共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 218 毫秒
1.
2.
自生碳酸盐矿物是揭示甲烷渗漏过程及其周期性变化的重要指标。为了方便、快速地识别出自生碳酸盐矿物,在探讨了前人建立的端元组分模型(文石、高镁方解石、生物成因方解石和碎屑)在我国南海北部适用性的基础上,利用沉积物全样中Sr/Ca和Mg/Ca值计算了南海北部神狐海域两支沉积物柱状样中自生碳酸盐矿物的质量分数,计算结果表明,在不同沉积深度均有含量不等的自生碳酸盐矿物。这一结果被X射线衍射结果和沉积物中存在晶形完好的自生高镁方解石和文石矿物所验证,表明利用前人建立的端元组分模型计算的结果具有可靠性。自生碳酸盐矿物的出现显示该海域深受甲烷渗漏作用影响。利用地球化学指标(Sr/Ca和Mg/Ca)获得的自生碳酸盐矿物含量垂向变化显示该区域甲烷渗漏具有强弱交替的周期变化。运用端元组分模型来获取沉积物柱状样中自生碳酸盐矿物的高分辨率剖面,从而识别甲烷渗漏信息非常方便,在大范围寻找甲烷渗漏和天然气水合物方面具有较大潜力。 相似文献
3.
黄思静 《沉积与特提斯地质》1990,10(4):9-15
引言众所周知,原始的海相碳酸盐矿物为文石、高镁方解石和低镁方解石,但它们对成岩蚀变极度敏感,在大气淡水成岩环境中,文石和高镁方解石都会转变为成岩低镁方解石,同时,原始的低镁方解石也会有不同程度的蚀变。在进行古代碳酸盐岩的沉积环境和古海洋学研究时,往往需要测定岩石中的微量元素及氧、碳、锶等同位素组成,用以判断古海水 相似文献
4.
《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,(Z1)
<正>Knoblauch(1963)及Bausch(1980)的研究证明,所有泥岩、粉砂岩及砂岩中能出现的矿物可以在碳酸盐岩中出现。碳酸盐岩层系中除了包括常见的碳酸盐矿物(方解石(或低镁方解石)、镁方解石(高镁方解石)、文石、白云石、菱铁矿、菱镁矿、菱锰矿等),还包括少量(一般1%)的自生非碳酸盐矿物(硅质、黄铁矿、石膏和硬石膏等),以及陆源碎屑矿物(石英、长石、黏土矿物和重矿物等)。在以碳酸 相似文献
5.
鲕粒原生矿物识别及对海水化学成分变化的指示意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
鲕粒是碳酸盐沉积过程中一类非常特殊的颗粒类型, 为研究当时的沉积背景、水动力条件、气候环境, 甚至储层特征提供了重要线索。然而, 鲕粒的矿物组成及控制因素问题, 长期受到忽视。组成鲕粒的原生矿物类型在地质历史时期呈周期性变化, 在显生宙表现为三个以文石和高镁方解石占主导的时期以及两个以低镁方解石占主导的时期, 这也被称作“文石海”和“方解石海”时期。原生矿物的组成, 制约着鲕粒的纹层结构、保存程度以及成岩特征, 还蕴含着海水化学成分变化的线索。鲕粒原生矿物识别主要依据:①原生纹层结构;②保存程度;③微量元素浓度, 尤其是Sr-Mg的浓度。文石质鲕粒受文石不稳定性的影响, 原生结构保存程度较差;一般保存有典型的文石残余纹层结构(例如砖砌结构、溶解变形结构以及偏心结构等);在封闭成岩环境下原生矿物为文石质的鲕粒Sr浓度往往大于2 000 ppm;纹层结构主要为切线状(占主导)和放射状。方解石质鲕粒包括低镁方解石和高镁方解石两种类型:低镁方解石为稳定矿物, 原生结构一般保存良好。尽管高镁方解石也为亚稳定矿物, 但成岩转换后的保存程度好于文石。两者Sr含量一般均低于1 000 ppm, Mg含量一般在0~20 mol % MgCO3(两者以4 mol % MgCO3为界)。高镁方解石受成岩作用影响, 在纹层中往往保留有微粒白云石包裹体;海相地层中保存的方解石质鲕粒为放射状或同心-放射状结构。另外还存在一类由两种矿物共同构成的双矿物鲕粒, 可以通过分析两类纹层在结构和保存特征上的差异进行区分。鲕粒原生矿物成分随时间的波动变化受到海水化学条件, 尤其是Mg/Ca比值, 大气二氧化碳分压以及碳酸盐饱和度的控制。Mg/Ca比值的波动决定着鲕粒原生矿物类型的长期变化规律。一些突发性事件可能会扰动(区域)短时间尺度下鲕粒原生矿物的组成, 造成鲕粒原生矿物的转换。通过研究碳酸盐鲕粒原生矿物特征以及控制因素进而了解海水的化学特征, 是独立于古生物学和地球化学分析之外的一种较为可靠的沉积学方法。 相似文献
6.
沉积的碳酸盐岩石主要是由方解石（CaCO3）和白云石（CaMg[CO3]2）的碳酸盐矿物组成。对于碳酸盐岩石中二氧化碳、氧化钙、氧化镁的测定,在例行的分析中,都是单独取样,分别以吸收重量法或容量法测定二氧化碳,以草酸铵-高锰酸钾容量法测定钙,而镁则根据 CO2与 CaO 的含量之差数来求得,或用氢氧化钡标准溶液使镁沉淀,于滤液中用盐酸滴定过量的氢氧化钡而测定镁。为了缩短分析时间,简化操作手续,节省试剂,作者提出了在以酸碱容量法测定 CO2后,在同一份样品中,以 E.D.T.A.络合滴定法进行钙和镁的连续测定方案。通过二年来的实践证明是完全可行的。它的特点是比较经济准确简便快速,因此具有一定的实际意义。 相似文献
7.
本文在综合部分沉积型工业锰矿床矿物相特征的基础上,试就主要锰碳酸盐的矿物测定、沉积物理化学环境、分带特征的地质应用,谈几点粗浅认识.沉积锰矿床的矿物相特征1.矿石中锰矿物的组成据实验室矿物相分析查定,已知的若干沉积型工业锰矿床中原生沉积含锰矿物有:菱锰矿、钙菱锰矿、锰方解石、含锰方解石、镁菱锰矿、镁钙菱锰矿、镁锰云石、锰云石、铁菱锰矿、含铁菱锰矿、锰铁白云石、锰菱铁矿等.以上表明,矿石中的沉积含锰矿物基本上是由二价锰碳酸盐类矿物组成,且锰、钙、镁、铁普遍具有类质同象替换的特点. 相似文献
8.
王承书 《沉积与特提斯地质》1992,12(2):62-68
一、澳大利亚南部两个咸火山口湖的现代及全新世碳酸盐沉积学 967 Basin湖是位于澳大利亚维多利亚西部火山平原地区中心的两个相邻火山口湖。这两个湖均为咸水并呈碱性。西Basin湖为局部混合湖,而东Basin湖为暖单对流湖。这两个Basin湖的现代离岸湖底沉积物的碳酸盐矿物组合均以白云石和方解石为主,西Basin湖含少量水碳镁石和菱镁矿;东Basin湖含少量一水方解石。方解石、水碳镁石、菱镁矿和一水方解石为内源成因,来源于湖泊水柱内或沉积物-水界面处的原生无机沉淀。方解石为介形壳生物沉淀。 相似文献
9.
论洞穴石笋结构构造转变 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
大量大型石笋纵剖面研究表明,石笋矿物组成有方解石、文石、文石(方解石)-方解石(文石)三种类型,三类的结构、纹(微)层和放射状构造、结构构造转变等特征类同,并存在于碳酸盐沉积石笋生长的全过程,但文石笋的细微粒针(柱)状(微粒)结构、放射状、纹(微)层构造更显著.石笋结构构造转变的主要表现是:文石转变成方解石;文石、方解石次生增大,呈现不断晶化的成晶过程.文石转变为方解石,常保留文石的针状、针柱状结构和柱状聚晶体,呈文石假象,文石次生加大仍保存其结构构造和聚晶;方解石次生增大,常保存其粒状、菱面体、偏三角面体、聚片双晶和柱状、板状聚晶.石笋结构构造转变及其晶化强度,受控于洞穴温度、湿度、滴水和凝结水对石笋的渗透、淋漓,主要受石笋含水度大的制约.组成石笋的碳酸盐沉积、组合、结晶、晶化次生增大等,结构构造的形成及其弱、中、强转变,都在常(低)温常(低)压的洞穴气候环境中进行,是自调整作用的沉积、成晶、成岩晶化过程,没有外来物质加入,因而不影响同位素分馏和古气候环境记录.石笋结构构造转变研究,对古气候环境重建与生态修复、成晶成矿理论和实践、同位素测年校正和运用都有重要意义. 相似文献
10.
综合分析了现代腕足类生物壳体方解石中的Ｃ、Ｏ同位素特征,以及有关古生代腕足类生物壳体方解石构造和地球化学研究成果,分析结果证明：只有那些无发光性特点、无胶结和溶蚀构造特点、有较好纤维构造特点、含高Ｓｒ、Ｎａ和低Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ（Ｍｇ）的第二层腕足类生物壳体方解石的δ＾１８Ｏ值不受成岩作用影响;而原始层和壳体中的特殊部位和铰合铀、腕骨、茎孔、交互面、肌痕等在沉积、成岩过程中与海水处于非同位素平衡状态。 相似文献
11.
Magnesium/calcium, Sr/Ca, and Na/Ca atom ratios were determined in the calcite and aragonite regions of Mytilus edulis shells which were grown in semi-artificial ‘seawater’ solutions having varying Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, and Na/Ca ratios. These ratios were measured by instrumental neutron activation, atomic absorption, and electron microprobe analytical techniques. Strontium/calcium ratios in both calcite and aragonite were linearly proportional to solution Sr/Ca ratios. Magnesium/calcium ratios in calcite increased exponentially when solution Mg/Ca ratios were raised above the normal seawater ratio; whereas in aragonite, Mg/Ca ratios increased linearly with increases in solution Mg/Ca ratios. Sodium/calcium and sulfur/calcium ratios in calcite covaried with Mg/Ga solution ratios. Conversely, in aragonite, Na/Ca ratios varied linearly with solution Na/Ca ratios.Magnesium is known to inhibit calcite precipitation at its normal seawater concentration. We infer from the results of the work reported here that Mytilus edulis controls the Mg activity of the outer extrapallial fluid, thus facilitating the precipitation of calcitic shell. Increases in sulfur content suggest that changes in shell organic matrix content occur as a result of environmental stress. Certain increases in Mg content may also be correlated to stress. Sodium/calcium variations, and their absolute amounts in calcite and aragonite, are best explained by assuming that a substantial amount of Na is adsorbed on the calcium carbonate crystal surface. Strontium/calcium ratios show more promise than either Mg/Ca or Na/Ca ratios as seawater paleochemistry indicators, because the Sr/Ca distribution coefficients for both aragonite and calcite are independent of seawater Ca and Sr concentrations. 相似文献
12.
Justin Baker Ries 《地学学报》2009,21(5):323-339
Independent lines of geological evidence suggest that fluctuations in the Mg/Ca ratio of seawater between 1.0 and 5.2 have caused the oceans to alternate between favouring the precipitation of the aragonite and high-Mg calcite polymorphs of calcium carbonate ( m Mg/Ca > 2; aragonite seas) and the low-Mg calcite polymorph ( m Mg/Ca < 2; calcite seas) throughout Phanerozoic time. The rise of aragonite-secreting bryopsidalean algae as major producers of carbonate sediments in middle Palaeogene time, a role that they maintained through to the present, has been attributed to a transition from calcite-to-aragonite seas in early Cenozoic time. Recent experiments on the modern, carbonate-sediment-producing bryopsidales Halimeda , Penicillus and Udotea reveal that their rates of calcification, linear extension and primary production decline when reared in experimental calcite seawaters ( m Mg/Ca < 2). These normally aragonite-secreting algae also began producing at least one-quarter of their CaCO3 as calcite under calcite sea conditions, indicating that their biomineralogical control can be partially overridden by ambient seawater chemistry. The observation that primary production and linear extension declined along with calcification in the mineralogically unfavourable seawater suggests that photosynthesis within these algae is enhanced by calcification via liberation of CO2 and/or H+ . Thus, the reduced fitness of these algae associated with their low rates of calcification in calcite seas may have been exacerbated by concomitant reductions in tissue mass and algal height. 相似文献
13.
This study investigates the conditions of occurrence and petrographic characteristics of low‐Mg calcite (LMC) from cold seeps of the Gulf of Mexico at a water depth of 2340 m. Such LMC mineral phases should precipitate in calcite seas rather than today's aragonite sea. The 13C‐depleted carbonates formed as a consequence of anaerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons in shallow subsurface cold seep environments. The occurrence of LMC may result from brine fluid flows. Brines are relatively Ca2+‐enriched and Mg2+‐depleted (Mg/Ca mole ratio <0.7) relative to seawater, where the Mg/Ca mole ratio is ~5, which drives high‐Mg calcite and aragonite precipitation. The dissolution of aragonitic mollusk shells, grains and cements was observed. Aerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons and H2S is the most likely mechanism to explain carbonate dissolution. These findings have important implications for understanding the occurrence of LMC in deep water marine settings and consequently their counterparts in the geological record. 相似文献
14.
Two chemical processes can remove Mg2+ from suspensions containing amorphous silica (am-SiO2) at low temperatures: adsorption and precipitation of a Mg-hydroxysilicate resembling sepiolite. Mg2+ removal from am-SiO2 suspensions was investigated, and the relative role of the two removal processes evaluated, as a function of: pH, ionic strength, Mg2+ concentration, and temperature.The extent of Mg2+ adsorption onto am-SiO2 decreases with increasing NaCl concentration due to displacement of Mg2+ by Na+. At NaCl concentrations of 0.05 M and above, adsorption occurs only at pH values above 8.5, where rapid dissolution of am-SiO2 gives rise to high concentrations of dissolved silica, resulting in supersaturation with respect to sepiolite. Removal of Mg2+, at concentrations of 40 to 650 μM, from am-SiO2 suspensions in 0.70 M NaCl at 25 °C occurs at pH 9.0 and above. Experiments show that under these conditions adsorption and Mg-hydroxysilicate precipitation remove Mg2+ at similar rates. For 0.05 M Mg2+, at 0.70 M ionic strength and 25 °C, measurable Mg2+ removal occurs down to ca. pH 7.5 but is primarily due to Mg-hydroxysilicate precipitation. For the same solution conditions at 5°C, Mg2+ removal occurs above pH 8.0 and is primarily due to adsorption.Assuming that increasing pressure does not greatly enhance adsorption, Mg2+ adsorption onto am-SiO2 is an insignificant process in sea water. The surface charge of pristine am-SiO2 in sea water is primarily controlled by interactions with Na+. The principal reaction between Mg2+ and am-SiO2 in marine sediments is sepiolite precipitation.The age distribution of sepiolite in siliceous pelagic sediments is influenced by temperatures of bottom waters and by geothermal gradients. 相似文献
15.
Justin B. Ries 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2006,70(4):891-900
The Mg/Ca ratio of seawater has varied significantly throughout the Phanerozoic Eon, primarily as a function of the rate of ocean crust production. Specimens of the crustose coralline alga Neogoniolithon sp. were grown in artificial seawaters encompassing the range of Mg/Ca ratios shown to have existed throughout the Phanerozoic. Significantly, the coralline algae’s skeletal Mg/Ca ratio varied in lockstep with the Mg/Ca ratio of the artificial seawater. Specimens grown in seawater treatments formulated with identical Mg/Ca ratios but differing absolute concentrations of Mg and Ca exhibited no significant differences in skeletal Mg/Ca ratios, thereby emphasizing the importance of the ambient Mg/Ca ratio, and not the absolute concentration of Mg, in determining the Mg/Ca ratio of coralline algal calcite. Specimens grown in seawater of the lowest molar Mg/Ca ratio (mMg/Ca = 1.0) actually changed their skeletal mineralogy from high-Mg (skeletal mMg/Ca > 0.04) to low-Mg calcite (skeletal mMg/Ca < 0.04), suggesting that ancient calcitic red algae, which exhibit morphologies and modes of calcification comparable to Neogoniolithon sp., would have produced low-Mg calcite from the middle Cambrian to middle Mississippian and during the middle to Late Cretaceous, when oceanic mMg/Ca approached unity. By influencing the original Mg content of carbonate facies in which these algae have been ubiquitous, this condition has significant implications for the geochemistry and diagenesis of algal limestones throughout most of the Phanerozoic. The crustose coralline algae’s precipitation of high-Mg calcite from seawater that favors the abiotic precipitation of aragonite indicates that these algae dictate the precipitation of the calcitic polymorph of CaCO3. However, the algae’s nearly abiotic pattern of Mg fractionation in their skeletal calcite suggests that their biomineralogical control is limited to polymorph specification and is generally ineffectual in the regulation of skeletal Mg incorporation. Therefore, the Mg/Ca ratio of well-preserved fossils of crustose coralline algae, when corrected for the effect of seawater temperature, may be an archive of oceanic Mg/Ca throughout the Phanerozoic. Magnesium fractionation algorithms that model algal skeletal Mg/Ca as a function of seawater Mg/Ca and temperature are presented herein. The results of this study support the empirical fossil evidence that secular variation of oceanic Mg/Ca has caused the mineralogy and skeletal chemistry of many calcifying marine organisms to change significantly over geologic time. 相似文献
16.
Lynn M. Walter 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1984,48(5):1059-1069
Equilibrium constants at stoichiometric saturation with respect to various magnesian calcite compositions were measured using free-drift dissolution rate data and inverse time plots to estimate equilibrium pH. The equilibrium constants determined for two ultrasonically cleaned and annealed biogenic magnesian calcites (12 and 18 mole % MgCO3) in CaCl2 + MgCl2 media at two Mg:Ca molar ratios (1:5 and 5:1) are about three times smaller than those previously reported by Plummer and Mackenzie (1974). These equilibrium constants are not affected by changes in initial pH value, solid:solution ratio, or solution Mg:Ca molar ratio when the ion activity product is expressed in the fractional exponent form. Other models for expression of the equilibrium ion activity product fail to yield consistent values in solutions of different Mg:Ca molar ratios.Experiments performed using crushed samples not ultrasonically cleaned and annealed yield equilibrium constants which vary with solid:solution ratio. Those performed at high solid:solution ratios yield values which approach those previously reported. Submicron size particles and crystal strain induced by crushing the biogenic carbonates may cause more rapid dissolution rates and, hence, overestimation of the solubility of samples not prepared so as to minimize these effects. Thus, the large range in reported solubilities of magnesium calcites may be a result of differences in sample preparation procedure.The results of these measurements shift the thermodynamic equivalence point of aragonite and magnesian calcite from 7.5 mole % MgCO3 up to 12 mole % MgCO3 and prompt a reassessment of models for carbonate diagenetic reactions in natural environments. 相似文献
17.
The concentrations of Mg2+ and Sr2+ incorporated within calcite overgrowths precipitated from seawater and related solutions, determined at 25°C, were independent of the precipitation rate over approximately an order of magnitude. The saturation states used to produce this range of precipitation rates varied from 3 to 17 depending on the composition of the solution.The amount of Mg2+ incorporated in the overgrowths was not directly proportional to in solution over the entire range (1–20) of ratios studied. Below a ratio of 7.5, the overgrowth was enriched in MgCO3 relative to what is predicted by the constant distribution coefficient measured above a ratio of 7.5. This increased MgCO3 correlates with the relative enrichment of adsorbed Mg2+. Above a ratio of 7.5 the concentration of MgCO3 in the calcite overgrowths followed a classical thermodynamic behavior characterized by a constant distribution coefficient of 0.0123 (±0.008 std dev).The concentration of SrCO3 incorporated in the overgrowths was linearly related to the MgCO3 content of the overgrowths, and is attributed to increased solubility of SrCO3 in calcite due to the incorporation of the smaller Mg2+ ions.The kinetic data indicate that the growth mechanism involves the adsorption of the cations on the surface of the calcite prior to dehydration and final incorporation. It is suggested that dehydration of cations at the surface is the rate controlling step. 相似文献
18.
显生宙非骨屑碳酸盐矿物经历了文石海和方解石海的交替,主要造礁生物和沉积物生产者的骨骼矿物与非骨屑碳酸盐矿物具有同步变化的趋势。这种长期的变化趋势可以用海水化学Mg/Ca摩尔比的变化来解释。流体包裹体、同位素和微量元素等证据也证实了海水化学在地质历史中经历过剧烈的变化。虽然生物诱导矿化和生物控制矿化的相对重要性一直存在争议,但古生物地层记录和人工海水养殖实验结果都表明,海水化学演化对生物矿化有重要的影响,体现在造礁生物群落的兴衰、生物起源时对骨骼矿物类型的选择以及微生物碳酸盐岩在地质历史中的分布等。这些为研究前寒武纪海水化学演化、古气候和古环境的重建、同位素地层对比以及碳酸盐的沉积和成岩等问题提供了新的思路。 相似文献
19.
ALESSANDRA SPADAFORA EDOARDO PERRI† JUDITH A. MCKENZIE CRISÓGONO VASCONCELOS Associate Editor: Gert-Jan Reichart 《Sedimentology》2010,57(1):27-40
Modern Ca:Mg carbonate stromatolites form in association with the microbial mat in the hypersaline coastal lagoon, Lagoa Vermelha (Brazil). The stromatolites, although showing diversified fabrics characterized by thin or crude lamination and/or thrombolitic clotting, exhibit a pervasive peloidal microfabric. The peloidal texture consists of dark, micritic aggregates of very high‐Mg calcite and/or Ca dolomite formed by an iso‐oriented assemblage of sub‐micron trigonal polyhedrons and organic matter. Limpid acicular crystals of aragonite arranged in spherulites surround these aggregates. Unlike the aragonite crystals, organic matter is present consistently in the dark, micritic carbonate comprising the peloids. This organic matter is observed as sub‐micron flat and filamentous mucus‐like structures inside the interspaces of the high‐Mg calcite and Ca dolomite crystals and is interpreted as the remains of degraded extracellular polymeric substances. Moreover, many fossilized bacterial cells are associated strictly with both carbonate phases. These cells consist mainly of 0·2 to 4 μm in diameter, sub‐spherical, rod‐like and filamentous forms, isolated or in colony‐like clusters. The co‐existence of fossil extracellular polymeric substances and bacterial bodies, associated with the polyhedrons of Ca:Mg carbonate, implies that the organic matter and microbial metabolism played a fundamental role in the precipitation of the minerals that form the peloids. By contrast, the lack of extracellular polymeric substances in the aragonitic phase indicates an additional precipitation mechanism. The complex processes that induce mineral precipitation in the modern Lagoa Vermelha microbial mat appear to be recorded in the studied lithified stromatolites. Sub‐micron polyhedral crystal formation of high‐Mg calcite and/or Ca dolomite results from the coalescence of carbonate nanoglobules around degraded organic matter nuclei. Sub‐micron polyhedral crystals aggregate to form larger ovoidal crystals that constitute peloids. Subsequent precipitation of aragonitic spherulites around peloids occurs as micro‐environmental water conditions around the peloids change. 相似文献