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1.
1961-2010年西北干旱区极端降水指数的时空变化分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
结合绝对阈值和百分位法定义极端降水事件的优点,提出了一种更灵敏的检测极端降水事件的方法. 该方法不仅能检测出常用降水指数无法检测到的降水量稀少地区尤其干旱区的极端降水事件,同时也能过滤掉其检测到的降水量丰富地区的虚假极端降水事件. 此方法首次被应用于统计1961年1月至2010年2月西北干旱区72个气象站点的年和季节的极端降水指数（大降水和强降水指数）,并分析了极端降水指数的时间变化趋势及其空间分布特征. 结果表明：西北干旱区春（3-5月）、秋（9-11月）、冬（12月至次年2月）三季极端降水指数无显著（P>0.05）变化趋势,夏季（6-8月）大降水的频率和降水量以及大降水降水量占总降水量的比重都显著增加;新疆地区极端降水指数为增加趋势的区域基本都分布在海拔较高（约海拔1 000 m以上）的地区;西北干旱区东部极端降水指数变化趋势的空间分布有明显的季节差异,表现为夏、秋季大部分地区为增加趋势,冬、春季大部分地区为减小趋势. 相似文献
2.
为研究西北非湿润区气候特征和毛细阻滞覆盖层高危易渗气象段,掌握该地自然气候条件下引发毛细阻滞覆盖层渗漏的气象机制,总结分析了西北干旱、半干旱气候区50年的降水、蒸腾蒸发和温度等气候特征。在西北某填埋场开展了毛细阻滞覆盖层足尺极端降水试验,验证了覆盖层在极端偶然降水事件下的防渗储水性能。耦合气候条件开展了土质覆盖层长期防渗性能分析,鉴别筛选出了西北干旱、半干旱气候区诱发渗漏的高危气象段,揭示了高危易渗气候段引发渗漏的气象机制。结果表明：（1）西北干旱、半干旱气候区4-11月降水多,12月-次年4月降水少,冬干夏湿,雨-热同期,利于土质覆盖层水分的存储-释放。（2）西北非湿润区极端偶然连续强降水量阈值在56.1～118.5mm之间,现场覆盖层极端降水试验累计降水量194.85 mm,土层存储量148.22 mm。在该区极端偶然连续强降水条件下毛细阻滞覆盖层能满足防渗标准。（3）长期服役中西北干旱和半干旱气候区,8-11月是毛细阻滞覆盖层的高危易渗气象段,11-12月次之,1-7月渗漏可能最低。该气候区土质覆盖层防渗设计和填埋场运营-管理-维护工作中,8-11月为关键气象段,建议进行重点校核... 相似文献
3.
利用西藏珠穆朗玛峰地区5个气象站点1971-2012年逐日降水量资料,采用滑动平均、线性回归、Mann-Kendall非参数检验和Morlet小波分析等方法,分析了珠穆朗玛峰地区极端降水事件的时空变化特征. 结果表明：1971-2012年42 a来,珠穆朗玛峰地区大部分极端降水指数呈现出自东向西逐渐增大的空间分布格局, 连续干旱日数、连续湿日和降水强度表现为增加趋势,其他极端降水指数趋于减少. 其中,强降水量、极强降水量和年降水总量减幅较大,分别为-5.74 mm·（10a）-1、-1.20 mm·（10a）-1和-5.32 mm·（10a）-1,在喜马拉雅山南坡的聂拉木站表现的最为明显. 大部分极端降水指数在21世纪最初的10 a减幅最大,在30 a际尺度上也表现为减少趋势. 除连续干旱日数外,极端降水与年降水总量关系密切. 各项极端降水指数都存在3～4 a显著周期,也存在10 a、12 a和15 a的周期. 在时间转折上,各项极端降水指数均未发生气候突变. 相似文献
4.
骤发性干旱(简称骤旱)是一种突发性高且强度大的极端干旱现象,会对农业生产和生态系统构成严重威胁。近年来,长江流域骤旱频发,然而其骤旱时空演变格局及规律尚不明晰。本研究基于GLEAM、GLDAS和ERA5-Land数据,以标准化蒸发胁迫比及其变化值作为识别指标,开展1982—2022年长江流域骤旱识别,全面分析长江流域骤旱空间分布和时间演变特征;并鉴于2022年旱情的严重性和特殊性,重点分析该年长江流域骤旱事件。研究结果表明：(1)在空间分布上,长江流域上游的金沙江水系和中下游的大型水库湖泊骤旱发生频率最高且强度最大;(2)在时间演变上,骤旱发生频率、平均持续时间和强度均在长江流域整体上呈现出非显著上升趋势,而有显著变化趋势的区域在2001年前后表现出明显的趋势反转现象;(3) 2022年夏季受极端高温热浪影响,长江流域遭遇大规模骤旱事件,具有波及范围广、持续时间长的特点,且骤旱在空间上呈现出从上游向下游传递的态势。 相似文献
5.
青藏高原陆表特征与中国夏季降水的关系研究 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
利用青藏高原72个站逐日积雪、冻土观测资料,AVHRR归一化植被指数（NDVI）和全国550个站逐日降水资料,分析了青藏高原陆表特征与中国夏季降水的关系。结果表明,我国夏季降水在华北和东北南部,长江中下游和华南地区降水空间一致性较好,相邻站点间降水变化趋势近似。华南、长江中下游和淮河降水呈增加趋势,其中长江中下游每10年增加37 mm,但华北降水呈减少趋势。华南、长江中下游和华北对高原积雪、冻土和植被的变化均较为敏感,而淮河仅对高原植被变化较为敏感。利用高原积雪、冻土和植被建立了代表高原地表特征的变化序列,其对长江中下游、淮河、华北夏季降水均有较好指示意义,与夏季降水的相关系数由南到北表现为"负-正-负"的分布特征。最后,提出一种高原陆表状况影响中国夏季降水的概念模型：高原冬春积雪偏多（少）、冬季冻土偏厚（薄）、春季植被偏多（少）会使得夏季高原地区土壤湿度偏大（小）,高原地表感热偏弱（强）,从而使得南亚高压和西太副高偏弱（强）,南海季风偏弱（强）,长江流域降水偏多（少）,华南和华北地区降水偏少（多）。 相似文献
6.
近300a来塔里木河流域旱涝灾害特征分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
干旱与洪涝是极端水文事件中最具有代表性的水文事件,在气候变化的影响下旱涝灾害事件越来越引起人们的关注. 采用传统的气象干旱指标-标准化降水指数SPI和小波分析法、反距离加权法以及线性回归分析,研究了近300 a来塔里木河流域旱涝灾害分布特征及关键影响因素. 结果表明：近300 a来塔里木河流域旱涝灾害呈增加的趋势,且洪涝事件较干旱事件明显. 其中,喀什、阿克苏等地的发生频率最高,并表现为群发性;近60 a塔里木河流域自西向东旱涝灾害事件呈交替现象. 小波分析结果表明,塔里木河流域旱涝灾害呈现15 a的周期性,由此推断未来5~10 a研究区湿润化面积仍有扩大的可能. 大气环流指数与多尺度下的SPI指相关性检验表明,PNA对秋季和冬季的SPI值的影响较为显著;旱涝灾害对农牧业的影响较为严重,其中,洪涝灾害的影响大于干旱. 相似文献
7.
近50年来中国极端降水趋势与物理成因研究综述 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
对中国近50年来极端降水事件的研究表明,在全球变暖背景下极端降水事件的频率和强度均有升高的趋势,但存在明显的区域差异。观测分析表明长江中下游,东南地区和西北的部分区域极端降水有增加趋势,而华北、东北和西南的部分地区有减少趋势。现阶段不同模式模拟的结果还存在差异,但总的预测结论表明中国极端降水有极化的趋势。首先从统计学角度通过分析均值和极值的关系,探讨了极端降水事件概念的界定,然后分析了不同区域极端降水的变化趋势。在综述中国极端降水研究的基础上,以极端降水变化趋势较为复杂的长江流域作为典型气候区,从海—气相互作用角度对影响极端降水的物理机制和过程进行了总结。分析表明能够反映极端降水本质特性的定义和影响极端降水的物理过程还需要进一步研究,并且随着研究深入,新的影响极端降水的因子也会被逐渐发现。 相似文献
8.
基于全国2048个站点1961—2019年逐日降水观测数据,采用10个降水指标刻画暖季降水时空特征,分析了东部厄尔尼诺（EP）、中部厄尔尼诺（CP）和拉尼娜（LN）事件对中国暖季降水时空特征的影响。研究结果表明：（1）过去59年,我国暖季降水总量、降水强度和极端降水等特征总体上均呈增加趋势,主要表现在东南和西北地区,而华北地区呈减少趋势。（2）东南和西北地区暖季可降水量的增加和增强的水汽通量为降水的形成提供了有利的水汽条件;而华北地区暖季可降水量趋于减少和水汽通量减弱均不利于降水的形成。（3）ENSO事件对我国暖季降水时空特征有显著调节作用。位于中国东北的气旋带来干冷空气和水汽通量减少使得在EP起始年份华北地区暖季降水总量、降水强度和极端降水等均趋于减少。东南地区对LN事件较为敏感,在LN起始年份,位于东南地区的反气旋源源不断的将暖湿气流输送到该区域,为降水增加提供了充沛的水汽条件。 相似文献
9.
基于1954—2015年叶尔羌流域的气温、降水和径流数据,采用M-K突变检验、距平、趋势分析、Hill估计方法揭示了影响流域水文过程的气候指标,采用主成分回归分析方法探讨了极端气候与极端水文事件之间的关系。结果表明：（1）叶尔羌河流域年平均气温、降水均呈显著上升趋势;年平均气温突变时间为1998年,年平均降水不存在突变。（2）流域径流量、极端径流量呈上升趋势,其中径流量变化显著,极端径流的阈值为148.3 mm,64年间共计发生18次极端径流事件。（3）流域极端降水对径流以及极端径流的变化影响较大,极端气温影响次之。 相似文献
10.
全球变暖背景下珠江流域极端气温与降水事件时空变化的区域研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
利用中国气象局最新编制的0.5°×0.5°逐日地面气温、降水网格数据,统计了16种极端气温与降水指数来定义极端气候事件,通过改进的Mann-Kendall趋势检验方法对珠江流域极端气温与降水事件的时空变化特征进行了研究,并从区域的视角检验了变化趋势的显著性和一致性,最后通过偏Mann-Kendall检验探讨了极端气温和降水事件变化与自然界大尺度气候振荡的潜在联系。研究发现:1在过去半个多世纪里,珠江流域总体上呈现出极端高温事件增多,极端低温事件减少,短时间极端降水增多,长时间极端降水减少的趋势,珠江流域面临着高温干旱和暴雨洪涝的威胁;2极端气温事件的变化趋势具有区域尺度上的显著性和一致性,而极端降水事件在区域层面上的趋势则不明显,并且区域差异大;3反映了大尺度气候振荡的多变量ENSO指数年际变化对珠江流域极端气温与降水事件的变化趋势没有显著的影响,在一定程度上说明了极端气温与降水事件的变化趋势并不是自然界大尺度气候振荡导致的必然结果,而可能是与人类活动共同作用的结果。 相似文献
11.
The relationship between drought activity and vegetation cover in Northwest China from 1982 to 2013 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Yelin Jiang Ranghui Wang Qing Peng Xiaoquan Wu Husen Ning Cheng Li 《Natural Hazards》2018,92(1):145-163
We investigated drought activity and the relationship between drought and vegetation in Northwest China over the period 1982–2013 using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The indexes were, respectively, calculated from ground-based meteorological data and from remotely sensed satellite data. The spatial and temporal distributions of drought (SPEI) and of vegetation cover (NDVI) were compared using annual trends, and the relationships between these trends were analyzed. The results are: (1) Overall, Northwest China had a drought trend during the study period, although some a few regions show a significant wetness trend; (2) the mean annual NDVI fluctuates, but overall shows an increasing trend, particularly in some mountainous areas that have at least adequate water and vegetation cover, while unused land becomes degraded; (3) most regions show a positive correlation between SPEI and NDVI, although the western parts of the Tarim basin, Qaidam basin, and some regions in the southeastern part of study area show a negative correlation; and (4) the various regions respond differently to global climate change, but in general regions with more vegetation cover show increased vegetation growth, while regions with less vegetation cover are becoming degraded and thus more vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. 相似文献
12.
基于塔里木河流域39个气象站1961—2010年逐日观测数据和NCEP/NCAR再分析数据,采用标准化降水蒸散指数（Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index,SPEI）,分析了该流域近50年来干湿时空变化特征及典型干湿月份和突变前后的大气环流特征。对SPEI序列进行的趋势检验和突变分析表明,近50年来,塔里木河流域显著变湿并在1986年发生显著突变,SPEI上升趋势显著的站点较多的月份主要集中在暖季（5~10月）。对突变前后不同等级干湿事件频率变化的统计结果表明,突变后,极端干旱事件发生频率略有增加,但轻度和中度干旱事件发生频率有所减少,而不同等级的湿事件发生频率则一致地表现为增加。对典型干湿月份和突变前后对应的北半球500hPa位势高度场和风场变化的合成分析表明,暖季典型干湿月份环流系统配置存在明显差异,增加的水汽和弱不稳定大气层结构是该区域1986年后暖季变湿的原因之一。 相似文献
13.
Julian Brimelow Ronald Stewart John Hanesiak Bohdan Kochtubajda Kit Szeto Barrie Bonsal 《Natural Hazards》2014,73(2):761-785
From 2009 to 2011, the Canadian Prairies were subjected to exceptionally variable precipitation regimes, ranging between record drought and unprecedented flooding. Adjacent regions concurrently experienced droughts and floods, and individual areas transitioned rapidly from pluvial to drought conditions and vice versa. Such events had major impacts; for example, damages from floods in the Assiniboine River Basin (ARB) have exceeded $1 billion, and forest fires ravaged the town of Slave Lake, Alberta. This study first characterizes, and then assesses, these devastating natural hazards in terms of their physical processes (across multiple spatial and temporal scales) related to both the spatially contrasting precipitation states and rapid temporal transitions between these states. Subtle differences in large-scale atmospheric flow had marked impacts on precipitation. Primary factors controlling the distribution and amount of precipitation included the location and persistence of key surface and upper-air features, as well as their interaction. Additionally, multiple events—rather than individual extremes—were responsible for the flooding over the Saskatchewan River Basin and the ARB. Very heavy rainfall events (≥25 mm d?1) accounted for up to 55 % of warm season rain at some locations, and the frequency of heavy rainfall events was critical for determining whether a region experienced drought or pluvial conditions. This study has increased our knowledge of the characteristics, impacts and mechanisms of rapidly transitioning disparate precipitation states on the Canadian Prairies and will aid in better understanding both past and projected future hydro-climatic extremes in the region. 相似文献
14.
The distribution and variability of surface soil moisture at regional scales is still poorly understood in the Loess Plateau of China. Spatial and temporal dynamics of surface soil moisture is important due to its impact on vegetation growth and its potential feedback to atmospheric and hydrologic processes. In this study, we analyzed surface soil moisture dynamics and the impacts of precipitation and evapotranspiration on surface soil moisture using remote sensing data during the growing season in 2011 for the Loess Plateau, which contain surface soil moisture, precipitation, vegetation index and evapotranspiration. Results indicate that the areas with low surface soil moisture are mainly located in the semi-arid region. Under dry surface soil moisture, evapotranspiration temporal persistence has a higher positive correlation (0.537) with surface soil moisture temporal persistence, and evapotranspiration is very sensitive to surface soil moisture. But under wet surface soil moisture regime, surface soil moisture temporal persistence has a higher negative correlation (?0.621) with evapotranspiration temporal persistence. Correlation of surface soil moisture and monthly precipitation, evapotranspiration and vegetation index illustrated that precipitation was a significant factor influencing surface soil moisture spatial variance. The correlation coefficients between monthly surface soil moisture and precipitation was varied in different climatic regions, which was 0.304 in arid, 0.364 in semi-arid, 0.490 in transitional and 0.300 in semi-humid regions. Surface soil moisture is more sensitive to precipitation, evapotranspiration, in transitional regions between dry and wet climates. 相似文献
15.
为了科学评估变化环境下城市地区降水结构变化和深入认识特大型城市降水极值演变特征,以北京市为例,采用《北京市暴雨图集》中6种历时（10 min、30 min、1 h、6 h、24 h和72 h）的年最大暴雨统计数据和北京地区45个雨量站点1960-2012年汛期（6-9月）逐日降水观测资料,分别选择年最大值法和百分位阈值法,基于暴雨图集中的6种历时暴雨的统计特征值和两种百分位阈值下（95%和99%）的3种极端降水指标（发生次数、降水量和降水贡献率）分析北京地区降水极值的时空变化特征。研究结果表明:① 北京地区降水极值的空间分布受地形特征和城市化发展等因素影响而呈现出从东向西递减的趋势,且形成了局部区域高值中心;② 近50年来北京地区极端降水发生频次、极端降水量和极端降水的贡献率均表现出显著的下降趋势,在95%（99%）阈值条件下极端降水发生次数、极端降水量和极端降水贡献率的下降速率分别为0.13次/10 a（0.04次/10 a）、11.59 mm/10a（5.28 mm/a）和2%/10 a（1%/10 a）;③ 两个阶段（1960-1985年和1986-2012年）的城区与近郊的极端降水指标差异表现不同,1960-1985年在极端降水频次方面郊区占优,而极端降水量和贡献率则是城区较高,1986-2012年3个指标均表现为城区较高。 相似文献
16.
以流域时空分布理论框架为基础,分析嫩江流域径流时空演化规律,并着重从地形地貌影响因素方面进行归因分析。采用1955-2003年49 a的降水资料和1955-1973年19 a的径流资料,通过对代表性水文站自上游至下游（空间上）径流、地表径流和地下径流的年内与年际（时间上）演变规律进行分析。结果表明：1）嫩江流域降水年内变化及年际变化过程基本一致,可以忽略降水时空分布对径流时空演化规律的影响。2）从径流年内演化规律上可以判定上下游水源组合的差异性：上游以地表径流为主,在春季来源于融雪,汛期来源于大气降水,枯水季节来源于地下水补给;下游全年以地下径流为主。3）由于坡度和水文地质条件作用,上游更容易产流,下游受下垫面调蓄作用更强,不易产流;因此,从径流年际演化规律上可以判定径流产量自上游至下游逐渐减小。 相似文献
17.
《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2018,47(4):1218-1229
We present a June–July drought reconstruction based on the standardized precipitation index (SPI) for the Balkan Peninsula over the period 730–2015 CE. The reconstruction is developed using a composite Pinus heldreichii tree‐ring width chronology, from a high‐elevation network of eight sites in the Pindus Mountains in northwest Greece, composed of living trees and relict wood. The dataset includes the ring width series of Europe's currently oldest known living tree, dendrochronologically dated to be more than 1075 years old. The spatial coverage of the reconstruction is improved by using an averaged gridded SPI data target derived from a response field that is located north of the study region. Justification for this approach includes the remoteness of instrumental data, the spatial variability of precipitation and synoptic scale circulation patterns. Over the past 1286 years, there have been 51 dry and 43 pluvial events. The driest year during the 1286‐year‐long period was 1660 and the wettest year was 1482. Comparison with shorter reconstructions and documentary evidence validates the new reconstruction, and provides additional insight into socioeconomic impacts and spatial patterns of extreme events. Fifty‐nine of 72 previously undescribed extremes occurred prior to the 17th century. The new reconstruction reveals long‐term changes in the number of extremes, including substantially fewer drought and pluvial events in the 20th century. Additional tests on the long‐term effects of age structure, replication and covariance changes support the heteroscedastic nature of the reconstructed hydro‐climatic extremes. 相似文献
18.
The assessment of drought relief by typhoon Saomai based on MODIS remote sensing data in Shanghai,China 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Typhoons are one of the major natural hazards occurring frequently in Shanghai. The comprehensive assessment of drought relief by typhoon has become a major concern of scientists and government agencies in Shanghai, China. In this article, with the support of remote sensing data and the available data from local meteorological stations, the regional drought relief was investigated and the change of drought intensity was quantified by the typhoon “Saomai” between 5 and 8 August 2005. The precipitation anomaly calculated on the basis of recorded rainfall was adopted to analyze drought condition changes before and after the typhoon. Then, vegetation supply water index (VSWI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were used to monitor the drought relief due to the consecutive shortage of summer rainfall. Impact of typhoon on drought was compared by VSWI before and after typhoon Saomei. The results showed that the typhoon alleviated the drought of the vegetation by more than 70 %, based on the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation, the ground temperature, relative humidity, high temperature, NDVI from Shanghai area. The result shows that MODIS remote sensing data are a useful quantitative monitoring tool in drought relief by local typhoons. More strategies are necessary to be adopted for prevention and mitigation of meteorological disaster in Shanghai in recent years. 相似文献
19.
Evaluating the Impact of Drought Using Remote Sensing in a Mediterranean,Semi-arid Region 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano 《Natural Hazards》2007,40(1):173-208
This paper analyses monthly differences in drought impact on vegetation activity in a semi-arid region in the north-east of
the Iberian Peninsula between 1987 and 2000. The study determines spatial differences in the effects of drought on the natural
vegetation and agricultural crops by means of the joint use of vegetation indexes derived from AVHRR images, a drought index
(standardized precipitation index), and Geographic Information Systems. The results show that the effect of drought on vegetation
varies noticeably between areas, a pattern that is determined mainly by the location of land-cover types. The influence also
varies each month and, in general, is higher during the spring and summer. Aridity and vegetation characteristics similarly
account, in part, for spatial differences in the impact of drought on vegetation. In general, the most arid areas, where vegetation
cover and activity are low, are those in which the interannual variability of vegetation activity is more determined by the
drought occurrence. In assessing drought impact, this analysis takes into account the effects of drought on the vegetation
and also considers spatial and seasonal differences. The results should be useful for the management of natural vegetation
and crops and for the development of better drought mitigation strategies. 相似文献
20.
为了了解气温、降水量和人类活动对流域植被NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)的影响，以长江流域为研究区，运用一元线性回归分析法和Theil-Sen Median趋势分析法研究了长江流域气温、降水量和植被NDVI变化特征，同时利用相关分析法和残差分析法探讨气温、降水量和人类活动对植被NDVI变化的影响.结果表明:1960—2015年长江流域年平均温度显著上升，而降水量的变化趋势并不显著；1982—2015年流域NDVI呈显著增加趋势；1982—2015年流域NDVI与气温的相关性较高，然而与降水量的相关性并不显著；人类活动使流域NDVI增加的区域主要分布于流域北部、东南和西南部分地区，而使NDVI下降的区域位于流域中西部区域和长三角地区.气温对长江流域植被NDVI变化的影响大于降水，气候变暖和人类活动对流域生态环境具有一定程度的影响. 相似文献