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1.
研究石灰岩包壳作用有助于深入了解酸性矿山废水(AMD)在富含石灰岩的金属硫化物尾矿中的释放机制。采用AMD滞留浸泡石灰岩颗粒试料的实验方法,研究在酸水饱和条件下石灰岩次生包壳的形成作用。研究表明,AMD的Fe含量是影响石灰岩包壳作用的主因之一。在高Fe浓度(如1 029~1 033 mg/L)的AMD中,石灰岩颗粒表面可依次沉淀富Al相、石膏、纤铁矿(吸附Zn、Cu及As等),发生石灰岩包壳/钝化作用,使溶液维持酸性;而在低Fe浓度(6.71~74.8 mg/L)的AMD中,次生包壳难以生成,石灰岩得以大量溶解释碱并充分中和溶液中的H~+,使溶液达到中性。因此,Fe硫化物含量较高(如Fe含量10.62%、S含量5.70%)的石灰岩尾矿,由于其氧化后可生成高Fe浓度的酸性水而导致石灰岩包壳作用,具有释放AMD(及重金属)的危险,应注意防控。 相似文献
2.
综合考虑土下界面过程对溶蚀速率的影响,不仅有助于客观评价不同土地利用下土壤溶蚀速率的差异及其控制因素,也有助于判别特定气候条件下区域或流域尺度的现代岩溶作用与碳循环强度。在云南石林世界地质公园,选择近原生滇青冈林(密枝林地)、云南松林地(人工辅助恢复林)、荒草地、石漠地等4种土地利用类型及不同界面开展为期2年的标准溶蚀试片(试片为圆形,直径40 mm,厚约3 mm)试验研究,同步测定土壤理化性质、水分、土壤CO_2。结果表明石林不同土地利用土下(土壤界面)平均溶蚀量为82.3 mg/a,最大年溶蚀量位于密枝林土下50 cm,达285.7 mg/a,最小年溶蚀量位于石漠地土下10 cm,为17.4 mg/a。总体上,土下年平均溶蚀量从大到小依次为密枝林地(182.6 mg),荒草地(76.4 mg),云南松林地(46.5 mg)与石漠地(23.8 mg)。土岩界面附近土下年溶蚀量为17.7～68.8 mg/a,均值为44.7 mg/a,从小到大依次为灌丛稀疏林(17.7 mg),石漠地(47.6 mg)与荒草地(68.8 mg)。土根界面附近土下溶蚀量为43 mg/a。土下溶蚀量要大于岩面溶蚀量,密枝林土下溶蚀量远远大于其它三种土地利用类型,荒草地和密枝林土下溶蚀量随土壤深度均呈现增加的趋势,尤其是后者的增幅相当显著,说明随着植被的正向演替可极大地促进岩溶作用的进行,提高碳酸盐岩溶蚀速率。石漠地岩土界面溶蚀速率约为岩面或正常土下溶蚀速率的2倍,为石柱水平土蚀凹槽的形成提供了岩溶作用动力学证据。利用密枝林地(原生性植被样本)土下溶蚀速率推断,石林形成鼎盛期的土下溶蚀速率为35.1～46.8 mm/ka。 相似文献
3.
区域地球化学表明，第三系泉水及直接被第三系覆盖的灰岩泉水的SIC的雨季小于0，在旱季大于0。在祭白龙洞，地表被第三生活经验覆盖洞段滴水的暂时硬度比地表无此覆盖层的滴水水1.6-3mmol/L，pH值也较低。第三系盖层中空气CO2浓度为10000-14000mg/m^3，随深度下降。第三系的裂隙最大渗透张量为0.02-0.05m/d，高于石灰岩。野外溶蚀试验结果，第三系盖层中石灰岩的溶蚀速率为1.5mg/100d，且垂直溶蚀速率与水平溶蚀速率相当。上述特征表明，较高的裂隙渗透张量及随裂隙下渗的富侵蚀性的水量石芽、石林发育的两个重要因素。这也是为什么发育好的石林常常伴随残留的小面积第三系出现的原因。 相似文献
4.
在岩溶地区，列车运行期间的振动会对白云岩和石灰岩的水岩作用过程产生影响，再加上复杂的外界条件，这一影响会更加显著。以桂北岩溶石山地区白云岩和石灰岩为研究对象，利用自主设计的试验装置进行室内模拟试验，分别研究振动荷载及不同温度条件对白云岩和石灰岩的溶蚀的影响规律。研究发现：(1)常温常压条件下，在静止的酸性溶液中，白云岩的溶蚀速率小于石灰岩；(2)在H+充足的条件下，随着温度（0～45℃）的升高，石灰岩和白云岩的溶蚀速率都会增大，温度变化对于白云岩溶蚀影响更为显著；(3)白云岩和石灰岩的溶蚀受振动条件的强烈影响，二者的溶蚀量都随着振动次数的增加而增大，且在相同振动条件下石灰岩的溶蚀速率始终大于白云岩。该研究可为桂北岩溶石山地区的工程设计和建设提供理论依据。 相似文献
5.
《海相油气地质》2013,(3):55-61
通过表面溶蚀和内部溶蚀两种实验方式,分别对六种类型碳酸盐岩用0.2%乙酸溶液进行溶蚀实验,对比研究了从表生环境到深埋藏环境下有机酸与不同类型碳酸盐岩的溶蚀作用机制。对比研究表明:(1)在近地表环境下(25℃,1.0 MPa),泥灰岩和含生物碎屑泥晶灰岩的溶解速率大于细晶白云岩,前两者约为后者的23倍;随着温压的增加,泥灰岩、含生物碎屑泥晶灰岩和细晶白云岩的溶解速率均相应增加,但细晶白云岩的溶解速率增加幅度更大;在深埋藏环境下(180℃,45 MPa到210℃,52.5 MPa),细晶白云岩的溶解速率逐渐与泥灰岩和含生物碎屑泥晶灰岩的溶解速率趋于一致。(2)在60℃,10 MPa时,白云质颗粒灰岩在乙酸溶液中的溶解能力大于粉细晶白云岩和亮晶鲕粒白云岩;随着温压的增加,有机酸溶液对石灰岩与白云岩的溶解能力均相应降低,且石灰岩溶蚀作用下降幅度更大,当温压达到或超过90℃、20 MPa时,粉细晶白云岩和亮晶鲕粒白云岩在乙酸溶液中的溶解能力大于白云质颗粒灰岩。根据实验结果推测:表生和相对浅埋藏的温压条件下,石灰岩的溶解速率和溶解能力大于白云岩,石灰岩的溶蚀作用较白云岩发育;但在深埋藏阶段,由于白云岩的溶解能力大于石灰岩,因此白云岩溶蚀产生的次生孔隙较石灰岩更为发育,这或许是深部的碳酸盐岩储层中多见白云岩储层的重要原因。 相似文献
6.
两种典型碳酸盐岩红土风化剖面的物理化学特征 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6
通过对贵州遵义和平坝两种典型碳酸盐岩风化剖面的系统采样,在室内进行了岩土工程上常用的13项物理指标的测试和12项常量化学元素的全分析,在此基础上论述了它们在风化剖面上的分布及变化特征。指出土层孔隙率(孔隙比)由表层土到深处由高到低的变化,导致岩(土)层透水率逐渐降低和含水量的增加,是土层物理性质及相关力学性质变化的主因; 表层土以粘土粒组为主,到靠近基岩附近变为以粉土粒组为主,说明后期红土化作用可使土粒变细; 靠近岩石界面土层的粒径与组成石灰岩和白云岩矿物颗粒大小相当,这可能是地下水溶蚀- 交代矿物颗粒继承发育的结果; 通过分析界面各层(基岩- 溶滤层- 杂色粘土层)化学成分的变化可以看出,由岩石到土层可溶性组分( CaO、MgO)大量的被水溶蚀带走,成土元素( SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3 等)呈突跃式增加,而且两类岩石溶蚀成土的初期阶段(由岩石到溶滤层)可溶元素被溶蚀及成土元素的积累有很大的差别。 相似文献
7.
8.
长江上游紫色母质养分溶出及环境效应预测 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
对侏罗系沙溪庙组(J2s)、蓬莱镇组(J3p)、遂宁组(J3s)、三叠系飞仙关组(T1f)母质小于0．25mm、0．25～0．50mm、0．50～1．00mm、1．00～2．00mm、2．00～5．00mm、＞5．00mm6个不同粒级，振荡时间为0．5h、1h、3h、6h不同振荡时间养分(全氮、全磷)溶出试验，模拟侵蚀颗粒在水流扰动中养分释放，分析母质颗粒养分溶出对水体富营养化的贡献。结果表明：振荡时间与母质颗粒溶出的全氮和全磷的含量呈正相关关系；粒级的大小对母质溶出的全氮和全磷的含量存在影响，随着粒级的增大，养分溶出量先增加后减小；以振荡6h氮、磷最大释放量与水体富营养化临界值比较分析，以氮释放量计，紫色母岩区泥沙含量临界值在8．30～11．94kg/m^3；以磷释放量计，紫色母岩区泥沙含量临界值在24．10～37．04kg/m^3；长江上游紫色岩区泥沙含量已接近临界泥沙含量。侵蚀母质颗粒由于受到水流的扰动，溶出的全氮和全磷是造成水体富营养化的重要原因。 相似文献
9.
滨海平原的地下水,由于具有咸淡水交替分布、地下水位周期变化,淤泥质土层埋藏广泛等特点,所以在物探、成井、抽水试验等方面,应掌握以下几点。一、咸淡水的区分岩层视电阻率(ρ,)在10Ω·m 以上者,水中含 Cl’一般在50—100mg/l,最高不超过500mg/l。固溶物都在1000mg/l 以内,为淡水。岩层视电阻率(ρ,)若小于10Ω·m 相似文献
10.
文章采用标准溶蚀试片法对比两种亚热带岩溶森林不同坡位的碳酸盐岩溶蚀速率,并分析其与土壤CO2含量(pCO2)和土壤含水量的对应关系。结果表明：青冈林的平均溶蚀速率(5.22±0.99mg·cm-2·a-1)显著高于化香树林(3.58±2.59 mg·cm-2·a-1);青冈林的土下溶蚀速率在垂直剖面上先增加后递减,峰值位于土下20 cm,而化香树林的随土壤深度增加而增加;青冈林不同坡位的溶蚀速率差异不显著,而化香树林中坡显著高于上坡和下坡;不同森林类型坡位间的溶蚀速率未表现一致规律。森林类型间溶速率差异与土壤含水量有较好的对应而与土壤pCO2相反,森林内坡位间及土壤垂直剖面的溶蚀速率差异与土壤pCO2有更好对应性。亚热带不同岩溶森林类型间溶蚀速率差异显著,可用土壤含水量较好解释;不同坡位间差异没有一致规律,但可用土壤pCO2较好解释。 相似文献
11.
A highly reproducible seeded growth technique was used to study calcite crystallization from calcium bicarbonate solutions at 25°C and fixed carbon dioxide partial pressures between 0.03 and 0.3 atm. The results are not consistent with empirical crystallization models that have successfully described calcite growth at low PCO2 (< 10?3 atm). Good agreement was found between observed crystallization rates and those calculated from the calcite dissolution rate law and mechanism proposed by Plummer et al. (1978). 相似文献
12.
《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1999,63(13-14):1939-1953
Accessory calcite, present at concentrations between 300 and 3000 mg kg−1, occurs in fresh granitoid rocks sampled from the Merced watershed in Yosemite National Park, CA, USA; Loch Vale in Rocky Mountain National Park CO USA; the Panola watershed, GA USA; and the Rio Icacos, Puerto Rico. Calcite occurs as fillings in microfractures, as disseminated grains within the silicate matrix, and as replacement of calcic cores in plagioclase. Flow-through column experiments, using de-ionized water saturated with 0.05 atm. CO2, produced effluents from the fresh granitoid rocks that were dominated by Ca and bicarbonate and thermodynamically saturated with calcite. During reactions up to 1.7 yr, calcite dissolution progressively decreased and was superceded by steady state dissolution of silicates, principally biotite. Mass balance calculations indicate that most calcite had been removed during this time and accounted for 57–98% of the total Ca released from these rocks. Experimental effluents from surfically weathered granitoids from the same watersheds were consistently dominated by silicate dissolution. The lack of excess Ca and alkalinity indicated that calcite had been previously removed by natural weathering.The extent of Ca enrichment in watershed discharge fluxes corresponds to the amounts of calcite exposed in granitoid rocks. High Ca/Na ratios relative to plagioclase stoichiometries indicate excess Ca in the Yosemite, Loch Vale, and other alpine watersheds in the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains of the western United States. This Ca enrichment correlates with strong preferential weathering of calcite relative to plagioclase in exfoliated granitoids in glaciated terrains. In contrast, Ca/Na flux ratios are comparable to or less than the Ca/Na ratios for plagioclase in the subtropical Panola and tropical Rio Icacos watersheds, in which deeply weathered regoliths exhibit concurrent losses of calcite and much larger masses of plagioclase during transport-limited weathering. These results indicate that the weathering of accessory calcite may strongly influence Ca and alkalinity fluxes from silicate rocks during and following periods of glaciation and tectonism but is much less important for older stable geomorphic surfaces. 相似文献
13.
An empirical model is developed to predict the dissolution rate of calcite in saline solutions that are saturated with respect to dissolved \(\hbox {CO}_2\) over a broad range of both subcritical and supercritical conditions. The focus is on determining the rate of calcite dissolution within a temperature range of 50–100 \(^\circ \hbox {C}\) and pressures up to 600 bar, relevant for \(\hbox {CO}_2\) sequestration in saline aquifers. A general reaction kinetic model is used that is based on the extension of the standard Arrhenius equation with an added, solubility-dependent, pH term to account for the saturated concentration of dissolved \(\hbox {CO}_2\). On the basis of this kinetic model, a new rate equation is obtained using multi-parameter, nonlinear regression of experimental data to determine the dissolution of calcite as a function of temperature, pressure and salinity. Different models for the activity coefficient of \(\hbox {CO}_2\) dissolved in saline solutions are accounted for. The new rate equation helps us obtain good agreement with experimental data, and it is applied to study the geochemically induced alterations of fracture geometry due to calcite dissolution. 相似文献
14.
流动CO_2-H_2O系统中方解石溶解动力学机制——扩散边界层效应和CO_2转换控制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用旋转盘实验装置和高分子生物催化剂技术,笔者研究了流动CO_2-H_2O系统中方解石溶解动力学及其控制机制。实验发现,方解石的溶解既受到固-液界面间扩散边界层(DBL)的控制,还受到扩散边界层内CO_2慢速转换反应(CO_2+H_2OH~+HCO_3~-)的控制。然而,高CO_2分压(P_(CO_2)>0.01 atm)时,溶解主要为CO_2慢速转换控制,而低CO_2分压(P_(CO)_2<0.01atm)时,溶解主要为扩散边界层控制。对于这些发现,利用DBL理论模型进行了成功的解释。 相似文献
15.
The dissolution of Iceland spar in CO2-saturated solutions at 25°C and 1 atm total pressure has been followed by measurement of pH as a function of time. Surface concentrations of reactant and product species have been calculated from bulk fluid data using mass transport theory and a model that accounts for homogeneous reactions in the bulk fluid. The surface concentrations are found to be close to bulk solution values. This indicates that calcite dissolution under the experimental conditions is controlled by the kinetics of surface reaction. The rate of calcite dissolution follows an empirical second order relation with respect to calcium and hydrogen ion from near the initial condition (pH 3.91) to approximately pH 5.9. Beyond pH 5.9 the rate of surface reaction is greatly reduced and higher reaction orders are observed. Calculations show that the rate of calcite dissolution in natural environments may be influenced by both transport and surface-reaction processes. In the absence of inhibition, relatively short times should be sufficient to establish equilibrium. 相似文献
16.
《矿物学报》2013,(Z1)
In this paper, the dissolution characteristics of Xining dustfall in citric acid solution was studied to evaluate the physical chemical change in acid conditions. pH along with conductivity was tested with time. FTIR, SEM and ICP analysis were applied to analyze the residuum and filtrate after 2 days’ dissolution experiment. It was shown in the pH/conductivity variation, solution’s pH rise sharply in the front 4 hours, then decrease slowly. After 4 hours, both the pH and conductivity become stable. Based on combined analysis of XRD and FTIR spectrum of dustfall before and after dissolution, that calcite and dolomite in dustfall are dissolved completely in the 0.05M citric acid solution in two days. Besides, amount of metal cations were extracted from the dustfall during the dissolution, including Ca2+,K+,Mg2+,Fe3+,Al3+,Si. In general, after the dissolution of dustall in citric acid, some minerals are dissolved and amount of metal elements are extracted. Carbonate minerals almost dissolved completely, also the structure of silicate minerals changed as the extraction of elements. 相似文献
17.
Calcium carbonate scaling poses highly challenging tasks for its prediction and preventative action. Here an elemental, isotopic and modelling approach was used to decipher the evolution of alkaline tunnel drainage solutions and sinter formation mechanisms for 3 sites in Austria. Drainage solutions originate from local groundwater and form their characteristic chemical composition by interaction with shotcrete/concrete. This interaction is indicated by a positive correlation of dissolved K+ and pH (up to 12.3), and a decrease of aqueous Mg2+ by the formation of brucite (pH > 10.5). Variability in Ca2+ and DIC is strongly attributed to portlandite dissolution, calcite precipitation and CO2 exchange with the atmosphere, where the 13C/12C and 18O/16O signatures of calcite can be traced back to the source of carbonate. The internal PCO2 value is a reliable proxy to evaluate whether uptake of CO2 results in an increase or decrease of the degree of calcite saturation with a threshold value of 10−6.15 atm at 25 °C (pH ≈ 11). Precipitation rates of calcite are highest at pH ≈ 10. Mixing of groundwater-like solutions with strong alkaline drainage solutions has to be considered as a crucial factor for evaluating apparent composition of drainage solutions and calcite precipitation capacities. 相似文献
18.
Dynamics Of Karstification: A Model Applied To Hydraulic Structures In Karst Terranes 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
W. Dreybrodt 《Hydrogeology Journal》1992,1(3):20-32
To model the development of karst channels from primary fissures in limestone, a computer simulation of solutional widening of a fracture by calcite agressive water is proposed. The parameters defining the problem are the initial width a0 of the fracture, its length l, and the hydraulic gradient i driving water through it. The dissolution rates limestone determine how fast enlargement of the fractures proceeds. At a calcite concentration, c, far from equilibrium, the dissolution follows a first-order rate law, F(1)=α0(ceq-c); close to the equilibrium concentration, ceq, a slow fourth-order rate law F(4)=β0(ceq-c)4 is valid. The results show that, at the time of initiation, the water flow through the karst channels increases slowly in time until an abrupt increase occurs. After this moment of breakthrough, the channel enlarges rapidly and evenly over its entire length by first-order kinetics. Breakthrough times have been calculated for karstification under natural conditions for low hydraulic gradients as functions of a0, l, and i. Special attention is given to karstification in the vicinity of hydraulic structures where hydraulic gradients are high (>0.5) and channel lengths are below 200 m. We find that the breakthrough event will occur in less than 100 years, if: (i/l) > (5.3·10?8a0 ?2.63PCO2 ?0.77) where l is in m and a0 is in cm, (i/l) is given in m-1, and PCO2[atm] is the CO2 pressure of the water entering the fracture. After this event, the channels will widen to a width of about 1 cm within only 10 years, which can cause considerable leakage near or through hydraulic structures. Finally, critical values of the parameters i, l, a0, which give the conditions of failure in various types of hydraulic structures are discussed. 相似文献
19.
Rolf S. Arvidson Inci Evren Ertan Andreas Luttge 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2003,67(9):1623-1634
A comparison of published calcite dissolution rates measured far from equilibrium at a pH of ∼ 6 and above shows well over an order of magnitude in variation. Recently published AFM step velocities extend this range further still. In an effort to understand the source of this variation, and to provide additional constraint from a new analytical approach, we have measured dissolution rates by vertical scanning interferometry. In areas of the calcite cleavage surface dominated by etch pits, our measured dissolution rate is 10−10.95 mol/cm2/s (PCO2 10−3.41 atm, pH 8.82), 5 to ∼100 times slower than published rates derived from bulk powder experiments, although similar to rates derived from AFM step velocities. On cleavage surfaces free of local etch pit development, dissolution is limited by a slow, “global” rate (10−11.68 mol/cm2/s). Although these differences confirm the importance of etch pit (defect) distribution as a controlling mechanism in calcite dissolution, they also suggest that “bulk” calcite dissolution rates observed in powder experiments may derive substantial enhancement from grain boundaries having high step and kink density. We also observed significant rate inhibition by introduction of dissolved manganese. At 2.0 μM Mn, the rate diminished to 10−12.4 mol/cm2/s, and the well formed rhombic etch pits that characterized dissolution in pure solution were absent. These results are in good agreement with the pattern of manganese inhibition in published AFM step velocities, assuming a step density on smooth terraces of ∼9 μm−1. 相似文献
20.
Water from the Kombat mine was delivered to the Omatako dam via the 263-km-long Grootfontein-Omatako canal during test runs
in 1997. It is intended to supply water from Kombat and other underground mines in the Otavi Mountain Land to the capital
Windhoek. The Cu-Pb-Zn orebodies are hosted by carbonate rocks and the mine waters are supersaturated with respect to calcite
and CO2. Along the length of the canal, the CO2 partial pressure drops from 10−2.1 atm at the inlet of the Kombat mine to 10−3.5 atm at the end of the canal. This is accompanied by a drop in Ca concentration from about 60 to about 20 mg/l. The heavy
metal concentrations (Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) drop along the course of the canal to values far below the national drinking-water
standard. Scavenging by calcium carbonate precipitation is the major depletion mechanism.
Received: 21 June 1999 · Accepted: 29 August 1999 相似文献