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1.
古风力的恢复是古大气环流研究的重要组成部分,对古气候重建具有重要意义。但在古气候研究中,有关古风力的研究较少,原因是古大气流场活动遗留下来的有效信息极少,难以从地质记录中加以恢复。沉积物特征反映介质的搬运能力,据此可以为古风力的恢复提供思路。其中,古风力的定性恢复相对容易,替代性指标有地质记录中风尘沉积物的粒度、成分,以及风暴沉积的厚度等,有关古风力的定性恢复报道相对较多。比较而言,古风力的定量恢复难度大、报道少。通过文献调研,本文重点介绍两种古风力定量恢复的方法,旨在强调古风力定量恢复的可操作性,完善古气候研究的薄弱环节。(1)构成风成沙丘沉积物的搬运方式(即滚动、跳跃、悬浮)是颗粒属性(包括沉积物的密度、粒径等)和风力的函数,以沙丘为研究对象,可以计算风力;(2)风作用于水体会产生波浪,风浪关系可以通过经验公式表达出来,基于湖泊砾质滩的砾石粒度分析能够计算波浪的搬运能力,定量获得古波况信息,进而通过风浪关系定量恢复古风力。两种方法有各自的适用条件与优缺点,希望本文对这两种方法的介绍,能够为沉积学家在古气候恢复研究中提供借鉴,并在以后的研究中不断完善。 相似文献
2.
为研究叠加波浪场的裂流特征,在平直沙坝海岸地形进行了叠加波浪形成的沿岸波高周期性变化的裂流试验研究。试验中叠加波浪是由波浪在垂直岸线的丁坝反射所形成的两列交叉波浪叠加产生,交叉波浪是具有等频率但入射角相反的两波列。通过对叠加波浪节腹点垂直岸线位置浪高的测量和沙坝范围内沿岸布置的声学多普勒测速仪流速测量结果来分析沙坝海岸丁坝反射波形成的裂流特性,讨论了波浪节腹点对裂流位置和裂流空间尺度的影响。对不同周期情况在x=5 m沙坝顶处的速度剖面对比,分析了不同周期对裂流的影响。 相似文献
3.
薄互层砂体的定量预测是沉积学研究的难点之一.滩坝是滨浅湖区典型的薄互层砂体,其预测和勘探难度大.通过对东营凹陷古近系沙四上亚段滩坝的沉积特征、平面分布及控制因素等研究,认为滩坝的形成与分布主要受不同波浪带控制,即冲浪回流带控制沿岸滩坝(包括砾质滩坝)、碎浪带控制近岸滩坝、破浪带控制远岸滩坝.在建立了东营凹陷风动力砂体分布模型基础上,通过分析不同波浪带波浪参数变化,建立了破浪带和碎浪带砂体定量预测模型,对东营凹陷博兴洼陷南部缓坡带近岸坝、远岸坝单砂体的厚度及宽度进行了定量预测计算,并对砂体的延伸长度通过微地貌恢复+风动力技术结合进行了计算.然后通过统计单个坝砂体厚度和连井对比对预测砂体厚度、宽度及长度进行了检验验证,二者吻合较好,证明预测方法切实可行.最后认为,6～8级风力最有利于滩坝的形成.该方法为薄互层砂体的定量预测研究提供了一种新的分析思路,对隐蔽油藏勘探有指导作用,但该方法不适用于明显受物源控制薄砂体的预测. 相似文献
4.
《中国地质》2010,(6)
薄互层砂体的定量预测是沉积学研究的难点之一。滩坝是滨浅湖区典型的薄互层砂体,其预测和勘探难度大。通过对东营凹陷古近系沙四上亚段滩坝的沉积特征、平面分布及控制因素等研究,认为滩坝的形成与分布主要受不同波浪带控制,即冲浪回流带控制沿岸滩坝(包括砾质滩坝)、碎浪带控制近岸滩坝、破浪带控制远岸滩坝。在建立了东营凹陷风动力砂体分布模型基础上,通过分析不同波浪带波浪参数变化,建立了破浪带和碎浪带砂体定量预测模型,对东营凹陷博兴洼陷南部缓坡带近岸坝、远岸坝单砂体的厚度及宽度进行了定量预测计算,并对砂体的延伸长度通过微地貌恢复+风动力技术结合进行了计算。然后通过统计单个坝砂体厚度和连井对比对预测砂体厚度、宽度及长度进行了检验验证,二者吻合较好,证明预测方法切实可行。最后认为,6～8级风力最有利于滩坝的形成。该方法为薄互层砂体的定量预测研究提供了一种新的分析思路,对隐蔽油藏勘探有指导作用,但该方法不适用于明显受物源控制薄砂体的预测。 相似文献
5.
滩坝砂体研究是辽河西部凹陷曙北地区断陷湖盆勘探的新领域。文章分析了曙北滩坝砂体的主要控制因素是古地
貌、古水深、古物源和古风场等,即“风-源-盆”三端元系统,并提出了定量恢复四个控制因素的方法。结果表明,曙北
滩坝主要发育于微观古地貌水下低隆起部位;形成曙北滩坝有利水深大约7 m;滩坝物源来自于三角洲改造、古潜山剥蚀
和岸线基岩侵蚀;滩坝的形成受到南北季风影响,风力达8级。根据控制因素将曙北滩坝发育区分为沿岸带、潜山带、潜
山披覆带、北部斜坡带和深洼带五个带,其中潜山披覆带最有利于滩坝发育。 相似文献
6.
7.
青海湖现代滨岸沉积微相及其特征 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
本文将青海湖滨岸带沉积划分为沿岸砾沙坝、泥坪、沙滩、砾石滩、泻湖和水下风沙堆积六个微相。与国内外其它湖泊滨岸沉积相比,以发育沿岸砾沙坝和水下风沙堆积为其特征。其中规模较大的沿岸砾沙坝和沙滩分布于地形坡度不大（坡度１０°±）和波浪、沿岸流及风力作用强烈的滨岸地区,粒度概率曲线以推移和跳跃总体为主、悬移组份含量少和跳跃总具双跳跃式为特征,垂向层序由分选差（δ１＞１）的上部粗碎屑物与分选好（δ１＜１）的下部细碎屑物构成反韵律层;砾石滩主要分布于冲积扇或扇三角洲入湖地带和湖蚀岸边,以砾石均匀、磨圆较好、绝大多数砾石长轴平行湖岸线和最大扁平面倾向湖方向且倾角８°±为特征;泥坪主要分布于湖水动力弱、无大河流注入的湖湾、湖岸地形平缓以及坝后湖水滞流地带;水下风沙堆积以分选好、磨圆好、石英表面具风蚀凹坑、概率曲线呈上凸和双跳跃式总体以及粒度参数δ１＜１、Ｓｋ＝－０．１５～０．２１、Ｋｇ＝０．７５～１．１３和Ｍｄ＝０．２２～０．０２３ｍｍ为特征。本文对丰富湖泊沉积相内容具有一定意义。 相似文献
8.
用介形类优势分异度恢复古湖盆的水深--以山东东营凹陷古近系沙河街组沙三段湖盆为例 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
从定量古生态学的角度出发,利用生态学和古生态学的资料,对介形类的优势分异度H(s)和古湖泊水深D的关系进行了相关性拟合,并得出了两者之间的关系。利用古近系东营三角洲地震资料和沉积资料验证这种对应关系的可信性,因此利用定量计算的介形类优势分异度值可以较准确确定古水深。以东营凹陷古近系沙三段沉积时期为例,恢复了三个亚段沉积时期的古水深,并做出了平面等值线图。结果表明,东营凹陷的古水深由大到小依次为中亚段沉积时期、下亚段沉积时期和上亚段沉积时期。湖泊古水深的定量恢复,对于含油气盆地的油气生、储、盖研究具有重要的意义。 相似文献
9.
10.
波浪在斜坡沙质海床上破碎会加剧泥沙输移导致海床形态变化,研究破碎波作用下沙质海床形态变化机制对于岸滩演变分析极为重要。在波浪水槽中采用中值粒径0.47 mm原型沙铺设1∶20坡度的底床模型进行试验研究,测量不同波浪条件下床面形态和沙坝顶端悬浮泥沙浓度变化。通过测量和计算破碎带输沙率、沙坝尺度和沙坝移动速度,分析破碎波作用下沙质斜坡海床上床面形态变化规律。试验结果表明,破碎带沙坝顶端的悬浮泥沙浓度与水深和底部床面密切相关,在形成沙坝和沙坝水平方向移动时,悬浮泥沙浓度较大;斜坡上沙坝前后来回运动的周期大小具有随机性,沙坝既有向岸又有离岸移动;在多组波长时间作用后沙坝尺度趋于稳定,底床净输沙量趋于0。 相似文献
11.
《Sedimentology》2018,65(2):461-491
Gravelly beach ridges, which are formed solely by swash processes, may accurately reflect past wave conditions. The thickness (or height) of a gravelly beach ridge approximately equals the height of wave inundation, which is the sum of the surge and wave run‐up. Their ancient counterparts, if well‐preserved and identified, can be used to estimate palaeowave conditions, which can later be converted to palaeowind intensities based on wind–wave relationships. A technique is described for estimating the palaeowind speed in this paper, which is referred to as the gravelly beach‐ridge thickness technique. By comparing these estimates with instrumental wind records obtained at a modern lake, Qinghai Lake in north‐western China, the beach‐ridge thickness technique is shown to be useful for estimating the average wind speed (V avg). When applying this method to ancient fetch‐limited basins, five parameters are necessary: (i) the thickness of the isolated gravelly beach ridge; (ii) the average depth of the water body; (iii) the palaeofetch; (iv) the angle between the palaeowind direction and the normal to the shoreline; and (v) the particle size. This technique was applied to an ancient example in the Eocene Dongying Depression, located in eastern China. The results indicate that the average wind speed of the northern wind ranged between 2·27 m sec−1 and 8·36 m sec−1 from 45·0 Ma to 42·0 Ma, and displayed a generally decreasing trend that included early strengthening followed by weakening and later strengthening during this period. The beach‐ridge thickness technique provides a new perspective on delineating palaeowind conditions and can be applied to ancient fetch‐limited basins with gravelly beach ridges worldwide. Generally, if a water body is sufficiently large (fetch exceeding 40 km), deep (average depth exceeding 10 m) and waves (or winds) are determined to approach the shoreline with high angles (angle of incidence <35°), then the calculation errors will be small to negligible. 相似文献
12.
破碎区至冲泻区水动力特性分析是研究近岸地区泥沙输运机理和岸滩演变的关键。考虑潜堤修建的影响,对破碎区至冲泻区水动力特性开展研究。运用基于RANS方程的波浪数学模型,选取非线性涡粘性κ-ε紊动传输模型,采用高精度PLIC-VOF方法追踪自由面,并用实验数据验证模型精度。计算分析结果表明,潜堤的修建改变了破波点的位置,破碎区至冲泻区内水动力特性随之变化,入射波波高H、波长L、堤顶水深R和堤顶宽度B是主要影响因素。在相同的入射波条件下,B/R增大,破碎区至冲泻区内出现的最大紊动动能值和最大紊动耗散值减小。用量纲一参数Re,Fr和St来描述破碎区至冲泻区水动力特性,随着RL/BH增大,波浪将在离岸较近处发生破碎,Re和Fr增大,St减小。 相似文献
13.
The mechanisms of berm development along a microtidal-high energy beach is examined. Such a beach with medium-sized sand and monsoon wave-controlled profile at Valiathura, south-west coast of India, is selected for this study. The waves which very rarely fall below 1 m, often exceed 4 m during the monsoon period of May to October. The erosion-accretion pattern of the beach shows a cyclicity and the berm development is mainly due to the onshore migration and welding of longshore bars on to the beach following the monsoon rough season. The stages of berm development in the present microtidal beach are more or less similar to the model presented by Hine for a mesotidal case, except for the following intermediate additional stages. The longshore bar develops due to the erosion of beach when the wave steepness was above 0·04, gets flattened when it falls below 0·04, and then reforms nearer to the shoreline as a swash bar. This reformed bar gets divided and the inner bar gets welded on to the beach, followed by the outer bar developing the berm. During the onshore migration of the longshore bar and berm development the beach face becomes partially reflective with the surf scaling parameter, εb between 2·5 and 33. The inshore is dissipative with the inshore surf scaling parameter, εs?33. The offshore side of the longshore bar is partially reflective with its surf scaling parameter, εbar between 2·5 and 33. The breakers are spilling or plunging. Vertical growth of the berm is mainly due to the changes in swash-limit caused by the variations in wave steepness, breaker height and type. Vertical growth stops when the beach-face attains equilibrium with the grain size-wave energy relationship, and a wave steepness below 0·02 helps to sustain this state. 相似文献
14.
This study was conducted to relate the cross-shore distribution of longshore sediment transport and grain size characteristics to cross-shore and longshore current velocities on a sandy low-energy beach in a non-tidal embayment of the Baltic Sea. Simultaneous measurements of current velocities and amount of sand caught in streamer traps were made on 31 sampling runs on 6 d in April 1999 at three fixed sites including the swash zone on the upper foreshore, the lower foreshore, and the crest of the most landward of four bars. Spilling waves broke frequently on the bar but rarely on the lower foreshore, even during onshore wind speeds up to 11.0 m s−1. Waves always broke as plunging waves at the step at the base of the upper foreshore and were converted directly into swash. The greatest longshore current velocities in the swash occurred when wind speeds and water levels were greatest, but wind direction was nearly directly onshore. Longshore velocities were greater in the swash zone than at other sites except when relatively strong winds blew nearly parallel to the shoreline, causing a pronounced wind-induced current at the other two sites. Calculated longshore shear stress and rate of sediment trapped were highly correlated on the bar (r=0.90), less highly correlated in the swash zone, and least highly correlated (r=0.66) on the lower foreshore. Mean trapping rates in the swash were 14.6 times greater than on the lower foreshore and 7.2 times greater than on the bar. Greater trapping rates in the swash are attributed to the greater turbulence mobilizing sediments in the uprush and backwash. Little of the finer-grained sediment on the offshore sites was reworked under low energy conditions. The study reveals the dominance of swash transport on steep, reflective, low-energy beaches where wave energy dissipation takes place over small distances on the upper foreshore. 相似文献
15.
As an important reservoir type in the Bohai Bay Basin, China, lacustrine beach and bar sands which refer to the shallow water complex deposited mainly by nearshore, delta‐rim and buried hill‐related beaches as well as longshore bars were developed in a particular stage in the evolution of those faulted Cenozoic continental depressions. In the Chezhen Depression, for example, the Second Member of the Oligocene Shehejie Formation (abbr. as Es2 hereafter) formed during the rifting‐to‐thermal subsidence transitional stage. Although well developed in Es2, beach and bar sands are difficult to recognize owing to their relative thinness. The paper summarizes sedimentary characteristics of lacustrine beach and bar sands on cores and logs. Low‐angle cross‐stratification, swash stratification, as well as occasional small‐scale hummocky cross‐stratification resulted from storms can be observed in beach and bar sands. The paper distinguishes bars and beaches from each other in Es2 mainly based on the grain‐size, bed thickness, facies succession and log responses. In order to predict the distribution of beach and bars, a chrono‐stratigraphic correlation framework of Es2 in the study strata is established using a high‐resolution sequence stratigraphic approach. Es2 strata are sub‐divided into six medium‐scale cycles and the mapping of the high‐frequency cycles allows the geographic and stratigraphic distribution of both beach and bar sands to be predicted. The study shows that beach and bars are better developed in times of base‐level fall than in base‐level rise. Factors such as lake‐level fluctuation, sediment supply, palaeogeomorphology and palaeowind direction have exerted control on the formation and distribution of beach and bar sands. Finally, the genetic pattern of beach and bar sands in the Es2 unit has been constructed, which provides a foundation for the prediction of beach and bars reservoir in continental basins in general. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
Mechanisms of berm development and resulting beach growth along a barrier spit complex 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
ALBERT C. HINE 《Sedimentology》1979,26(3):333-351
Weekly topographic profile measurements across a southward migrating recurved-spit complex throughout a summer period have revealed three different mechanisms of berm development, each reflected by a distinctive sedimentary sequence. Each mechanism dominates berm widening along certain sections of the active spit with transition zones separating each one. Along the straight beach sections where a net longshore transport is well developed, sand accumulates at the distal high-tide swash mark during neap tide. These sandy accumulations are neap berms which are later redistributed over the main berm by swash occurring at spring high water. The main berm grows vertically and horizontally as a result. To the south, along the middle portion of the recurved spit, swash bars or ridge-and-runnel systems actively develop, migrate, and weld onto the established berms. This is the second method of berm widening and results from an excess of sand carried into this portion of the spit due to the steadily decreasing transport of the longshore current system. Berm-ridges develop along the southernmost portion of the active recurved spit and represent the third and most rapid form of beach progradation. Wide, broad swash bars build nearly up to the spring high tide level. At neap high tide, the swash cannot extend over this feature. Wave energy is expended on the seaward margin of the swash bar initially developing a low-angle beach face. Rapidly, this beach face steepens and a new berm (beach face and berm top) is developed on top of the swash bar. This berm structure still retains much of its swash bar or ridge appearance, hence the term‘berm-ridge'. Numerous trenches dug into the beach provide data to model the distribution of primary sedimentary structures in recurved spits. Berm-ridges are the most important features along rapidly accreting spits, and structures associated with these features are volumetrically the most significant. Berm-ridges also develop arcuate, vegetated ridges separated by low lying, marsh-infilled swales. These features are commonly seen within barrier islands and designate former inlets. 相似文献
17.
The cyclone wave parameters are predicted using Young’s parametric hurricane wave prediction model. The input cyclone tracks
for this work are obtained from Fleet Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Center, USA. Extreme value analysis is carried out
to obtain the wave heights and periods for 1 in 5, 10, 50 and 100 years return periods, respectively. The deep-water hindcast
wave corresponding to 100 years from probable directions are allowed to propagate to Visakhapatnam coastal waters using nearshore
spectral wind-wave mode. The offshore wave height for one in 100-year return period is 11.9 m, and the corresponding nearshore
wave height at 10-m water depth varies between 4.6 and 5.6 m depending on the directional spreading. Weibull distribution
is chosen to fit the 24 cyclonic data sets over a total period of 30 years (September 1972 to November 2002). This paper demonstrates
usefulness of Young’s wave model for deep-water extreme wave hindcasting. Further, the results of the present study would
be highly useful for assessing the design wave height for Visakhapatnam coast. 相似文献
18.
西湖凹陷位于东海陆架盆地东部坳陷带,是该盆地最大的富生烃凹陷,其主力储集层渐新统花港组的沉积环境与沉积体系类型一直存在较大争议。以岩心为基础,结合测井响应与地震反射特征,识别出西湖凹陷中东部花港组厚层砂岩主要有块状含砾中砂岩、冲洗层理中细砂岩、沙纹层理粉细砂岩共3种典型岩石类型,并通过统计分析沉积构造参数,明确花港组厚层砂岩主要发育在岸线附近的冲洗带,水动力强,波浪作用明显;该厚层砂岩在伽马测井曲线上整体表现为下部低幅锯齿箱状、顶部逐渐过渡为高幅锯齿状特征,地震上主要为中等振幅与连续性的、底平顶凸的丘状反射,为大型沿岸砂坝沉积。最后结合测井曲线样式、地震属性与含砂率拟合,刻画了沿岸砂坝的叠置样式与空间展布,确定西湖凹陷花港组大型沿岸砂坝主要分布在研究区东部三角洲前缘外侧,是由于基准面下降、水体变浅,早期形成的辫状河三角洲前缘受波浪作用改造而成。 相似文献
19.
构造活动是源-汇系统中形成古地貌和砂分散体系的重要影响因素。塔木察格盆地塔南凹陷在早白垩世是一个典型的断陷湖盆,经历了多期幕式断陷活动,但同沉积构造活动及其配置所产生的古地貌对层序结构特征、沉积体系及砂体分布的控制作用仍不明确。文中以地震、测井、岩心资料为基础,以层序地层学理论和古地貌控砂理论为指导,建立了塔南凹陷下白垩统层序地层格架;结合断层活动性分析,阐明了不同类型古地貌对沉积体系和砂体分布的控制作用和规律。构造演化和沉积充填的综合研究表明: 受控盆主断裂的幕式断陷活动及同沉积断裂的差异断陷活动影响,塔南凹陷发育横向凸起和走向斜坡2种类型的构造调节带,这些构造调节带是水系入盆的通道,控制着盆地的主体物源方向、沉积体系类型与分布特征;根据断层的几何形态及发育部位,共识别出4种类型构造坡折带,分别是陡坡断崖型坡折带、陡坡断阶型坡折带、缓坡反向断阶型坡折带和盆内坡折带,它们各自控制了不同类型沉积体系的形成与分布;沉积物入盆后,沉积物分散体系和砂体的分布特征受同沉积断裂的组合样式控制,研究区共发育梳状断裂系、叉状断裂系和平行断裂系3种同沉积断裂平面组合;与构造调节带相对应的断裂坡折带低部位是大型储层砂体,特别是低位扇三角洲或盆底扇砂体发育的有利部位,是寻找砂岩油气藏的有利区带。研究成果对于深化断陷湖盆源-汇系统理论、指导断陷湖盆砂体分布预测具有重要的理论意义和实际价值。 相似文献