study of monitored metals in surface sediments shows that Fe and Mn are dominantly fractionated in exchangeable-acid reducible form, whereas rest of the metals (Cr, Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu) mostly in residual form. Cd, Pb, and Zn show relatively higher recalcitrant factor that indicates their higher retention in lake sediments. Factor loading of monitored physico-chemical parameters resembles contribution/influences from geological weathering, anthropogenic inputs as well as natural temporal factors. Ionic load/strength of lake water accounted for geochemical process and natural factors, while pollutant load (viz BOD, COD and metals, etc.) is associated with anthropogenic inputs through industrial discharge.  相似文献   

8.
In this work, the effectiveness of native and chemically modified rice bran to remove heavy metal Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution was examined. Chemical modifications with some simple and low-cost chemicals resulted in enhancement of the adsorption capacities and had faster kinetics than native rice bran. Experiments were conducted in shake flasks to monitor the upshot of parameters over a range of pH, initial Pb(II) concentrations and contact times using a batch model study. The sorption capacities q (mg g?1) increased in the following order: NaOH (147.78), Ca(OH)2 (139.08), Al(OH)3 (127.24), esterification (124.28), NaHCO3 (118.08), methylation (118.88), Na2CO3 (117.12) and native (80.24). The utmost uptake capacity q (mg g?1) was shown by NaOH-pretreated rice bran. The results showed that, using NaOH-modified rice bran, the chief removal of Pb(II) was 74.54 % at pH 5, primary Pb(II) concentration 100 mg L?1 and contact time 240 min. Equilibrium isotherms for the Pb(II) adsorption were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The Langmuir isotherm model, showing Pb(II) sorption as accessible through the high value of the correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.993), showed a q max value of 416.61 mg g?1. The kinetic model illustrated adsorption rates well, depicted by a second order, which gives an indication concerning the rate-limiting step. Thermodynamic evaluation of the metal ion ?G o was carried out and led to the observation that the adsorption reaction is spontaneous and endothermic in nature. NaOH chemically modified rice bran was a superb biosorbent for exclusion of Pb(II) and proved to be excellent for industrial applications.  相似文献   

9.
Lead isotope amount ratios are commonly used in diverse fields such as archaeometry, geochemistry and forensic science. Currently, five reference materials with certified lead isotope amount ratios are available, namely NIST SRM 981, 982 and 983, GBW‐04442 and NMIJ 3681‐a. Only NIST SRM 981 and NMIJ 3681‐a have approximately natural isotopic compositions, and NIST SRM 981 is predominantly used for correcting mass discrimination/mass fractionation in the applied mass spectrometric procedures. Consequently, there is no other certified reference material available to be used for validation and/or quality control of the analytical procedures applied to lead isotope amount ratio measurements. To fill this gap, two new reference materials have been produced and certified for their lead isotope amount ratios. For both certified reference materials, complete uncertainty budgets have been calculated and SI traceability has been established. This provides the users with independent means for validating and verifying their analytical procedures and for conducting quality control measures. ERM‐EB400 is a bronze material with a nominal lead mass fraction of 45 mg kg?1 and certified lead isotope amount ratios of n(206Pb)/n(204Pb) = 18.072(17) mol mol?1, n(207Pb)/n(204Pb) = 15.578(18) mol mol?1 and n(208Pb)/n(204Pb) = 38.075(46) mol mol?1 with the associated expanded uncertainties (k = 2) given in brackets. ERM‐AE142 is a high‐purity solution of lead in 2% nitric acid with a nominal mass fraction of 100 mg kg?1 and certified Pb isotope amount ratios of n(206Pb)/n(204Pb) = 21.114(17) mol mol?1, n(207Pb)/n(204Pb) = 15.944(17) mol mol?1 and n(208Pb)/n(204Pb) = 39.850(44) mol mol?1 with the associated expanded uncertainties (k = 2) given in brackets. Both materials are specifically designed to fall within the natural lead isotopic variation and to assist users with the validation and verification of their analytical procedures. Note that while one of these reference materials requires the chemical separation of Pb from its matrix (ERM‐EB400), the other does not (ERM‐AE142). As additional information, δ208/206PbNIST SRM981 values are provided for both materials. For ERM‐AE142, a delta value of δ208/206PbNIST SRM981 = ?28.21(30)‰ was obtained, and for ERM‐EB400, a delta value of δ208/206PbNIST SRM981= ?129.47(38)‰ was obtained, with the associated expanded uncertainties (k = 2) given in brackets.  相似文献   

10.
Tchabal Gangdaba (TG) volcanic massif, which is a part of the continental sector of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL), is dated between 34.4 and 25.1 Ma. It displays mafic lavas (picrobasalt and basanite, 41–43 wt % SiO2) and felsic lavas (rhyolite, 68–73 wt % SiO2). The lack of intermediate rocks evidences a pronounced Daly gap between 43 and 68 wt % SiO2, which corresponds to an important time span of 3.4 Ma. It is interpreted as due to extensive fractional crystallization under peculiar thermodynamical conditions. Felsic lavas yield strong negative anomalies in Ba, Sr and Eu (0.1?206Pb/204Pb?207Pb/204Pb?208Pb/204Pb?相似文献   

11.
The competitive binding of rare earth elements (REE) to purified humic acid (HA) and MnO2 was studied experimentally using various HA/MnO2 ratios over a range of pH (3 to 8). MnO2, humic acid and REE solutions were simultaneously mixed to investigate the kinetics of the competitive reactions. Aqueous REE–HA complex is the dominant species whatever the experiment time, pH and HA/MnO2 ratio. The value of the distribution coefficients between MnO2 and solution (log KdRee/Mno2) increases with the HA/MnO2 ratio, indicating that part of the REE–HA complexes are adsorbed onto MnO2. The development of a Ce anomaly appears strongly limited in comparison with inorganic experimental conditions. Throughout the experimental run time, for HA/MnO2 ratios of less than 0.4, MnO2 acts as a competitor leading to a partial dissociation of the REE–HA complex. The majority of the dissociated REE is readsorbed onto the MnO2 surface. The readsorption of REE is expressed by an increased Ce anomaly on the log KdRee/Mno2 pattern as well as a change in shape of the coefficient distribution of REE between soluble HA and solution pattern (log KdRee/HA decrease for the heavy rare earth elements — HREE). Thus, REE are not only bound to MnO2 as a REE–HA complex, but also as REE(III). Moreover, the competition between HA and MnO2 for REE binding is shown to be higher at low pH (< 6) and low DOC/Mn ratio. This study partially confirms previous work that demonstrated the control of REE adsorption by organic matter, while shedding more light on the impact of pH as well as complexation reaction competition on long-term REE partitioning between solid surface and organic solutions. The latter point is important as regards to REE speciation under conditions typical of rock and/or mineral alteration.  相似文献   

12.
Near-surface atmospheric dust in Changsha city of China was analyzed in terms of morphological and geochemical composition. Morphological and chemical composition of the dust particles were analyzed by environmental scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer. Results indicated that the atmospheric dusts were mainly composed of spherule, plate, irregularly shaped and agglomerate, which contains variable sizes and amounts of particles. The dust particles could be categorized into five groups based on their chemical characteristic: Al-, Si-, Ca-, C-rich particles and aggregate. These particles and aggregate could be directly related to nearby polluting activities, such as building construction, traffic emission and coal combustion. The X-ray diffraction results show that the main minerals for atmospheric dust are gypsum, quartz and calcite. Mica, halloysite, montmorillonite, hematite, brushite, zeolite, sepiolite, feldspar, alite, dickite, SiS2, Fe6(OH)2CO3, FeSO4, CdSO4, Pb(NO)2O3, Al2SO4(OH)4, As2O3SO3, (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl, K(NH4)·Ca(SO4)2·H2O are also detected in samples. The identification of heavy metals shows that the concentrations of Cr (403.5?mg?kg?1), Cu (126?mg?kg?1), Zn (1541.5?mg?kg?1), Cd (2.5?mg?kg?1) and Pb (348?mg?kg?1) in the atmospheric dust are much higher compared to background value of soil. It indicates that the heavy metal (Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in the atmospheric dust is mainly due to human activities. The identification of main sources of atmospheric dust collected in typical areas can help to control the polluting sources in urban area.  相似文献   

13.
Groundwater is a precious resource for humankind not only in Nepal but also across the globe due to its diverse functions. A total of 48 groundwater samples were collected from three villages of Nawalparasi district, Nepal, during pre-monsoon and monsoon to estimate the overall groundwater quality and to identify the sources of contamination with emphasis on arsenic (As). The average concentrations of all tested groundwater quality parameters (temp., pH, EC, ORP, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl?, F?,SO4 2?, PO4 3?, HCO3 ?, NO3 ?, Cu, Ni, Mn, Cd, Pb, Fe, Zn, Cr, and As) were well within permissible limits of WHO for drinking water, except for Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr, and As. Concentration of As ranged from 60 to 3,100 μg L?1 and 155 to 1,338 μg L?1 in pre-monsoon and monsoon, respectively. The Piper diagram of the groundwater chemistry showed groundwater of Nawalparasi belongs to Ca–Mg–HCO3 and Mg–HCO3 water type with HCO3 ? as dominant ions. As content in the study area was negatively correlated with Fe in pre-monsoon, while it was positively correlated in monsoon. Furthermore, As was negatively correlated with oxidation reduction potential suggesting reducing condition of groundwater. Principal component analysis revealed seven major factors that explained 81.996 and 83.763 % of total variance in water quality in pre-monsoon and monsoon, respectively. The variance of water quality was related mainly with the degree of water–rock interaction, mineralization, and anthropogenic inputs.  相似文献   

14.
The internal precision of Pb isotope analyses using single-zircon evaporation in a double-filament solid source mass spectrometer (Kober 1986) can be improved combining the evaporation of Pb directly from the single grain with a suitable Pb+ emitter-bedding technique. This is most easily done by step-wise evaporating the investigated grain at temperatures of 1700–1800 K generating on the ‘cold’ ionization filament a deposit of radiogenic Pb together with further elements and compounds derived directly from the crystal. The heating of the deposit on the ionization filament to 1400–1500 K results in long-lived and stable Pb+ ion beams. The ‘activating reagents’ in the deposit are HfO2 and SiO2. Their release from the zircon grain together with the radiogenic Pb, which presumably is sited in the crystalline zircon domains as Pb4+, is probably due to disintegration reactions of trace-element silicates hosted in the grain. In the bedding deposited on the ionization filament thermally stable Pb/Hf/SiO2 compounds are formed (PbHfSiO5(?)). They retain the Pb isotopes on the (Re) filament up to 1400 K–1500 K and are highly efficient Pb+ ion emitters similar to the ‘Si-gel’-method (Cameron et al. 1969). The combined evaporation/emitter-bedding technique has been applied to natural zircons of different genesis and to isotope standards. Routinely, a Pb+ ion yield of 2*10?4-1*10?3 and a relative standard deviation of the 207Pb/206Pb ratio in the order of 1% have been obtained for sub-ng- to ng-amounts of Pb from standards and samples. The method rapidly can yield Pb isotope information on the ‘concordant’ zircon phases with a standard deviation of ±15–20 Ma of the derived ages also in the case of Paleozoic zircon populations.  相似文献   

15.
The Huize Zn-Pb- (Ag-Ge) district is a typical representative of the well-known medium-to large-sized carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb- (Ag-Ge) deposits, occurring in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Pb-Zn Ore-forming Zone. Generally, fluid inclusions within calcite, one of the major gangue minerals, are dominated by two kinds of small (1-10 um) inclusions including pure-liquid and liquid. The inclusions exist in concentrated groups along the crystal planes of the calcite. The ore-forming fluids containing Pb and Zn, which belong to the Na+-K+-Ca2+-Cl--F--SO42- type, are characterized by temperatures of 164-221℃, medium salinity in 5-10.8 wt% NaCl, and medium pressure at 410×105 to 661×105 Pa. The contents of Na+-K+ and C1--F-, and ratios of Na+/K+-Cl-/F- in fluid inclusions present good linearity. The ratios of Na+/K+ (4.66-6.71) and Cl-/F- (18.21-31.04) in the fluid inclusions of calcite are relatively high, while those of Na+/K+ (0.29-5.69) and Cl-/F- (5.00-26.0) in the inclusions of sphalerite and pyrite are rela  相似文献   

16.
The solubility of all possible Zn and Pb species in aqueous chloride fluids was evaluated by means of thermodynamic simulations in systems ZnO(PbO)-aqueous solution of NaCl (KCl, NaCl + HCl) within broad ranges of temperature (600–900°C), pressure (0.7–5 kbar), and chloride concentrations, under parameters corresponding to the crystallization and degassing of granitoid magmas in the Earth’s crust. Our simulation results demonstrate that the addition of Cl to the fluid phase in the form of Na(K)Cl and HCl significantly increases the concentrations of Cl-bearing Zn and Pb complexes and the total concentration of the metals in the solutions in equilibrium with the solid oxides. In Zn-bearing fluids, the Zn(OH) 2 0 , ZnOH+, and Zn(OH) 3 ? —hydroxyl complexes and the ZnCl 2 0 , and ZnCl+ chlorocomplexes, which are predominant at low Cl concentrations (CCl < 0.05–0.1 m) give way to ZnCl 4 2? with increasing CCl, which becomes the predominant Zn species of the fluid at CCl > 0.1–0.5 m throughout the whole temperature range in question and pressures higher than 1 kbar. For Pb-bearing fluids, the T-P-X region dominated by the Pb(OH) 2 0 , and Pb(OH) 3 ? hydroxyl complexes is remarkably wider than the analogous region for Zn, particularly at elevated temperatures (≥700°C) in alkaline solutions. An increase in CCl is associated with an increase in the concentration and changes in the speciation of Pb chlorocomplexes: PbCl 2 0 → PbCl 3 ? → PbCl 4 2? . The concentrations of Zn and Pb chlorocomplexes increase with increasing pressure, decreasing temperature, and decrease pH with the addition of HCl to the system. It is demonstrated that the solubility of ZnO at any given T-P-X in alkaline solutions with low chloride concentrations are lower than the solubility of PbO. The Zn concentration increases more significantly than with the Pb concentration with increasing CCl and decreasing pH, so that the Zn concentration in acidic solutions is higher than the Pb concentration over broad ranges of temperature, pressure, and Cl concentration. Chloride complexes of Zn (ZnCl 2 0 , and ZnCl 4 2? ) and Pb (PbCl 2 0 , and PbCl 3 ? are proved to be predominant within broad T-P-X-pH ranges corresponding to the parameters under which magmatic fluid are generated. Our simulation results confirm the hypothesis that chlorocomplexes play a leading role in Zn and Pb distribution between aqueous chloride fluids and granitic melts. These simulation results are consistent with experimental data on the Zn and Pb distribution coefficients (D(Zn)f/m and D(Pb)f/m, respectively) between aqueous chloride fluids and granitic melts that demonstrated that (1) D(Zn)f/m and D(Pb)f/m increase with increasing Na and K chloride concentrations in the aqueous fluid, (2) both D(Zn)f/m and D(Pb)f/m drastically increase when HCl is added to the fluid, and (3) (D(Zn)f/m is higher than D(Pb)f/m at any given T-P-X parameters. The experimentally established decrease in D(Zn)f/m and D(Pb)f/m with increasing pressure (at unchanging temperature and Cl concentration) is likely explained by an increase in the alkalinity of the aqueous chloride fluid in equilibrium with granite melt and, correspondingly, a decrease in the Zn and Pb solubility in this fluid.  相似文献   

17.
Fifty groundwater samples were collected from Al-Hasa to analyze the pH, electrical conductivity (EC, dS m?1), total dissolved solids (TDS), major anions (HCO3?, CO32?, Cl?, SO42?, and NO3?), major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+), and total hardness. The analyzed data plotted in the Piper, Gibbs, and Durov diagrams, and water quality index (WQI) were calculated to evaluate the groundwater geochemistry and its water quality. The results reveal that most of the investigated samples are Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42?, Cl? and Na+, and HCO3? water types using the Piper diagram. Na+?>?Ca2+?>?Mg2+ are the dominant cations, while Cl??>?HCO3??>?SO42??>?CO32? are the dominant anions. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values varied from 0.79 to 10; however, the Kelly ratio (KR) ranged between 0.1 and 2.2. The permeability index (PI) showed that well water is suitable for irrigation purposes with 75% or more of maximum permeability. The US salinity diagram revealed that the water quality classes of studied waters were CIII-SI, CIII-SII, and CIV-SII, representing height hazards of salinity and medium- to low-sodium hazard. The water quality index (WQI) results indicated that total dissolved solids are out of the drinking water standard limits in Saudi Arabia. The WQI revealed that 38% of the studied wells were considered as poor water (class III), 52% are found as very poor water class (IV), and 10% are unsuitable water for drinking class (V).  相似文献   

18.
Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater in Isfahan province, Iran   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
Groundwater quality in five catchment areas in Isfahan province of Iran is assessed by measuring physicochemical parameters including major cation and anion compositions, pH, total dissolved solid, electrical conductivity and total hardness. For this purpose, 567 piezometric well samples were collected in October 2007. The abundance of major ions in four of the catchment areas including Gavkhuni, Ardestan, Salt lake and Central Iran desert basins is similar and follows Cl??>?SO4 2??>?Na+?>?HCO3 ??>?Ca2+?>?Mg2+?>?K+?>?CO3 2? trend, while in the fifth basin (Karoon), the trend changes into HCO3 ??>?Ca2+?>?Cl??>?SO4 2??>?Mg2+?>?Na+?>?K+?>CO3 2?. In general, four water facies are determined and it is shown that alkali elements and strong acids are dominating over alkaline earth and weak acids. Statistical analysis including Mann?CWhitney U test indicate that physicochemical parameters in three of the five investigated basins [Gavkhuni, Ardestan and Central Iran desert (CID)] are similar, while Karoon and salt lake basins display different characteristics. The result indicate that groundwater west of the province is suitable for irrigation, while in the central and eastern parts of the province the groundwater loses its quality for this purpose. It is concluded that mineral dissolution and evapotranspiration are the main processes that determine major ion compositions.  相似文献   

19.
The present article explores the ability of five different combinations of two adsorbents (Arachis hypogea shell powder and Eucalyptus cameldulensis saw dust) to remove Pb(II) from synthetic and lead acid batteries wastewater through batch and column mode. The effects of solution pH, adsorbent dose, initial Pb(II) concentration and contact time were investigated with synthetic solutions in batch mode. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study revealed that carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups were mostly responsible for the removal of Pb(II) ions from test solutions. The kinetic data were found to follow pseudo-second-order model with correlation coefficient of 0.99. Among Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models, the Langmuir model provided the best fit to the equilibrium data with maximum adsorption capacity of 270.2 mg g?1. Column studies were carried out using lead battery wastewater at different flow rates and bed depths. Two kinetic models, viz. Thomas and Bed depth service time model, were applied to predict the breakthrough curves and breakthrough service time. The Pb(II) uptake capacity (q e = 540.41 mg g?1) was obtained using bed depth of 35 cm and a flow rate of 1.0 mL min?1 at 6.0 pH. The results from this study showed that adsorption capacity of agricultural residues in different combinations is much better than reported by other authors, authenticating that the prepared biosorbents have potential in remediation of Pb-contaminated waters.  相似文献   

20.
多壁碳纳米管固相萃取快速检测水样中铅镉铜铁   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
传统的固相萃取填料应用于环境样品的重金属处理过程中,存在pH不稳定和不同极性萃取物共同萃取较为困难等方面的不足,因此寻找新型固相萃取填料显得尤为重要。本文采用多壁碳纳米管填充固相萃取柱,萃取水中金属元素铅、镉、铜和铁,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定铅和镉,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定铜和铁。实验考察了多壁碳纳米管的性质、溶液pH值、洗脱溶液、样品流速以及基体效应对测定结果的影响。结果显示:溶液pH=9,1 mol/L硝酸为洗脱溶液,样品流速为2 mL/min时,外径8 nm未修饰的多壁碳纳米管有较好的萃取效率,对溶液中铅、镉、铜和铁的最大吸附容量分别为44.91、42.31、54.68和49.07 mg/g,四种元素的吸附容量均衡;钾、钠、钙、镁离子以及苯和甲苯等基质对四种金属元素的萃取影响不大。方法回收率为95.3%~99.5%,精密度(RSD,n=7)为1.2%~3.2%。本方法采用外径8 nm的多壁碳纳米管固相萃取,与传统萃取方法相比,富集效果好、回收率较高,而且操作简便、准确度高;与前人采用外径20~30 nm的多壁碳纳米管的性能相比,镉和铜的吸附容量更高,还可实现对铁的吸附,且铅、镉、铜和铁四种元素的吸附容量均衡,更适合用于检测水样中的金属元素。  相似文献   

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