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1.
鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系热水岩溶特征 总被引：22，自引：1，他引：22
鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系深部白云岩中的溶蚀孔洞,其成因属于热水岩溶作用的结果。本文通过成因矿物学及Fe2+ 、Mn微量元素分析和气液包裹体测定,结合岩溶发育的构造背景,深入揭示了本区热水的来源主要为深部循环热水,局部尚有深部上升的热液加入 ;其热能除地温梯度加热、构造运动加热外,在盆地基底古断裂附近可能还有深部热源的影响而形成的中低焓地热流体。充填矿物包裹体均一温度为 15 0～ 34 9℃,气相成分中CO2 摩尔浓度达到44.3%～ 5 6.98%。Fe2+ 、Mn微量元素在鄂 6、定探 1、李华 1井、芦参 1井、陕 8井和旬探 1井白云岩中的富集,指示了这些井区是热水运移的主要近源区。认为热水岩溶的发育,对奥陶系内幕储层的形成具有重要意义 相似文献
2.
对灵1井延长组长9—长10油层组砂岩样品的岩石化学、微量元素及稀土元素特征进行了系统研究,并利用不同的常量、微量元素构造属性判别图解对灵1井区的源区构造属性进行分析和探讨,结果表明:灵1井区延长组砂岩样品稀土元素含量稳定,稀土元素配分曲线显示轻稀土明显富集、重稀土贫化的"右倾"型;利用常量和微量元素构造判别图,表明物源区构造背景主要为活动大陆边缘和大陆岛弧环境;位于泛鄂尔多斯盆地腹地的灵1井区,沉积物具有混构造源区的特点,受控于华北板块与扬子板块拼合作用下的秦岭造山带的整个演化过程,至晚三叠世,秦岭造山带成为该井区稳定的供屑区。 相似文献
3.
准噶尔盆地中部Ⅰ区侏罗系油藏古今油水界面及成藏史分析 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
分析了准噶尔盆地中部Ⅰ区侏罗系三工河组砂岩储层的有机质分布特征,主要利用储层样品中可溶有机质和储层热解资料,确定了现今油水界面;通过储层中油气包裹体特征分析,推测出古油水界面的位置,分析了古今油水界面的变化,认为中部Ⅰ区块各油藏具有独立的油水界面,是相互独立的,并且各油藏经历过后期的调整,现今油藏为调整型或残留型油藏,油藏调整是车—莫古隆起演化的结果;通过储层中油气包裹体与开放孔隙抽提物成分对比,表明征1井储层包裹体与开放孔隙抽提物生物标志化合物的成熟度参数比较接近,而且甾烷系列化合物指纹和五环三萜烷指纹分布特征非常相似,庄1井、沙1井的储层含油包裹体与开放孔隙抽提物中各种生标参数差别相对较大。结合地质背景分析,认为庄1井和沙1井侏罗系三工河组砂岩储层具有多源多期油气注入的特点,早期油气主要来自于北部盆1井西凹陷,晚期混入了来自于南部昌吉凹陷的油气;征1井侏罗系三工河组油藏中的油气主要来自于南部凹陷。 相似文献
4.
陕西省略阳县杨家坝多金属矿田成矿流体地球化学示踪 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以陕西省略阳县杨家坝多金属矿床为例,通过对矿石中矿物流体包裹体特征的系统研究,流体包裹体分布表现以纯液相包裹体(A区)和大体积、大气相比原生气液两相包裹体(B区)为主的分区现象.A区原生气液两相包裹体的均一温度为184℃,成分为H2O;B区包裹体均一温度为245～348℃,主要集中在260℃、330℃,成分为H2O和C6H6.所测B区包裹体均一温度明显大于前人对该矿床所测得的最高温度293℃,说明有温度更高的还原流体参与成矿.结合秦岭造山带的构造背景和微量及稀土元素分析,初步认为该H2O-C6H6成分体系流体可能是伴随该区强烈构造运动沿深大断裂快速脉动上涌到地壳中的地幔流体;该流体作用导致壳幔叠加成矿,是秦岭造山带大规模改造成矿的序曲. 相似文献
5.
铅锌矿床中微量元素的富集特征、富集机制及对矿床成因指示是当前矿床学研究的热点之一。对铅锌矿床微量元素富集及关键测试技术研究新进展进行了综述,指出:①富集微量元素的铅锌矿床不仅分布于古陆边缘,造山带也是有利的构造背景;②不同成因类型铅锌矿床所富集的微量元素种类和含量不同,元素组合、含量及比值可以指示矿床成因;③微量元素以类质同象、固熔体、微细矿物包裹体形式甚至是独立矿物形式存在于闪锌矿和方铅矿中,富集过程受扩散速率、结晶温度、氧化还原条件、硫逸度、成矿物质和成矿流体等物理化学条件控制;④硫化物LA-ICP-MS微区分析能精确测定硫化物中微量元素的含量,了解其赋存状态,可为铅锌矿床成因研究提供微观证据。最后指出微量元素研究过程中要加强LA-ICP-MS原位微区测试技术的应用,并与宏观矿床地质特征研究相结合。 相似文献
6.
巴楚地区碳酸盐岩中深成侵入岩特征及其对储层发育的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了深入探讨深部岩浆活动对碳酸盐岩储层发育的影响,文中通过显微鉴定、地球化学分析以及流体包裹体测试,对巴楚地区和3井奥陶纪钻遇的火成岩进行了详细研究。和3井碳酸盐岩中的火成岩是紫苏辉长岩,为深成侵入岩体,辉长岩的w(SiO2)介于44.89%～45.39%,w(K2O+Na2O)为4.04%～4.67%,w(Na2O)/w(K2O)为2.16～4.23,属钠质碱性系列,形成于板内构造环境。微量元素分配模式以Ba富集Sr亏损为特征。∑REE介于163.43×10-6～215.99×10-6,LREE/HREE介于5.14～5.58,LaN/YbN介于5.192～5.980,δEu介于0.926～1.002,稀土配分模式属轻稀土富集型,通过对和3井碳酸盐岩孔隙度、渗透率以及其中流体包裹体的分析,孔隙度和渗透率的变化与辉长岩的分布有关,流体包裹体温度介于62～161℃,和3井碳酸盐岩受到过热事件的影响,辉长岩的侵入改善了和3井碳酸盐岩的储层物性。 相似文献
7.
鄂尔多斯盆地南部直罗油田长8油层油气沸腾包裹体群研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
运用激光拉曼光谱、包裹体充填度测定等方法对鄂尔多斯盆地直罗油田富南3井、6井长8油层裂缝岩芯充填物中包裹体群进行分析,发现富南3井、6井与英旺油田英16井长8油层中油气沸腾包裹体群完全相同,密集分布的气泡不停晃动,证实油气沸腾包裹体群不是孤立的、偶然的地质现象。富南3井、6井和英16井长8油层裂缝岩芯的原始裂缝性质为滑动-剪切裂缝和剪切裂缝,在区域构造的作用下,反复发生拉张-挤压交替活动;在拉张发生的瞬间,与裂缝沟通的油层里的原油发生减压沸腾,原油中的轻质馏分和其他流体进入裂缝空间;在随后的挤压发生时,裂缝基本封闭,一部分流体返回原来的油层,一部分被挤到别的裂隙空间形成新的油藏;残留在裂缝里的碳酸钙,在较高的地层压力下逐渐结晶,并把残留的轻质馏分包裹,形成油气包裹体;这些油气包裹体形成压力较高,又包裹着成分类似液化气的轻质馏分,在常温常压下就处于沸腾状态;这样的过程反复进行,在裂缝充填物中形成了沿着晶体生长线以及成片、成带分布的油气沸腾包裹体群。上述油气沸腾包裹体群的形成过程就是油气的地震泵运移机制,丰富了油气运移地震泵地质模型。 相似文献
8.
柴达木盆地切6井储层流体包裹体特征和油气成藏史 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文通过柴达木盆地切克里克凹陷中切6井的流体包裹体特征研究,探讨了该区的油气成藏史.切6井中石英加大边、方解石胶结物等成岩胶结物中的盐水包裹体均一温度为80.1～96.2℃,推测储层砂岩成岩作用应是刚进入中成岩A阶段.切6井储层砂岩中共有两期烃包裹体:第一期为灰黑色液烃包裹体,第二期为浅褐灰色气液二相烃包裹体.第一期在储层中已形成具工业价值的油藏.结合柴西地区新生代以来的构造演化,推断切6井原油在中新世(N12)成藏于古近系圈闭和基岩裂缝中;凹陷带和盆地内部构造接受喜马拉雅中晚期的两期成藏,更有利于油气由下向上的运移. 相似文献
9.
黄骅坳陷南部舍女寺油田的古近系孔店组是在断陷盆地的快速充填过程中形成的典型的河流—三角洲沉积。根据取芯井段的取芯和测井资料分析,把剖面结构、砂体几何形态、沉积构造等微相特征进行描述和分析,划分出水下分流河道、河口坝、席状砂等储层沉积微相类型。研究表明,舍女寺地区沉积微相不仅控制储集层的分布,而且控制油气聚集。研究区中较大厚度的油层分布在水下分流河道的中心部位,即该区沉积微相带的主体部位起着油层控制作用。在复杂断块高含水开发中后期,微突起、微断层、微断鼻等圈闭和储集层的有利配置区,尤其是中心微相带与有利的微构造部位叠合区将是有利高产井区。 相似文献
10.
油气包裹体的显微红外光谱测试技术及应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
单一油气包裹体的成分一直是地质学家关注的焦点,它能为油气成藏研究提供最直接的证据。显微红外光谱技术可以测定单个油气包裹体的成分、分子结构和其中油气包裹体的成熟度。本文应用显微红外光谱技术、包裹体的鉴定和均一温度测定技术,分析了大庆探区海拉尔盆地乌27井、巴16井、希3井等样品的包裹体。研究表明,乌27井有过两期成藏,并以第二期为主;巴16井也有过两期主要成藏,且第二期具混源的特点;希3井只有一次主要成藏期。同时利用红外光谱的CH2/CH3值、Xinc、Xstd划分了三口井的油气成藏期次,结果与镜下鉴定结论相一致,并确定了其中油气包裹体的成熟度。本文还探讨了显微-红外光谱测试单一油气包裹体的发展方向。 相似文献
11.
Earthquake magnitude prediction by adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) based on fuzzy C-means algorithm 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Masoomeh Mirrashid 《Natural Hazards》2014,74(3):1577-1593
This paper investigates the prediction of future earthquakes that would occur with magnitude 5.5 or greater using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). For this purpose, the earthquake data between 1950 and 2013 that had been recorded in the region with 2°E longitude and 4°N latitude in Iran has been used. Thereupon, three algorithms including grid partition (GP), subtractive clustering (SC) and fuzzy C-means (FCM) were used to develop models with the structure of ANFIS. Since the earthquake data for the specified region had been reported on different magnitude scales, suitable relationships were determined to convert the magnitude scales into moment magnitude and all records uniformed based on the relationships. The uniform data were used to calculate seismicity indicators, and ANFIS was developed based on considered algorithms. The results showed that ANFIS-FCM with a high accuracy was able to predict earthquake magnitude. 相似文献
12.
A probabilistic estimate of seismic hazard can be obtained from the spatial distribution, of earthquake sources, their frequency–magnitude distribution and the rate of attenuation of strong ground motion with distance. We calculate the earthquake perceptibility, i.e. the annual probability that a particular level of ground shaking will be generated by earthquakes of particular magnitude, by weighting frequency–magnitude data with the predicted felt area for a given level of ground shaking at a particular magnitude. This provides an earthquake selection criterion that can be used in the anti-seismic design of non-critical structures. We calculate the perceptibility, at a particular value of isoseismal intensity, peak ground acceleration and velocity, as a function of source magnitude and frequency for the broad Aegean area using local attenuation laws. We use frequency–magnitude distributions that were previously obtained by combining short-term catalogue data with tectonic moment rate data for 14 tectonic zones in Greece with sufficient earthquake data, and where contemporary strain rates are available from satellite data. Many of the zones show a ‘characteristic earthquake’ distribution with the most perceptible earthquake equal to the maximum magnitude earthquake, but a relatively flat perceptibility between magnitudes 6 and 7. The maximum perceptible magnitude is in the fastest-deforming region in the middle of the Aegean sea, and tends to be systematically low on the west in comparison to the east of the Aegean sea. The tectonic data strongly constrain the long-term recurrence rates and lead to low error estimates (±0.2) in the most perceptible magnitudes. 相似文献
13.
Ari Ben-Menahem 《Tectonophysics》1981,80(1-4):183-197
Frequency—magnitude relations were established for a fault system embedded in a shear zone with dimensions 1000 km × 200 km that extends from the Gulf of Elat to the East-Anatolian fault. The resulting frequency—magnitude relations were found to be in good agreement with both the documented instrumental earthquake statistics for ML 4.5 in the present century and microearthquake activity for ML 1.5 recorded in Israel and some adjacent territories during 1976–1979. When these frequency—magnitude relations are extended to 2500 B.C., one can account for the maximal magnitude earthquakes that echo in the Bible and are manifested in archaeological excavations.
It is found that seismic slip-rates increase significantly from south toward north in such a way that in north-central Israel and Lebanon, seismic slip constitutes only 1/3 of the motion, the rest being attributed to visco-elastic processes. Further north, as one approaches the collision zone with the Turkish plate, aseismicity tends to disappear and the slip is purely seismic. 相似文献
14.
Quantitative assessment of landslide hazard along transportation lines using historical records 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
In this paper, a quantitative landslide hazard model is presented for transportation lines, with an example for a road and
railroad alignment, in parts of Nilgiri hills in southern India. The data required for the hazard assessment were obtained
from historical records available for a 21-year period from 1987 to 2007. A total of 901 landslides from cut slopes along
the railroad and road alignment were included in the inventory. The landslides were grouped into three magnitude classes based
on the landslide type, volume, scar depth, and run-out distance. To calculate landslide hazard, we estimated the total number
of individual landslides per kilometer of the (rail) road for different return periods, based on the relationship between
past landslides (recorded in our database) and triggering events. These were multiplied by the probability that the landslides
belong to a given magnitude class. This gives the hazard for a given return period expressed as the number of landslides of
a given magnitude class per kilometer of (rail) road. The relationship between the total number of landslides and the return
period was established using a Gumbel distribution model, and the probability of landslide magnitude was obtained from frequency–volume
statistics. The results of the analysis indicate that the total number of landslides, from 1- to 50-year return period, varies
from 56 to 197 along the railroad and from 14 to 82 along the road. In total, 18 hazard scenarios were generated using the
three magnitude classes and six return periods (1, 3, 5, 15, 25, and 50 years). The hazard scenarios derived from the model
form the basis for future direct and indirect landslide risk analysis along the transportation lines. The model was validated
with landslides that occurred in the year 2009. 相似文献
15.
Magnitude scale and quantification of earthquakes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Hiroo Kanamori 《Tectonophysics》1983,93(3-4)
Despite various shortcomings, the earthquake magnitude scale is one of the most fundamental earthquake source parameters to be used for catalogs. Although use of a uniform scale is desirable, it is not always possible because of changes in instrumentation, the data reduction method and the magnitude formula, the station distribution, etc. As a result, various magnitude scales have been developed and are currently in use. Recent developments in seismometry and earthquake source theories provide more quantitative source parameters than the magnitude. In order to maintain continuity and uniformity of the data, it is important to relate these magnitude scales and the new parameters. In view of this importance, relations between different magnitude scales are examined with an emphasis on the difference in the period of the waves used for the magnitude determination. Use of several magnitude scales determined at different periods provides a convenient method for characterizing earthquakes. The moment magnitude can be used to quantify both shallow and deep earthquakes on the basis of wave energy radiated, and provides a uniform scheme. 相似文献
16.
W. R. Boynton M. A. C. Ceballos E. M. Bailey C. L. S. Hodgkins J. L. Humphrey J. M. Testa 《Estuaries and Coasts》2018,41(2):301-333
Estuarine and coastal marine sediment-water fluxes are considered to be important ecological features, but a global-scale assessment has yet to be developed. Goals of this work were to assemble a global-scale database of net sediment-water flux measurements, examine measurement techniques, characterize the geographic distribution and magnitude of sediment fluxes, explore the data for controls on sediment flux magnitude, and assess the importance of sediment fluxes in ecosystem-level metabolism and primary production. We examined 480 peer-reviewed sources and found sediment flux data for 167 estuarine and coastal systems. Most measurements were made in North America, Europe, and Australia. Fluxes varied widely among systems, some by several orders of magnitude. Inter-annual variability within sites was less than an order of magnitude but time series flux data to evaluate this were rare. However, limited time series data exhibited large and rapid responses to decreased external nutrient loading rates, climate change effects (possible temperature effects), and variability in trophic conditions. Comparative analyses indicated organic matter supply to sediments set the upper limits of flux magnitude, with other factors playing secondary roles. Two metrics were developed to assess ecosystem-level importance of sediment-water fluxes. Sediments represented 30% or more of depth-integrated rates of aerobic system respiration at depths of <10 m. An annual phytoplankton production data set was used to estimate N and P demand; sediments supplied an average of 15–32% of N and 17–100% of P demand and, in some cases, was as large or larger than external nutrient inputs. The percent of demand supplied by sediments was highest in temperate latitudes and lower in high and tropical latitudes. 相似文献
17.
《Earth》2008,88(3-4):94-112
It is generally found that the relative frequencies of occurrence of earthquakes of different magnitudes in seismogenic zones have a power law distribution. For a long-term dataset, the overall slope of this logarithmically transformed distribution is usually indicated by a best-fit straight line and expressed as a b-value. This slope is stable and normally lies between 0.8 and 1.2, the actual value depending on the region examined, and the threshold selected for data completeness. The linearity of the distribution can be used to make statistical inferences about the potential for larger events over the long run, and with appropriate reservations, may even be extrapolated to magnitudes that are beyond recent experience. We suggest the same information can also be viewed over shorter intervals in terms of an empirical piecewise distribution, with relative frequencies of occurrence at adjacent magnitude steps controlling the local slope of the distribution. An emergence, through time, of an excess number of lower magnitude earthquakes causes temporal changes to appear in the low-end piecewise gradients of this distribution. A marked excursion away from an overall uniform trend for the particular zone may be indicative of an imminent, larger event. On two separate occasions, in 1982 and 1997, such temporal variations were seen in the magnitude distributions of sequences of events near Tobago, West Indies, and used to anticipate subsequent damaging mainshocks. The recognition of temporal departures from overall linearity of the magnitude–frequency relation, in a suitable dataset, may thus provide an evidential element that can contribute to earthquake forecasting. This phenomenological approach was used in the analysis of the NEIC global dataset of earthquakes of magnitude 6.1 and bigger, for the period 1973–2003, to explore its wider applicability. Trends in the piecewise gradients of the global data were interpreted as pointing to an imminent great earthquake, perhaps exceeding magnitude 8.5; such an event did occur shortly afterwards in the form of the great Sumatran earthquake of 2004/12/26. Following that event, global magnitude production continued to exhibit sharp imbalances in the lower magnitude bins, indicating that another similar event was likely. The second Sumatran earthquake on 2005/03/28 satisfied that projection. Since that time, a magnitude production imbalance persists in the global dataset suggesting the system could be poised to output an earthquake (or earthquakes) in the magnitude range 8.6–9.0 or even greater. This contribution describes the piecewise gradient approach and examines its application to global earthquake data. 相似文献
18.
19.
Following the impounding of the Shivaji Sager Lake in 1962, tremors became prevalent in the Koyna region, considered previously to be aseismic. During ensuing years the tremor frequency appears to have been dependent on the rate of increase of water level, maximum water level reached, and the period for which high levels were retained. This culminated in a burst of seismic activity from September 1967 to January 1968 following the record water levels in the reservoir and included the earthquake of September 13, 1967 with magnitude 5.5 and the damaging December 10, 1967 earthquake of magnitude 6.0. During the next five years water levels were kept low and no significant earthquakes occurred subsequent to the October 29, 1968 earthquake of magnitude 5.
The reservoir was filled to maximum capacity during September 1973 and this was followed by a conspicuous increase in seismic activity which included an earthquake of magnitude 5.1 on October 17, 1973. However, seismic activity during 1973 was much less severe than that of 1967. This relative decrease in seismicity may indicate that (a) the “threshhold level” for relatively large magnitude earthquakes had increased; (b) a major portion of the accumulated strains had been released; and/or (c) the importance of the longer period of high loading in 1967. Similar observations have been made at other seismically active reservoir sites. 相似文献
20.
The relation between the magnitude of a flood event and the resulting environmental impacts remains unclear. This study examines
the impact of the flood of record on heavy metal deposition on the Tar River floodplain in eastern North Carolina, USA. Samples
of sediment deposited on the floodplain following Hurricane Floyd were collected from 85 sites along the lower Tar River basin
and analyzed for heavy metal concentration. The Hurricane Floyd event is the flood of record for the Tar River basin. Despite
the magnitude of the flood, little suspended sediment was deposited on the floodplain. In almost all cases the deposition
was less than 0.2 cm. There was variability in heavy metal content from site to site, but the overall concentrations were
lower than might be expected for a flood of the magnitude of Floyd. To aid in comparison of contamination levels, the heavy
metal concentrations were normalized to two environmental standards; the EPA preliminary remediation goals for residential
soil and the general background concentrations of stream sediments throughout the Tar River basin. Most samples were highly
enriched in heavy metals relative to the background concentration of stream sediments. However, samples were generally not
contaminated relative to EPA PRG regulations. Arsenic, which was significantly elevated in nearly all samples, was the only
exception. This contradiction makes it clear that the standard to which contaminants are compared must be considered carefully.
The overall low concentration of heavy metals was likely the result of smaller flooding from Hurricane Dennis, 10 days prior
to Hurricane Floyd, moving most of the stored sediment out of the basin prior to wide-spread overtopping of the banks. The
implication is that event sequencing is as important as flood magnitude when examining environmental impacts. 相似文献