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1.
针对中国北方海湾水库间歇来水、连续取水和沉积物动态释盐的特点,建立水量与盐分耦合的数学模型,以青岛拟建的沐官岛水库为例,探讨水位变化条件下混合型海湾水库库水盐分的影响因素、超标风险与达标条件。模拟结果表明,在水库水位连续降低条件下,毫米量级的日蒸发量对库水盐分的累积效应显著。在不利水文条件下,受沉积物释盐、水分蒸发与人工取水的影响,混合型海湾水库长期存在盐分超标的风险。与水位不变时相反,水位降低时库水盐分浓度随着取水量的增大而升高;因此,当库水盐分存在超标风险时,可以通过减少日取水量实现库水盐分达标。为保障安全供水,在海湾水库设计与运营管理阶段,均需要综合考虑水量-盐分因素进行水库的日取水量调算。 相似文献
2.
扩散边界层是水环境沉积物与上覆水之间物质交换的必经区。通过无风和有风条件下两组沉积物盐分释放实验,研究海湾水库砂质沉积物-水界面扩散边界层的形成情况,并通过水动力扰动下穿过扩散边界层的实测盐分通量与Fick第一定律理论计算通量的比较,以及扰动与无扰动时通量的比较,探讨扩散边界层对沉积物盐分释放的影响。研究结果表明,在稳定风场条件下,沉积物-水界面处存在厚度约3.5 cm的扩散边界层,有风条件下的界面盐分交换通量略大于无风时的通量;分子扩散是边界层内盐分运移的主要机制,扩散边界层对沉积物盐分释放具有阻滞作用,并且边界层越厚,阻滞效应越显著。另外,由于扩散边界层的存在,限制了水动力对沉积物与上覆水之间物质交换的增强作用,所以海湾水库沉积物中蓄积盐分对上覆水的影响将是长期的过程。 相似文献
3.
为了探讨海湾水库蓄水初期单次往复水平密度流的产生与效应,进行砂质斜坡沉积物与水体之间盐分交换的水槽实验。通过沉积物孔隙水与其上覆水的多剖面电导率动态监测,分析盐分的时空分布特征,并计算深水区、浅水区和中心区的边界层单位面积含盐总量。实验结果显示,进水在浅水区沉积物表面产生明显的渗入-溢出现象,浅水区沉积物孔隙水盐分浓度显著低于中心区与深水区同一高度的盐分浓度,深水区初始底边界层含盐量与初始边界层下边界盐分浓度均为最高;这表明进水过程在倾斜沉积物表面产生了前进密度流,水流携带的盐分在坡底累积。水槽进满水后深水区边界层含盐总量与边界层下边界盐分浓度快速降低,并且浅水区表层沉积物孔隙水与深水区同一深度水体之间的盐分快速达到平衡;这表明蓄水初期在两者之间形成了返回密度流,从浅水区表层沉积物冲刷出的盐分在密度流作用下再次进入沉积物。为避免再次进入沉积物的盐分在后期继续影响水库泛咸,建议在蓄水结束后尽快实施坡底咸水排除方案。 相似文献
4.
地下咸水与水库水体交换过程中沉积物胶体释放规律 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以天津滨海地区北大港水库为研究对象,采用室内柱试验,研究地下咸水与水库水体交换过程中不同位置沉积物胶体释放以及盐分释放/截留的动态特征,同时对沉积物胶体释放、盐分释放/截留机理进行了探讨。研究结果表明:水库不同位置地下咸水与水库水体交换过程中,盐分的归宿不同:接近水库入口处的沉积物能将盐分截留下来,而出水口沉积物却将盐分释放转移到水体。随孔隙体积数的增加,沉积物胶体累计释放量逐渐增加,入库口、库中心、出库口最大累计释放量分别为3.275 mg/g、0.386 mg/g和1.382 mg/g;胶体累计释放量随孔隙体积数的变化曲线符合直线型,胶体释放速率变化很小。盐分的释放或截留是沉积物颗粒的粒径、胶体含量、含盐量等多种因素作用的结果,水库水体与沉积物中的盐分处于动态平衡状态,当沉积物中含盐量高于平衡浓度时,其盐分会向水体中释放,同时吸附在胶体上的盐分也会随着胶体的释放而释放;反之,水体中的盐分会向沉积物中迁移被截留下来,沉积物粒径越小,越易吸附水中的盐分。胶体的释放规律可以用双电层理论得到很好的解释。 相似文献
5.
沐官岛水库是一个拟建的河口海湾水库,库底为富含咸水的潮滩沉积物。这一特殊的地质及水环境条件直接关系到水库未来的水质安全和正常的调度运行,所以必须准确地确定水库水体中盐分空间分布这一关键问题。本文依据现场调查、钻探及室内实验资料,通过垂直方向线性插值技术,建立了沐官岛水库蓄水初期盐分运移准三维模型,模拟了水库蓄水初期在内源盐分释放影响下,库水盐分的演化过程。结果表明:若遇平水年开始蓄水,当蓄水至1.5m时,该层含盐量在平面上的变化范围主要在0.30~1.30g/L之间;当蓄水至4.5m时,该层含盐量在平面上的变化范围主要在0.30~1.55g/L。 相似文献
6.
在现场调查和钻探的基础上,采集了沐官岛水库库区3种典型底质(粉质粘土、泥质粉沙和中细砂)的原状/扰动土样和地表水样,然后分别采用静水土柱和动水水槽试验测定盐分的时-空变化规律,最后定量计算出不同底质盐分的释放通量,从而为该海湾水库蓄水初期水质的评价和预测提供了科学依据.土柱试验表明,在分子扩散作用下高盐分区主要集中在水-沉积物界面之上7.5 cm的范围内,7.5 cm之上的水体盐分较为均一,底质盐分释放通量按粉质粘土、中细砂、泥质粉沙的顺序递减,盐分释放通量符合负的幂指数形式,而且抽排界面之上高浓度水体对降低水体盐分含量效果显著.根据水槽模拟试验,风的吹拂会影响到界面之上水体盐分的分层,有利于海湾水库中盐分的混合作用. 相似文献
7.
天津北大港水库蓄水后水质变差,严重影响着水库的安全运行、水资源的合理调配。为研究天津北大港水库水体咸化成因,在2015年丰水期(8月)和枯水期(12月)分别采集河水、水库水和地下水样品,测定水体中的稳定氢氧同位素(δD,δ~(18)O)和水化学组成。结果表明,在丰水期,水体受到强烈的蒸发作用,水体中的稳定氢氧同位素组分比枯水期富集;河水和水库水的水化学类型为Na-Cl(SO_4)型,地下水的水化学类型为Na-HCO_3Cl型。河水和水库水水化学组成受蒸发结晶作用控制,且距海岸越近,水体的电导率越高,同位素越富集。滨海地区的北大港水库,水库水在运移中盐分含量增加,而强烈的蒸发作用加剧了水体中盐分积累,导致水体咸化。需进一步辨析水库咸化的影响因素及贡献,为滨海地区水库管理和运行提供理论基础。 相似文献
8.
密云水库沉积物-水界面磷的地球化学作用 总被引：11，自引：4，他引：11
以密云水库为例，研究了水库沉积物中有机质的含量与有机磷的关系，表明表层沉积物中的总有机碳和有机磷的含量都明显高于底层，是由于一些以磷为营养素的富营养化指示藻类在水体中逐年增加，它们死亡后的残骸经分解-矿化后在底积物中累积的结果。沉积物和孔隙水中磷的剖面特征研究表明，表层沉积物和孔隙水中的磷都有明显上升的趋势，是由于沉积物的表层微生物和活性有机碎屑层比较丰富，有机质降解和含磷的有机化合物分解，使溶解性磷酸盐进入孔隙水。对沉积物磷形态、总有机碳及孔隙水中总磷对磷释放的影响进行了线性相关分析，结果表明上覆水中的磷主要来自沉积物的铁结合态磷、铝结合态磷、溶解态磷三种形态，孔隙水中总磷以及总有机碳含量对上覆水中总溶解磷浓度存在较大的影响，这些为研究水库沉积物作为水库内污染源对水质的影响提供了基础资料。 相似文献
9.
密云水库沉积物中磷释放的环境因子影响实验 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
为了探讨密云水库沉积物中磷的释放条件,在实验室模拟了改变溶解氧浓度、调节pH、温度等因素对磷释放的影响实验。结果表明:厌氧条件下沉积物中释放磷的总量是好氧条件下的10倍;上覆水pH值升高有利于沉积物中磷的释放;温度升高,沉积物中磷的释放强度随之增大。同时说明了水库内源性磷对水库水质存在着潜在威胁,为研究水库内源性磷对水质的影响和对水库富营养化趋势的预测提供了可靠的依据。 相似文献
10.
以祥云县清水河水库为例,利用GeoStudio软件Seep模块,考虑各岩土层的非饱和特性,计算得稳态和瞬态的渗流场;再采用有限元SIGAM/W渗流-应力耦合分析,计算得耦合渗流场、应力场;将前述非耦合和耦合的渗流场、应力场分别导入Slope/W模块,计算得出库水上涨和下落时边坡的潜在滑动面和安全系数,结合最大剪应变云图进行分析,研究出耦合效应对边坡稳定性影响的相关规律为:由于此边坡表面为弱透水的黏土层,库水下降对土坡稳定影响更为不利;库水涨落时耦合分析土坡稳定系数均比非耦合分析大,耦合效应对非饱和土边坡稳定性影响不可忽略;库水上涨,耦合条件下潜在滑动面变深;库水下降时,耦合条件下浸润线更低,这均是由于渗流-应力耦合效应使得土体孔隙比发生改变,水沿岩土层入渗加快,导致土中基质吸力消散更快引起的;由于隔水层的存在,最大剪应变出现的位置一般出现在隔水带,且位于边坡前缘。 相似文献
11.
Experimental chambers were used in a Virginia salt marsh to partition the tidal flux of dissolved nutrients occurring at the marsh surface and in the water column. On five dates from June to October 1989, six replicate chambers in the short Spartina alterniflora zone were monitored over complete tidal cycles. When reservoir water, used to simulate tidal flooding in the chambers, was initially low in dissolved nutrients, the marsh surface was a source of both ammonium and phosphate to the water column. Calculations of the physical processes of diffusion and advection could not account for total nutrient release from the marsh surface. We hypothesize the primary source of nutrients was organic matter mineralization in surface sediments, which released nutrients into the flooding water column. Assimilation (uptake) of phosphate measured in water-column incubation experiments was nearly equal to phosphate released from the marsh surface. Surface release of ammonium, however, was somewhat greater than water-column uptake. In this salt marsh, benthic production and release of ammonium and phosphate is comparable in magnitude to pelagic consumption, thereby yielding only a small “net” transfer of these nutrients to the estuary. 相似文献
12.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a sufficiently high residual salt load in the dry sediments of
the St Lucia Estuary to cause salinity problems should it later fill up with either freshwater or seawater. The estuary lakes
have suffered the effects of a severe drought since 2002 with the result that many areas were dry, and the salinity of the
residual water varied between 4 psu and up to five times that of seawater. Measurements of the salts content in the sediments
to a depth of 20 cm showed that more than 2 million tonnes of salt was held in this layer of the sediment in 2006. Recent
management of the estuary (since 1970) has ensured that the mouth was not artificially opened. This was to prevent the inflow
of seawater, with its salts, that would otherwise enter while the drought was in place. The results of the sediment salinity
data showed that if the drought had been broken and the lake area filled with rain and river water, the resulting salinity
would be about 6 psu. In March 2007, Cyclone Gamede in the Indian Ocean off the east coast of South Africa produced a wave
climate at sea that resulted in the mouth breaching; thus introducing an estimated 12 million tonnes of salts. The high salinity
in the system resulting from this breach is expected to have an adverse effect on the ecology of the system, whereas the residual
salinity in the sediments would not have caused an environmental problem. If the estuary and lake system were to fill completely
with seawater, the residual salts together with seawater will raise the salinity to an initial value higher than 40 psu, which
will have the effect of suppressing much of the important submerged vegetation that is vital for sustaining juvenile fish
in the system. Many of the large fauna will also suffer from a shortage of freshwater. 相似文献
13.
钱塘江河口为强涌潮、高含沙量、河床冲淤剧烈的河口,其盐度输移时空变化受河床冲淤的反馈影响十分显著。建立了考虑河床冲淤变化的一维盐度动床数学模型,耦合求解水沙运动、河床冲淤及盐度输移过程,数值计算方法采用守恒性较好的有限体积法。验证结果表明:河床冲淤对氯度的影响非常显著,动床模型的结果与实测基本吻合,在长历时盐度预报中采用动床模型是必要的。应用该模型分析了钱塘江河口咸水入侵对上游建库、治江缩窄工程等人类活动的响应,探讨了杭州城市供水水源保证率。结果表明,新安江水库、河口治理缩窄工程对改善河口淡水资源利用、保障杭州市供水安全显著;供水保证率要达95%以上,需采取上游水库泄水调度和新建备用水库等措施。 相似文献
14.
A combination of mixing plots, one-dimensional salt balance modelling, nutrient loading budgets, and benthic flux measurements
were used to assess nutrient cycling pathways in the enriched sub-tropical Brunswick estuary during different freshwater flows.
A simple model accounting for freshwater residence times and nutrient availability was found to be a good predictor of phytoplankton
biomass along the estuary, and suggested that biomass accumulation may become nutrient-limited during low flows and that recycling
within the water column is important during blooms. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) cycling budgets were constructed for
the estuary during different freshwater flows accounting for all major inputs (catchment, sewage, and urban) to the estuary.
Internal cycling due to phytoplankton uptake (based on measured biomass) and sediment-water fluxes (based on measured rates
in each estuarine reach) was considered. Four different nutrient cycling states were identified during the study. In high
flow, freshwater residence times are less than 1 d, internal cycling processes are bypassed and virtually all dissolved, and
most particulate, nutrients are delivered to the continental shelf. During the growth phase of a phytoplankton bloom enhanced
recycling occurs as residence times increase sufficiently to allow biomass accumulation. Remineralization of phytoplankton
detritus during this phase can supply up to 50% of phytoplankton DIN demands. In post-bloom conditions, DIN uptake by phytoplankton
decreases in the autumn wet season when biomass doubling times begin to exceed residence times. OM supply to the sediments
diminishes and the benthos becomes nutrient-limited, resulting in DIN uptake by the sediments. As flows decrease further in
the dry season, there is tight recycling and phytoplankton blooms, and uptake by the sediments can account for the entire
DIN loading to the estuary resulting in complete removal of DIN from the water column. The ocean is a potentially important
source of DIN to the estuary at this time. The results of the DIN cycling budgets compared favorably with mixing plots of
DIN at each time. The results suggest that a combination of different approaches may be useful in developing a more comprehensive
understanding of nutrient cycling behavior and the effects of nutrient enrichment in estuaries. 相似文献
15.
Nutrient dynamics in estuaries are temporally variable in response to changing physical–chemical conditions and biogeochemical
processes involving primary producer groups such as phytoplankton, microphytobenthos, seagrass and macroalgae. In order to
reveal intra-annual changes in the biomass of primary producer groups and associated changes in estuarine nutrient dynamics,
we developed a box model, coupling water inflows and outflows and nitrogen dynamics in Wilson Inlet, a large, central-basin-dominated,
intermittently closed estuary exposed to a Mediterranean climate in Western Australia. The model is calibrated and validated
with monitoring data, aquatic plant biomass estimates and biogeochemical rate measurements. Macrophytes and their microalgal
epiphytes appear to rapidly assimilate nutrients from the first flush from the catchment in winter, but this buffer capacity
then ceases, and a phytoplankton ‘bloom’ develops in response to subsequent river runoff events in spring. Significant amounts
of bioavailable nitrogen are exported to the ocean because phytoplankton predominance occurs while the sand bar is breached.
Surface sediments play a key role for nitrogen dynamics: In late spring to autumn, high light availability at the sediment
surface stimulates high primary production by microphytobenthos, leading to reduced benthic ammonium fluxes particularly in
the deep basin. Microphytobenthos contributes about 60% of annual whole-system primary production. Despite high benthic primary
production, nitrogen release from sediments is the biggest nitrogen source to the estuary. 相似文献
16.
The stable isotope signatures of marine transient and resident nekton were used to investigate trophic linkages between primary
producers, marsh macrophytes, phytoplankton, benthic microalgae, and consumers within the Delaware Bay. A whole estuary approach
was used to compare the flux of nutrients from primary producers to juvenile weakfish (Cynoscion regalis), bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli), and white perch (Morone americana) in open waters of the lower and upper Bay and adjacent salt marshes dominated by eitherSpartina alterniflora orPhragmites australis. Our results suggest that trophic linkages vary significantly along the salinity gradient, reflecting the transition fromSpartina toPhragmites-dominated marshes, and secondarily, in a marsh to open water (offshore) direction at a given salinity. Superimposed on this
pattern was a gradient in the proximate use of organic matter that depended on life history traits of each species ranging
from pelagic to benthic in the order bay anchovy > weakfish > white perch. 相似文献