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1.
The potential damage to man-made structures associated with earthquake-induced liquefaction has been demonstrated in catastrophic fashion over the past 40–50 years. The phenomenon of liquefaction of relatively clean, poorly graded, sands is well understood. However, the same cannot be said for cases when fine-grained materials are present within the sand matrix. A resolution of what appears in some reported studies as conflicting observations related to the effect of fines on cyclic resistance is of concern, particularly for land reclamation projects and sea fills where the material source is variable and may contain significant levels of fines. The nature of the fines themselves may have a measurable effect on the matrix behavior. The work presented herein explores the effect of silt and clay-size carbonaceous fines on the liquefaction susceptibility of sand. The choice of fines was guided by the conditions associated with the Lebanon coastal reclamation projects, where limestone/marlstone quarry source materials are dominant. The results obtained confirm the significant effect of fines on the cyclic resistance. They also confirm the existence of a limit fines content and a plasticity index threshold and establish their effect on observed behavior.  相似文献   

2.
《Engineering Geology》2007,89(1-2):1-8
Rock fines produced in rock blasting and crushing processes is a major problem for aggregate producers. Laboratory and full-scale studies were carried out to explore the possible relationship between fines production and water content of rock material. The Brazilian tensile test was selected for the laboratory study while a cone crusher machine was employed for the full-scale trials. Results of the laboratory work showed that the percentage of fines fraction produced was a function of the type of rock tested and the tensile strength of individual specimens. Different rocks produced various amounts of fines, but for the rocks investigated, a correlation between its strength and its fines generation could be attained. The influence of water content on production of fines was also examined and showed that increased water content reduces both tensile strength and fines generation in the laboratory. The impact of water content on aggregate production was also studied in full-scale but the results were not as clear as those of the laboratory tests.  相似文献   

3.
Summary Naturally-occurring road construction materials generally contain a greater amount of fines, and the fines have a higher plasticity than traditional materials such as a crushed rock aggregates. This makes their behaviour more difficult to understand and predict since soil suction and fabric become important controlling factors. The concepts of suction and fabric are outlined, and their role in controlling the behaviour of road construction materials is illustrated by a fundamental laboratory study of a lateritic gravel and two calcrete gravels. These materials have successfully been used as road base construction materials in low-volume bituminous-surfaced roads in Kenya and Botswana. It is concluded that the presence of fines can be an advantage, since they allow significant suctions to develop and also reduce the permeability.  相似文献   

4.
The cutting operations of dimension stone at quarries produce a large amount of fines that, in turn, cause a negative environmental impact over local surface waters. This article presents a detailed analysis of the mobilized contamination associated with runoff waters in a large granite quarry (～200 ha) which is located in Porriño (Galicia, NW Spain), the most important production centre of dimension stone in Spain. There, an intensive monitoring survey was developed in order to characterize the hydrology of the system as well as the release and transport of pollutants. This was accomplished by means of different control sections for the flow and by the collection of 52 random water samples. Automatic samplers were also used to collect 192 water samples associated with runoff generated by significant rain events. For each of the samples collected, a wide battery of analytic determinations was performed, including solid loads, turbidity, organic pollution, nutrient and selected metals. Upon careful examination it has been possible to obtain different parameters related to the contamination control, like the “event mean concentration” (EMC), maximum concentrations and specific sediment loads. Moreover, a comprehensive statistical study including parameter correlation and cumulative probability analyses helped to understand the pollutant mobilization behaviour within the quarry system. It can be concluded that mobilized contamination shows the anomalous presence of some metals, whose concentrations are in excess when compared to the natural rock. This excess metal amount must be attributed to an anthropogenic source associated to mining and cutting operations.  相似文献   

5.
基于我国煤层特性和煤层气井的排采工艺,分析了煤层气生产过程中产生煤粉的原因。综合考虑煤粉成因机制、产出来源、对生产的影响等因素,提出煤粉的成因机制一产出位置综合分类体系。煤层的自身性质是煤粉产出的基础,而工程扰动是煤粉产出的诱因。以煤粉综合分类体系为基础,讨论了合理控制煤层气排采过程中煤粉产出的措施。  相似文献   

6.
A large network of paving blocks has been initiated in some districts of the region of Dakar (Senegal) within the framework of the Urban Program of High Intensity Manpower (PUHIMO). The purpose of this study is to explore the process of production of paving blocks to be used for roads and sidewalks. The study also seeks to investigate the materials used for the formulation of hydraulic concrete for the manufacturing of paving blocks that are H-shaped. The blocks made are 20?×?10?×?6?cm3 of size. The originality of this paper is the complete substitution of crushed basaltic sand by the fines of alumina phosphate that are stored for a long time over large areas. These fines particles of phosphate are generated by the physical processing (crushing, transportation and screening) of the raw alumina phosphate material. This paper deals with how to make good paving blocks out of crushed basaltic sand on the one hand and on the other hand with how to substitute basaltic sand for fines of alumina phosphate as waste for their recycling. The finished products are tested, for their resistance to splitting rupture, for their abrasion and for their water content, to see their compliance with the European standard EN 1338, which defines, according to the results obtained, their use or not in road pavement and in sidewalks. The standard values must be below 23?mm for abrasion, 3.6?MPa for the tensile rupture strength and 6?% for the percentage of total water content. Average abrasion values of 20.71 and 22.67?mm, 5 and 3.46?MPa of splitting rupture strength, 5.26 and 7.73?% of average water content are obtained in paving blocks made respectively out of crushed basaltic sand and out of fines of alumina phosphate. These results obtained testify good physical and mechanical characteristics of the paving locks made out of fines of alumina phosphate compared to the standard, if tolerance values are taken into account.  相似文献   

7.
Carbonate sands undergo degradation when transported hydraulically from a dredging vessel to the reclamation site. Risks involved in the production of fines during hydraulic transport are a deterioration of the mechanical properties of the fill in certain areas of the reclamation area where these fines concentrate. In order to assess sand degradation in the concrete and road construction industry, the Micro-Deval test for fine aggregates was developed in France and Canada. During Micro-Deval testing, aggregates degrade when tumbled in a rotating steel drum with water and steel balls. In the Canadian standard, the steel charge is lower than in the French standard and balls have the diameter of the smallest balls used in the French test. During testing, the quantity of fines produced is measured. This makes the Micro-Deval test an option for assessing the degradation of sand during hydraulic transportation of slurries in the dredging industry. Three sands are tested: two shelly carbonate sands and one quartzic river sand for comparison. The carbonate sands were sampled on reclaimed land and had been subjected to hydraulic transportation in pipeline before artificial deposition. Due to differences in particle shape, the carbonate sands and the quartz sand have a different number of contacts with the steel charge in the drum of the Micro-Deval and are not exposed to the same degradation forces during testing. It was found that the quartzic sand suffers relatively much degradation as compared to the carbonate sands, despite its greater hardness and resistance to crushability. The French test appears to create turbulence that promotes floatation of the curved shells of the carbonate sands instead of shell grinding at the bottom of the drum by contact with the steel balls. Microscopic observations of sand samples before and after testing showed that the French Micro-Deval test is too destructive. The test leads to the fragmentation by impact of the quartz sands and the destruction of certain particle types that had survived hydraulic transportation. With respect to the Canadian test, microscopic examination of sand grains before and after testing shows there is still much fragmentation of quartz grains. A lower rotational speed combined with a limited steel charge made of uniform balls of a smaller diameter, reduces turbulence, shell floatability and last but not the least, impact forces. It produces the desired result: a high Micro-Deval loss for the carbonate sands in comparison to that for the quartz sands and a very limited fragmentation of the quartz grains. Once the slurry reaches its destination, the grain size distribution of the fines fraction will influence the mechanical behaviour of mixed sands. A procedure is proposed to measure the particle size distribution of the fines fraction produced during Micro-Deval testing.Field validation is needed to validate preliminary laboratory results.  相似文献   

8.
《Applied Geochemistry》2006,21(9):1522-1538
Factors controlling the chemical composition of water interacting with finely-crushed kimberlite have been investigated by sampling pore waters from processed kimberlite fines stored in a containment facility. Discharge water from the diamond recovery plant and surface water from the containment facility, which acts as plant intake water, were also sampled. All waters sampled are pH-neutral, enriched in SO4, Mg, Ca, and K, and low in Fe. Pore-water samples, representing the most concentrated waters, are characterized by the highest SO4 (up to 4080 mg l−1), Mg (up to 870 mg l−1), and Ca (up to 473 mg l−1). The water discharged from the processing plant has higher concentrations of all major dissolved constituents than the intake water. The dominant minerals present in the processed fines and the kimberlite ore are serpentine and olivine, with small amounts of Ca sulphate and Fe sulphide restricted to mud xenoclasts. Reaction and inverse modeling suggest that much of the water-rock interaction takes place within the plant and involves the dissolution of chrysotile and Ca sulphate, and precipitation of silica and Mg carbonate. Evapoconcentration also appears to be a significant process affecting pore water composition in the containment facility. The reaction proposed to be occurring during ore processing involves the dissolution of CO2(g) and may represent an opportunity to sequester atmospheric CO2 through mineral carbonation.  相似文献   

9.
This paper presents a summary of the quantitative substantiation for four main patterns relating to the changes in the chemical composition of mine waters in Eastern Donbas. The patterns and their origin and impact on the environment are characterized. This makes it possible to solve current practical and theoretical issues: to predict the main components of the environmental contamination, develop standards for treatment facilities, and forecast the transformation in the composition of surface waters, ground waters, and mine waters, and to solve successfully other ecological issues in Eastern Donbas.  相似文献   

10.
This paper addresses some specific features of the formation of atmospheric precipitation and soil and ground waters in the Ust’-Selenga depression on the eastern coast of Lake Baikal, where the delta of the Selenga River supplying about 50% of water into the lake has been formed. It was shown that a reducing environment was formed within this region under near-surface conditions in the zone of active water exchange, where waters with high concentrations of organic matter, ammonium, iron, manganese, nitrate, zinc, and cadmium were observed. The high contents of these components in the ground waters of the depression are related to the occurrence of both natural and anthropogenic processes. It was found that the natural hydrogeologic systems of the Ust’-Selenga depression are affected by a negative impact related to the transboundary atmospheric transport of industrial wastes discharged tens to hundreds of kilometers from its boundaries.  相似文献   

11.
The life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is a standard tool for the study of the environmental impact on a system including all activities in connection with manufacturing a product or detailing a service, from extraction of raw materials to disposal of final waste. Here, the system is not only anthropogenic, but also includes both natural behaviours and pollution aspects from human activity: it is a coastal lagoon with varied activities and waste disposals nearby. This stagnant zone is highly subjected to solar exposure and tends to dryness during summer, thus offering ideal conditions to algal proliferation. We have taken into account the trophic state of the lagoon assessed by the LCIA methodology, on the basis of the aquatic eutrophication potential (AEP). We have considered the concentrations of the phosphorus and nitrogen compounds for the calculation of the AEP and their spatial and temporal variations in the lagoon. The results show that the AEP of the phosphorus exceeds systematically the AEP of nitrogen and that the contents of both are systematically higher in summer than in winter. Nitrogen is the limiting factor for the algae growth. Ammonia and phosphates are the most important nutrients for the AEP in summer, whereas nitrates dominate in winter. In addition, the spatial and temporal variations of the N and P nutrients of the surface waters allow to distinguish three areas in the lagoon: a transition zone between the sea- and the lagoon waters; a zone reflecting directly the influence of the O. Bey creek- and the treated-waste waters and one representing the most isolated part of the lagoon and consequently the less contaminated by nutrient inputs.  相似文献   

12.
陈宇龙  张宇宁 《岩土力学》2016,37(2):507-516
利用空心圆柱扭剪仪对含非塑性细粒的饱和砂土进行单调加载和循环扭剪试验,研究了不同细粒含量饱和砂土的液化特性。试验结果表明：（1）最大孔隙比与最小孔隙比均随着细粒含量的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势,分别在20%和40%时达到最小。（2）细粒含量从0%增加到20%,体积应变逐渐增加;细粒含量从20%增加到40%时,体积应变逐渐减小;之后随着细粒含量从40%增加到60%,体积应变再次增大;细粒含量超过60%以后,体积应变再次递减。（3）随着细粒含量的增加,土样的峰值强度随之降低,应力-应变关系从应变硬化特征发展为理想的弹塑性。相变角在细粒含量为30%时达到最小值。（4）细粒含量越大,达到液化所需的循环次数越小,液化时的应变越小。（5）抗液化强度曲线与抗液化应力比的变化趋势一致,在小于界限细粒含量（30%）时,随着细粒含量的增加而减小。在界限细粒含量附近（30%～50%）时,随着细粒含量的增加而增大。在细粒含量增加到60%时出现明显的骤减,之后再次随着细粒含量的增加而增大。界限细粒含量在40%左右。  相似文献   

13.
Surface waters are subject to intense contamination with trace elements in ore mining areas. A complex study was performed for the state of waters and bottom sediments from the Bogachukha and Urup Rivers in the area of the abandoned tailing dump of the Urupsky Ore Mining. The impact exerted by the tailing dump on the concentration of elements in the water, suspended particulate matter, and bottom sediments of the rivers is evaluated. The major contaminants of surface waters and bottom sediments, as well as the forms of their element distribution are revealed.  相似文献   

14.
The use of shear wave velocity (V s) measurements as an in situ test for evaluation of liquefaction potential has increased substantially due to its advantages. Relatively large numbers of studies have been performed to establish the correlation between V s and liquefaction resistance (CRR) of clean sands. Usually, natural sands contain silt and/or clay, and previous studies have shown that both the amount of fines and their nature influence the values of CRR as well as V s. Therefore, the CRR–V s correlations may also be affected by fines content and type of sandy soils. However, effect of fines content and especially fines type of sandy soils on the correlation between V s and CRR is inadequately addressed in the literature. In this study, cyclic triaxial and bender element tests were conducted on samples of sand containing various amounts of different types of fines, and the effects of fines on the values of CRR and V s are investigated. The results show that G 0 and CRR reduce even when small amounts of fines are added to sand. Therefore, use of plasticity index (PI) of the fines fraction is better than the PI of the overall soil when trying to assess the effects of fines. Using obtained experimental data as well as the established semiempirical CRR–V s relationship, the CRR–V s correlation was developed for all the tested soils, and the effect of fines type on the correlation is also examined. Based on the results obtained in this study, CRR–V s correlation is affected by both the amount and the plasticity of the fines present in the sand, and this correlation is soil specific.  相似文献   

15.
Slip zones of the large landslides in the Three Gorges area are commonly composed of fine-grained soils with substantial amount of coarse-grained particles, particularly gravel-sized particles. In this study, residual strength of the soils from slip zones of these landslides were examined in relation to their index properties based on a survey of 170 landslides. It was found that laboratory-determined residual friction angle using gravel-free fraction of the disturbed soils from the slip zones was closely related to clay content, liquid limit and plasticity index. On the other hand, in-situ residual friction angle of these soils (i.e. including gravel fraction) showed very weak correlations with clay content and Atterberg limits, but was largely dependent on gravel and fines (clays + silts) contents, increasing with gravels and decreasing with fines, and displayed strong linear correlation with the ratio of gravel to fines contents. These observations indicate that among the index properties, clay content and Atterberg limits can be used to estimate residual strength of the soils finer than 2 mm, but they are not appropriate evaluate the residual strength of the soils containing considerable amount of gravel-sized particles. For the latter, particle size distribution (particularly the ratio of gravel to fines contents) appears to be a useful index. Additionally, it was found that there was no identifiable correlation between relative abundance of individual major clay minerals and residual friction angles of both gravel-free fraction of disturbed and in-situ soils, suggesting that influence of clay minerals on residual strength of these soils can not be simply evaluated based on their abundance.  相似文献   

16.
揭示煤层气排采储层非饱和流阶段煤粉与气体相互作用机理,对制定排采制度和提高产气量具有重要意义。通过气泡–煤粉微观作用实验装置,系统开展了不同直径大小的气泡对不同粒度和密度煤粉的作用实验,分析了气泡对煤粉运移轨迹和速度的影响及捕获煤粉特征。结果表明,气泡产出能够影响煤粉的运移轨迹,甚至能够捕获煤粉;煤粉通过气泡时会产生3种运动类型：沿着气泡表面运移到气泡底部最后被捕获、沿着气泡表面运移到气泡底部最后脱落及接近气泡时被排斥而轨迹发生偏转。煤粉若被气泡捕捉,则运动速度呈现出减小–增大–减小的变化特征;若未被气泡捕获,速度呈现出减小–增大–减小–增大的变化特征。不同条件下气泡对煤粉的捕获效率高达64.38%～86.64%;在气泡表面最高点附近发生碰撞煤粉被捕获的概率最大,并且随着偏离角度的增大,气泡捕获效率均呈现出逐渐减小的趋势;在相同的碰撞位置下,气泡对煤粉的捕获效率随着煤粉密度、煤粉粒径的增大而减小,随着气泡直径的增大而增大。煤层气产气初期应根据储层的实际导流能力合理控制降压速率,若储层导流能力较强,应加大排采速率,增大气体解吸对煤粉的扰动和捕获作用,促使大量煤粉随地下水或气泡产出;若储层...  相似文献   

17.
在煤层气开发过程中,煤粉聚集及沉降会堵塞煤层气运移通道及导致卡泵、埋泵等事故。为了查明不同粒度煤粉的聚集及沉降特征,选取粒度>140目（<106 μm）、>70~140目（106~<212 μm）和>50~70目（212~<300 μm）3种粒度范围的煤粉,开展了在去离子水中煤粉的聚集及沉降实验,从煤粉聚集及沉降特征观察、悬浮液中煤粉含量及煤粉粒度分布探究不同粒度煤粉在去离子水悬浮液中的聚集及沉降特征。结果表明,随着静置时间的增加,各粒度煤粉悬浮液的颜色均不同程度地变浅,逐渐出现分层,其中,粒度>140目的煤粉悬浮液最先出现分层。煤粉粒度越小,煤粉悬浮液顶部漂浮的煤粉量越多;煤粉粒度越大,其下沉到煤粉悬浮液底部的煤粉量越多。不同粒度煤粉悬浮溶液中煤粉含量均随着静置时间的增加呈现不同程度的降低,在停止搅拌后3 min内,煤粉含量下降最快,粒度为>70~140目的煤粉悬浮液中煤粉含量最大。根据不同粒度煤粉悬浮液中煤粉粒度分布曲线,将煤粉聚集及沉降过程分为3个阶段:单峰变双峰阶段（煤粉快速上浮及沉降）、双峰变单峰阶段（煤粉快速聚集及沉降）和单峰阶段（煤粉缓慢沉降）。粒度>140目的煤粉在悬浮液中最先达到缓慢沉降阶段,粒度>70~140目的煤粉在悬浮液中最后到达缓慢沉降阶段。从煤粉的受力、扩展的DLVO理论及煤粉的有机分子结构方面探讨了煤粉聚集沉降的机理:煤样含有大量的脂肪烃和芳香烃等疏水性基团,疏水性强,润湿性低;随着煤粉粒度的减小,其比表面积显著增大,煤粉表面吸附大量空气,形成气膜;同时,煤粉颗粒间相互吸附聚集,内部形成很多微孔隙,导致粒度小的煤粉易聚集漂浮在悬浮液面上。实验得到的不同粒度煤粉的上浮、下沉及悬浮情况,为后期煤层气开发中煤粉管控措施提供依据。   相似文献   

18.
Rainfall-infiltration-induced fines migration within soil slopes may alter the local porosity and hydraulic properties of soils, and is known to be a possible cause of the failure of slopes. To investigate the intrinsic mechanisms, a mathematical formulation capable of capturing the main features of the coupled unsaturated seepage and fines migration process has been presented. Within the formulation, an unsaturated erodible soil is treated as a three-phase multi-species porous medium based on mixture theory; mass conservation equations with mass exchange terms together with the rate equations controlling fines erosion and deposition processes are formulated as the governing equations and are solved by the FEM method. The influences of both the fines detachment and deposition on the stability of slopes under rainfall infiltration have been investigated numerically. The results show that depending on whether the fines move out or get captured at pore constrictions, both desired and undesired consequences may arise out of the fines migration phenomenon. It is suggested that more attention should be paid to those slopes susceptible to internal erosion whose safety analysis cannot be predicted by traditional methods.  相似文献   

19.
Observations made in different parts of the world on freshwater travertine deposits show that in most cases their formation started during the Early Holocene and generally came to an end, or underwent a strong decline, in the Post-Atlantic. A similar trend seems to have also characterised the previous warm stages (Interglacials and Interstadials) of the Quaternary. A satisfactory explanation of this decline is not yet available even though different hypotheses have been proposed by several authors: some of them point out the influence of climatic changes, while others invoke the effects of human impact.However, no specific reference has been made to a possible role of groundwater temperature changes, notwithstanding their well-known influence on the calcium carbonate dissolution equilibrium. In particular, differences between lower temperature of ground waters (influenced by deep penetration into the limestone bedrock of Late Pleistocene surface temperatures) and the higher external temperature at the spring may have played an important role. The infiltrating waters, enriched in CO2 by percolating through the newly formed soils, acquired higher CaCO3 dissolution capacity because of underground temperatures being colder by several °C. The higher temperatures at the emergence, in conjunction with algal-bacterial activity, may have caused loss of CO2 and travertine deposition. This process may have continued for a long time because of the low thermal capacity of the limestone bedrock, where ground water circulated through fissures and channels within large volumes of dry rock, and the progressive increase of atmospheric temperature during Lower-Middle Holocene.  相似文献   

20.
The chemical and isotopic compositions of groundwater and stream water in the Haean basin, Korea, which have been intensively used for agricultural irrigation, were examined. The field parameters and chemical compositions were typical of relatively uncontaminated waters, except for the agricultural impact. The low EC levels indicated that the waters had not experienced any significant geochemical processes such as water-rock interaction and evaporation. The very similar chemical compositions and ionic ratios were also indicative of fast circulation and good hydraulic connection. The oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of most of the samples in wet and dry seasons showed very similar range which indicated a single source for both waters without any significant geochemical alteration. However, in the wet season, evaporation trends were observed in some groundwaters because of inflow of irrigation return flow from a rice paddy field. The isotopes of both waters were affected by the altitude and amount of precipitation.  相似文献   

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