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1.
The grains of lunar regolith are characterized with rough surfaces, angular shapes and mutual adhesions due to short-range interactions. These features control the macroscopic mechanical behavior of lunar regolith but have not been completely captured by contact models in previous Discrete Element Method (DEM) analyses. In this paper, a simplified two-dimensional microscopic contact model is proposed for high efficiency DEM analyses of lunar regolith. The model consists of three components in the normal, tangential and rolling directions respectively, plus two new parameters. A shape parameter is used to control the rolling resistance ability at the contact area between two particles to capture the features of grain shape and interlocking. The second parameter, micro-separation, which denotes the nominal minimum distance between the molecules of the two contacting particles, is introduced to account for van der Waals force as the major component of the short-range interactions that contribute to the adhesion of regolith grains in lunar environment conditions. The novel model has been implemented in a two-dimensional DEM code for numerical simulations of biaxial compression tests on lunar regolith. The effects of interparticle friction, grain shape, lunar environment conditions and void ratio on the strength of lunar regolith were numerically investigated. The results show that soils in the simulated lunar environment exhibit greater strength and more apparent strain-softening and shear dilatancy than on the Earth. The proposed model can capture the main features of the mechanical behavior of lunar regolith (apparent cohesion and high peak friction angle) and a wide range of strength indices can be obtained by the contact model. 相似文献
2.
The most fundamental character of lunar soil is its high concentrations of solar-wind-implanted elements, and the concentrations and behavior of the noble gases He, Ne, Ar, and Xe, which provide unique and extensive information about a broad range of fundamental problems. In this paper, the authors studied the forming mechanism of lunar regolith, and proposed that most of the noble gases in lunar regolith come from the solar wind. Meteoroid bombardment controls the maturity of lunar soil, with the degree of maturation decreasing with grain size; the concentrations of the noble gases would be of slight variation with the depth of lunar soil but tend to decrease with grain size. In addition, the concentrations of noble gases in lunar soil also show a close relationship with its mineral and chemical compositions. The utilization prospects of the noble gas ^3He in lunar regolith will be further discussed. 相似文献
3.
月球某些资源的开发利用前景 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
21世纪月球探测的主要趋势是建立月球基地，开发利用月球的矿产资源，能源和特殊环境，为人类社会的可持续发展发挥长期而有效的支撑作用，通过对月海玄武岩中的钛铁矿，克里普岩中的U，Th,REE和月壤中的拟－3在月面的含量与分布的系统分析，月海玄武碉中蕴藏有极丰富的钛铁矿，TiO2总资源量超过70万亿t，钛铁矿还是月球基地生产水和火箭燃料的主要原料；克里普岩是未来月球探测与研究的热点之一，其蕴藏有巨量的铀，钍，钾，磷和稀土元素资源；月壤长期受到太阳风的辐射，使其蕴藏有极其丰富的氢，氦，氧，氮等气体资源，其中氦－3的资源量大于100万t，它是一种可供人类社会长期使用的，安全，清洁，高效，廉价的核聚变发电燃料，其含量与月壤的化学成分，矿物组分，颗粒大小等有密切的关系。 相似文献
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研究识别嫦娥五号返回月壤样品颗粒的类型、含量、形貌、结构和成分特征,可为嫦娥五号着陆区月壤的成因与月球表面演化过程提供关键科学依据.利用扫描电镜-能谱仪、矿物自动定量分析系统和显微激光拉曼光谱仪对嫦娥五号表取月壤样品CE5C0400（YJFM00403）进行了系统研究,发现月壤颗粒组成多样,包括斜长石、单斜辉石和橄榄石等矿物、玄武岩碎屑、黏结物和玻璃球.颗粒表面和内部微观结构复杂,呈现各种破碎、表面附着堆积、微撞击坑、溅射物等形式的微米-纳米级的形貌特征.嫦娥五号月壤的微形貌特征记录了以微陨石撞击为主导的复杂太空风化过程:一方面反复的撞击作用使月壤颗粒破碎、粒度变细,另一方面撞击引发的局部熔融又使颗粒发生胶结,同时伴随含铁矿物分解形成微-纳米级单质铁颗粒.上述过程反复进行,导致月壤颗粒大小和物相组成复杂多变. 相似文献
7.
由于月球采样点较少,月壤真实数据稀缺,限制了对月球科学问题的进一步研究。较全面系统地采集月壤样品在近期很难完成,开展月壤光谱模拟工作是月壤实测光谱的必要有益补充,可以为研究月壤光谱特征提供大量数据。基于Hapke模型,我们选取RELAB光谱库的斜长石、单斜辉石、斜方辉石、橄榄石、单质铁、钛铁矿、火山玻璃、熔融玻璃等典型月壤矿物,运用牛顿插值和最小二乘优化的方法,模拟了LSCC月壤数据的一定粒径、单质铁含量、观测条件及矿物混合比例下的混合光谱。模拟光谱与实测光谱拟合较好,相关系数均大于0.99,均方根误差在10-3数量级;模拟矿物丰度与实测矿物丰度基本一致;模拟SMFe含量与相对成熟度指数Is/FeO线性关系明显;模拟粒径基本落在实测粒径组范围内。最后,文中讨论了光谱吸收中心波长、吸收面积等光谱特征参数的模拟精度,以及高精度模拟光谱时光学常数的计算方法。 相似文献
8.
Solar wind (SW) helium, neon, and argon trapped in a bulk metallic glass (BMG) target flown on NASA’s Genesis mission were analyzed for their bulk composition and depth-dependent distribution. The bulk isotopic and elemental composition for all three elements is in good agreement with the mean values observed in the Apollo Solar Wind Composition (SWC) experiment. Conversely, the He fluence derived from the BMG is up to 30% lower than values reported from other Genesis bulk targets or in-situ measurements during the exposure period. SRIM implantation simulations using a uniform isotopic composition and the observed bulk velocity histogram during exposure reproduces the Ne and Ar isotopic variations with depth within the BMG in a way which is generally consistent with observations. The similarity of the BMG release patterns with the depth-dependent distributions of trapped solar He, Ne, and Ar found in lunar and asteroidal regolith samples shows that also the solar noble gas record of extraterrestrial samples can be explained by mass separation of implanted SW ions with depth. Consequently, we conclude that a second solar noble gas component in lunar samples, referred to as the “SEP” component, is not needed. On the other hand, a small fraction of the total solar gas in the BMG released from shallow depths is markedly enriched in the light isotopes relative to predictions from implantation simulations with a uniform isotopic composition. Contributions from a neutral solar or interstellar component are too small to explain this shallow sited gas. We tentatively attribute this superficially implanted gas to low-speed, current-sheet related SW, which was fractionated in the corona due to inefficient Coulomb drag. This fractionation process could also explain relatively high Ne/Ar elemental ratios in the same initial gas fraction. 相似文献
9.
月壤的物理和机械性质 总被引：46，自引：0，他引：46
月壤是在O2、水、风和生命活动都不存在的情况下，由陨石和微陨石撞击、宇宙射线和太阳风轰击、月表温差导致岩石热胀冷缩破碎等因素的共同作用下形成的。月壤独特的形成过程，加上独特的月表环境，使月壤在粒度分布、颗粒形态、颗粒比重、孔隙比和孔隙率、电性和电磁性质、压缩性、抗剪性、承载力等方面均与地球土壤存在较大差异，这些参数的平均值和最佳估计值，可以作为月表机械设计和操作、宇航员装备设计、月球着陆场选址的主要依据，对月球资源开发和利用以及月球基地建设具有极其重要的意义。 相似文献
10.
《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2016,76(4):463-480
Since about half a century samples from the lunar and asteroidal regoliths been used to derive information about elemental and isotopic composition and other properties of the present and past solar wind, predominantly for the noble gases and nitrogen. Secular changes of several important compositional parameters in the solar wind were proposed, as was a likely secular decrease of the solar wind flux. In 2004 NASA’s Genesis mission returned samples which had been exposed to the solar wind for almost 2.5 years. Their analyses resulted in an unprecendented accuracy for the isotopic and elemental composition of several elements in the solar wind, including noble gases, O and N. The Genesis data therefore also allow to re-evaluate the lunar and meteorite data, which is done here. In particular, claims for long-term changes of solar wind composition are reviewed.Outermost grain layers from relatively recently irradiated lunar regolith samples conserve the true isotopic ratios of implanted solar wind species. This conclusion had been made before Genesis based on the agreement of He and Ne isotopic data measured in the aluminum foils exposed to the solar wind on the Moon during the Apollo missions with data obtained in the first gas release fractions of stepwise in-vacuo etch experiments. Genesis data allowed to strengthen this conclusion and to extend it to all five noble gases. Minor variations in the isotopic compositions of implanted solar noble gases between relatively recently irradiated samples (<100 Ma) and samples irradiated billions of years ago are very likely the result of isotopic fractionation processes that happened after trapping of the gases rather than indicative of true secular changes in the solar wind composition. This is particularly important for the 3He/4He ratio, whose constancy over billions of years indicates that hardly any 3He produced as transient product of the pp-chains has been mixed from the solar interior into its outer convective zone. The He isotopic composition measured in the present-day solar wind therefore is identical to the (D + 3He)/4He ratio at the start of the suns’s main sequence phase and hence can be used to determine the protosolar D/H ratio.Genesis settled the long-standing controversy on the isotopic composition of nitrogen in lunar regolith samples. The 15N/14N ratio in the solar wind as measured by Genesis is lower than in any lunar sample. This proves that nitrogen in regolith samples is dominated by non-solar sources. A postulated secular increase of 15N/14N by some 30% over the past few Ga is not tenable any longer. Genesis also provided accurate data on the isotopic composition of oxygen in the solar wind, invaluable for cosmochemisty. These data superseded but essentially confirmed one value – and disproved a second one – derived from lunar regolith samples shortly prior to Genesis.Genesis also confirmed prior conclusions that lunar regolith samples essentially conserve the true elemental ratios of the heavy noble gases in the solar wind (Ar/Kr, Kr/Xe). Several secular changes of elemental abundances of noble gases in the solar wind had been proposed based on lunar and meteoritic data. I argue here that lunar data – in concert with Genesis – provide convincing evidence only for a long-term decrease of the Kr/Xe ratio by almost a factor of two over the past several Ga. It appears that the enhancement of abundances of elements with a low first ionisation potential in the solar wind (FIP effect) changed with time.Finally, Genesis allows a somewhat improved comparison of the present-day flux of solar wind Kr and Xe with the total amount of heavy solar wind noble gases in the lunar regolith. It remains unclear whether the past solar wind flux has been several times higher on average than it is today. 相似文献
11.
High-resolution stepped heating has been used to extract light noble gases implanted in a suite of 13 individual lunar ilmenite and iron grains and in the Kapoeta howardite by solar wind (SW) and solar energetic particle (SEP) irradiation. Isotopic analyses of gases evolved at low temperatures from the lunar grains confirm the neon and argon compositions obtained by Pepin et al. (Pepin R. O., Becker R. H., and Schlutter D. J., “Irradiation records in regolith materials, I: Isotopic compositions of solar-wind neon and argon in single lunar regolith grains”, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta63, 2145-2162, 1999) in an initial study of 11 regolith grains, primarily ilmenites. Combination of the data sets from both investigations yields 20Ne/22Ne = 13.85 ± 0.04, 21Ne/22Ne = 0.0334 ± 0.0003, and 36Ar/38Ar = 5.80 ± 0.06 for the lunar samples; the corresponding 36Ar/38Ar ratio in Kapoeta is 5.74 ± 0.06. The neon ratios agree well with those measured by Benkert et al. (Benkert J.-P., Baur H., Signer P., and Wieler R., “He, Ne, and Ar from the solar wind and solar energetic particles in lunar ilmenites and pyroxenes”, J. Geophys. Res. (Planets)98, 13147-13162, 1993) in gases extracted from bulk lunar ilmenite samples by stepped acid etching and attributed by them to the SW. The 36Ar/38Ar ratios, however, are significantly above both Benkert et al.’s (1993) proposed SW value of 5.48 ± 0.05 and a later estimate of 5.58 ± 0.03 from an acid-etch analysis of Kapoeta (Becker R. H., Schlutter D. J., Rider P. E., and Pepin R. O., “An acid-etch study of the Kapoeta achondrite: Implications for the argon-36/argon-38 ratio in the solar wind”, Meteorit. Planet. Sci.33, 109-113, 1998). We believe, for reasons discussed here and in our earlier report, that 5.80 ± 0.06 ratio most nearly represents the wind composition. The 3He/4He ratio in low-temperature gas releases, not measured in the first particle suite, is found in several grains to be indistinguishable from Benkert et al.’s (1993) SW estimate. Elemental ratios of He, Ne, and Ar initially released from grain-surface SW implantation zones are solar-like, as found earlier by Pepin et al. (1999). Gases evolved from these reservoirs at higher temperatures show evidence for perturbations from solar elemental compositions by prior He loss, thermal mobilization of excess Ne from fractionated SW components, or both.Attention in this second investigation was focused on estimating the isotopic compositions of both the SW and the more deeply sited SEP components in regolith grains. Several high-temperature “isotopic plateaus”—approximately constant isotopic ratios in gas fractions released over a number of consecutive heating steps—were observed in the close vicinities of the SEP ratios for He, Ne, and Ar reported by Benkert et al. (1993). Arguments presented in the text suggest that these plateaus are relatively free of interferences from multicomponent mixing artifacts that can mimic pure component signatures. Average SEP compositions derived from the stepped-heating plateau measurements are in remarkable agreement with the Zürich acid-etch values for all three gases. 相似文献
12.
Randy L. Korotev Ryan A. Zeigler Christine Floss 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2010,74(24):7362-7388
This study addresses the issue of what fraction of the impact glass in the regolith of a lunar landing site derives from local impacts (those within a few kilometers of the site) as opposed to distant impacts (10 or more kilometers away). Among 10,323 fragments from the 64-210-μm grain-size fraction of three Apollo 16 regolith samples, 14% are impact glasses, that is, fragments consisting wholly or largely of glass produced in a crater-forming impact. Another 16% are agglutinates formed by impacts of micrometeorites into regolith. We analyzed the glass in 1559 fragments for major- and minor-element concentrations by electron probe microanalysis and a subset of 112 of the fragments that are homogeneous impact glasses for trace elements by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Of the impact glasses, 75% are substantially different in composition from either the Apollo 16 regolith or any mixture of rocks of which the regolith is mainly composed. About 40% of the impact glasses are richer in Fe, Mg, and Ti, as well as K, P, and Sm, than are common rocks of the feldspathic highlands. These glasses must originate from craters in maria or the Procellarum KREEP Terrane. Of the feldspathic impact glasses, some are substantially more magnesian (greater MgO/FeO) or have substantially lower concentrations of incompatible elements than the regolith of the Apollo 16 site. Many of these, however, are in the range of feldspathic lunar meteorites, most of which derive from points in the feldspathic highlands distant from the Procellarum KREEP Terrane. These observations indicate that a significant proportion of the impact glass in the Apollo 16 regolith is from craters occurring 100 km or more from the landing site. In contrast, the composition of glass in agglutinates, on average, is similar to the composition of the Apollo 16 regolith, consistent with local origin. 相似文献
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P. M. Kartashov A. V. Mokhov T. A. Gornostaeva O. A. Bogatikov N. A. Ashikhmina 《Petrology》2010,18(2):107-125
This paper reports new findings of native molybdenum and iron from Mare Crisium. Native tin, copper, and nickel were detected
for the first time in this area of the lunar surface. Native tantalum and indium, intermetallic compound Ta2Mo, and barium titanate Ba2TiO4 were found for the first time on the Moon. The latter two phases were observed for the first time in nature. It was shown
that the investigated mineral phases correspond to different genetic groups (preimpact, impact, and postimpact mineral assemblages),
which is in general typical of lunar regolith. Based on the morphological features of the identified mineral phases, the history
of the formation of impact glass particles was reconstructed in part. They were probably affected by at least three impact
events. It was concluded that the peculiar molybdenum geochemical anomaly observed in a group of orange impact glass fragments
was not related to the impactor material but rather to the intrinsic enrichment in molybdenum of lunar rocks (target) in the
area of the impact events. It was supposed that this enrichment could be of exhalative (fumarole) nature. 相似文献
14.
非均匀月壤介质的被动微波辐射传输模拟 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于非均匀月壤物理模型和辐射传输方程,模拟月壤介质中的微波辐射传输特性,探讨频率、月壤厚度等与月表亮温的关系。结果表明:在低频段,月壤微波辐射亮温的动态变化范围较大,可探测的月壤厚度大,3 GHz时的最大可探测月壤厚度达12.4 m;在高频段对应的可探测月壤厚度较小,特别是从50GHz往后的频率段内,最大可探测月壤厚度均小于2 m。不同频率的亮温-厚度变化曲线没有交叉点,且频率越高,所能探测的月壤厚度越小。根据模拟结果,建立了月壤厚度与亮温的查找表。基于查找表,利用单个波段的亮温数据即可得到月壤厚度信息。 相似文献
15.
我国月球探测的总体科学目标与发展战略 总被引：52，自引：0，他引：52
在简述月球探测的历程与趋势的基础上,强调当代月球探测的总体目标为：①研究月球与地月系的起源和演化,特别是月球大气层与磁场的消失,矿物与岩石的分布和形成环境、月壤和内部层圈结构的形成以及月球演化的历程;②探测月球的资源、能源和特殊环境的开发利用及对人类社会长期可持续发展的支撑。我国不载人月球探测划分为绕、落、回三个阶段。为了全球性、整体性重新认识月球,绕月卫星探测的科学目标是为了获取全月面三维影像,探测14种有用元素的全球分布与丰度,探测月壤厚度并估算氦 3资源量以及太阳活动对空间环境的影响。"落"为月球探测器软着陆就位探测和月球车巡视探测,建立月基光学、低频射电和极紫外天文观测平台。"回"为月球探测器软着陆就位探测和取样返回地面。 相似文献
16.
Manned lunar exploration has recently attracted renewed interest. This includes the NASA Constellation program to return humans to the Moon by 2020, the ESA Aurora program which may use the Moon as a way station to prepare for major interplanetary exploration by 2025, and the PRC program to send a human to the Moon by 2030 and build a temporary manned lunar base by 2040. One of the problems demanding a solution is the stresses on the mechanical characteristics of the lunar regolith under the microgravity environment. The gravity on the Moon is about 1/6 that on Earth. The regolith is subject to very low confining stresses under a microgravity environment and the mechanical properties can change correspondingly. Because of the limited amount of lunar regolith brought back to Earth by the Apollo missions, a lunar regolith simulant was developed using silicon carbide to investigate the properties of the lunar regolith. Based on triaxial tests, this study analyzed the mechanical properties of the lunar regolith simulant at low stresses including the shear strength, peak strength and dilatation angle. The research results provide useful information on lunar regolith characteristics for astronauts returning to the Moon and for building a temporary manned lunar base. 相似文献
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Ryan A. Zeigler Randy L. Korotev Bradley L. Jolliff Larry A. Haskin Christine Floss 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2006,70(24):6050-6067
The regolith of the Apollo 16 lunar landing site is composed mainly of feldspathic lithologies but mafic lithologies are also present. A large proportion of the mafic material occurs as glass. We determined the major element composition of 280 mafic glasses (>10 wt% FeO) from six different Apollo 16 soil samples. A small proportion (5%) of the glasses are of volcanic origin with picritic compositions. Most, however, are of impact origin. Approximately half of the mafic impact glasses are of basaltic composition and half are of noritic composition with high concentrations of incompatible elements. A small fraction have compositions consistent with impact mixtures of mare material and material of the feldspathic highlands. On the basis of major-element chemistry, we identified six mafic glass groups: VLT picritic glass, low-Ti basaltic glass, high-Ti basaltic glass, high-Al basaltic glass, KREEPy glass, and basaltic-andesite glass. These glass groups encompass 60% of the total mafic glasses studied. Trace-element analyses by secondary ion mass spectroscopy for representative examples of each glass group (31 total analyses) support the major-element classifications and groupings. The lack of basaltic glass in Apollo 16 ancient regolith breccias, which provide snapshots of the Apollo 16 soil just after the infall of Imbrium ejecta, leads us to infer that most (if not all) of the basaltic glass was emplaced as ejecta from small- or moderate-sized impacts into the maria surrounding the Apollo 16 site after the Imbrium impact. The high-Ti basaltic glasses likely represent a new type of basalt from Mare Tranquillitatis, whereas the low-Ti and high-Al basaltic glasses possibly represent the composition of the basalts in Mare Nectaris. Both the low-Ti and high-Al basaltic glasses are enriched in light-REEs, which hints at the presence of a KREEP-bearing source region beneath Mare Nectaris. The basaltic andesite glasses have compositions that are siliceous, ferroan, alkali-rich, and moderately titaniferous; they are unlike any previously recognized lunar lithology or glass group. Their likely provenance is within the Procellarum KREEP Terrane, but they are not found within the Apollo 16 ancient regolith breccias and therefore were likely deposited at the Apollo 16 site post-Imbrium. The basaltic-andesite glasses are the most ferroan variety of KREEP yet discovered. 相似文献
19.
“嫦娥三号”巡视器上搭载的测月雷达通过500 MHz频率的天线,对巡视路线上的月壳浅层结构进行剖面式观测,能探测到月球地底下30 m深土壤层的结构。为了更好地分析测月雷达的探测结果,文中对月壤分层进行正演模拟,月岩层的介电常数采用与“嫦娥三号”登月点位置最近的Apollo 15的电性参数近似代替,月壤的介电常数是一个和密度相关的值且随深度的变化而变化。根据以上参数建立模型,基于时域有限差分（FDTD）原理,利用GprMax对月壤分层结构进行模拟,建立的模型包括月表介电常数随深度变化二层模型和月岩层存在下界面三层模型,并对其波形特征进行分析,找到月壤层次划分的一般规律,对“嫦娥三号”测月雷达数据的分析提供理论依据。 相似文献
20.
K.H. Joy R. Burgess V.A. Fernandes I.A. Crawford A.T. Kearsley EIMFg 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(9):2420-7225
Northwest Africa (NWA) 4472 is a polymict lunar regolith meteorite. The sample is KREEP-rich (high concentrations of potassium, rare earth elements and phosphorus) and comprises a heterogeneous array of lithic and mineral fragments. These clasts and mineral fragments were sourced from a range of lunar rock types including the lunar High Magnesian Suite, the High Alkali Suite, KREEP basalts, mare basalts and a variety of impact crater environments. The KREEP-rich nature of NWA 4472 indicates that the sample was ejected from regolith on the nearside of the Moon in the Procellarum KREEP Terrane and we have used Lunar Prospector gamma-ray remote sensing data to show that the meteorite is most similar to (and most likely sourced from) regoliths adjacent to the Imbrium impact basin.U-Pb and Pb-Pb age dates of NWA 4472 phosphate phases reveal that the breccia has sampled Pre-Nectarian (4.35 Ga) rocks related to early episodes of KREEP driven magmatism. Some younger phosphate U-Pb and Pb-Pb age dates are likely indicative of impact resetting events at 3.9-4 Ga, consistent with the suggested timing of basin formation on the Moon. Our study also shows that NWA 4472 has sampled impact melts and glass with an alkali-depleted, incompatible trace element-rich (high Sc, low Rb/Th ratios, low K) compositional signature not related to typical Apollo high-K KREEP, or that sampled by KREEPy lunar meteorite Sayh al Uhaymir (SaU) 169. This provides evidence that there are numerous sources of KREEP-rich protoliths on the Moon. 相似文献