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1.
选取青海省玉树1953~2013年月降水数据,基于标准化降水指数SPI,利用频率分析、小波周期分析等方法对玉树县近61年来旱涝强度、频率分布、周期性变化等旱涝态势演变特征进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)SPI-3、SPI-6和SPI-12三种尺度标准化降水指数对旱涝指示程度存在差别,相比大时间尺度,小时间尺度的标准化降水指数值更为分散,波动幅度更大,对干旱和洪涝的识别更为敏感。近年来,随着玉树县水土流失和沙化,当地土壤持水力程下降趋势,对干旱和洪涝较为敏感,因此玉树县可采用三种尺度标准化降水指数。(2)近61年,玉树县重旱平均发生概率为2.1%,重涝平均发生概率为1.3%。(3)未来几年,预计玉树县仍呈现偏涝趋势。(4)玉树县SPI-12以18a为主周期进行变化。 相似文献
2.
利用CCSM2.0.1模式完成的千年模拟试验结果对近530年中国东部区域旱涝事件进行了初步的研究。结果表明模式一定程度能够反映过去530年中国东部降水变化规律,在年代际变化上与旱涝等级资料较为一致。模式能模拟出旱涝事件世纪尺度变化特征以及旱涝事件的群发现象。从模拟结果中发现,过去530年中国东部共发生了3次持续时间5年或5年以上的严重干旱事件,分别发生在1483～1488年、1635～1645年和1964～1968年; 4次持续时间5年或5年以上的严重洪涝事件,分别发生在1529～1533年、1749～1753年、1926～1932年和1978～1984年。其中,1483～1488年、1635～1645年和1964～1968年干旱事件以及1749～1753年洪涝事件与旱涝等级序列有较好的对应,说明模式对严重干旱事件具有一定的再现能力,而对严重洪涝事件的模拟能力还有待加强。对个例分析发现,对应较好的3次严重干旱事件发生时期降水空间型态的演化与1749～1753年严重洪涝事件不同,前者前期呈南涝北旱格局,旱区逐年向东、南扩大,后者前期同样也呈南涝北旱格局,但为涝区逐年向东、北扩大。模拟还发现中国东部夏季降水的异常变化主要受夏季风影响,发生严重干旱事件期间夏季风偏弱,发生严重洪涝事件期间夏季风偏强,模拟显示严重旱涝事件期间副热带高压无明显变化。 相似文献
3.
利用青岛市气象和天然径流资料,借助极端降水指数、气象和水文干旱指数,采用回归分析、相关分析和ARCGIS空间分析等方法对该市气象和水文干旱的变化特征进行分析。主要结论为:(1)青岛市无雨日数明显增多,降水量则呈减少的趋势;最大连续无雨日数(pxcdd)和平均干旱期长度(pdsav)的上升在西部地区大于东部地区,而降水量(prcptot)的下降在东部地区大于西部地区。(2)气象干旱指数SPI和水文干旱指数SSI均表明青岛市干旱呈加剧特征;SSI所反映的旱涝发生频次少于SPI,但持续时间大于SPI,尤以1个月和3个月尺度更明显。(3)干旱指数与历史旱灾面积的相关性较好,其中水文干旱指数与成灾面积的相关性更强,而气象干旱指数与受灾面积的相关性更强。此外,由于干旱的累积效应,在降水并不十分稀缺的年份,造成的局部旱情亦十分严重。 相似文献
4.
对长江上游旱涝灾害时间序列(1470-2003年)及SST指数序列(1868-2003年)作统计相关与谱分析,探讨了长江上游旱涝灾害与ENSO事件的遥相关关系.结果表明:长江上游旱涝灾害主周期要大于ENSO事件的主周期,前者主周期主要为16.69a,5.09a以及10.47a,而后者主周期主要为5a,～10～12年以及～10a.交叉谱分析结果表明,长江上游旱涝灾害与SST在约5a以及约10～12a周期上呈现出显著的相关性.可以认为ENSO事件发生周期与生存周期的长短直接影响着长江上游旱涝灾害发生的周期与频率,并在5a以及10～12a的周期上表现出高的统计相关性.SST指数与长江上游旱涝灾害相关分析表明,ElNiño事件的发生使长江上游发生旱灾机率增大,而LaNiña事件的发生则使长江上游发生涝灾的机率增大. 相似文献
5.
近年,江汉平原受旱涝灾害影响日趋严重。利用监利水文站1954~2010年的月降水资料并结合SPI模型对江汉平原的旱涝分布及其变化规律做了典型性分析和研究。结果表明:运用SPI模型分析得到的监利地区多时间尺度的旱涝分布及其变化规律与实际基本相符,即该地区旱涝灾害频繁且呈交替发生。将SPI模型应用于旱涝分布及其变化规律的研究具有很好的实用性。 相似文献
6.
采用淮河流域内1959—2008年110个气象站的逐日降水资料,结合流域1978—2008年农作物旱涝灾害受灾面积数据,基于降水致灾因子与农作物承灾体受损程度等研究,提出旱、涝致灾气候阈值概念,在此基础上分析旱涝灾害发生的时空特征,确定淮河流域合理的旱涝致灾气候阈值区间并建立致灾气候阈值与农作物受灾面积之间的定量关系。结果表明:①致灾气候阈值可通过计算发生旱涝事件时间段累积降水量除以1959—2008年相应时段累积降水量的平均值来定义,得到的旱、涝致灾气候阈值在不同尺度下对旱、涝灾害事件均有较好地稳定反映,可满足研究区旱、涝事件分析需求;②洪涝致灾气候阈值与农作物受灾面积存在一致的变化趋势,而干旱致灾气候阈值与农作物受灾面积相关系数高达0.96,构建了基于干旱致灾气候阈值的农作物受灾面积预测模型。 相似文献
7.
采用淮河流域内1959—2008年110个气象站的逐日降水资料,结合流域1978—2008年农作物旱涝灾害受灾面积数据,基于降水致灾因子与农作物承灾体受损程度等研究,提出旱、涝致灾气候阈值概念,在此基础上分析旱涝灾害发生的时空特征,确定淮河流域合理的旱涝致灾气候阈值区间并建立致灾气候阈值与农作物受灾面积之间的定量关系。结果表明:① 致灾气候阈值可通过计算发生旱涝事件时间段累积降水量除以1959—2008年相应时段累积降水量的平均值来定义,得到的旱、涝致灾气候阈值在不同尺度下对旱、涝灾害事件均有较好地稳定反映,可满足研究区旱、涝事件分析需求;② 洪涝致灾气候阈值与农作物受灾面积存在一致的变化趋势,而干旱致灾气候阈值与农作物受灾面积相关系数高达0.96,构建了基于干旱致灾气候阈值的农作物受灾面积预测模型。 相似文献
8.
研究西北干旱地区的旱涝变化规律对于区域抗旱减灾具有重要的现实意义。建立区域综合旱涝指数模型,利用西北4省区19个站点的旱涝等级序列,建立区域综合旱涝指数序列。发现区域在1470—2008年间呈现出干旱频发的态势,且区域内的西部比东部、高海拔地区较低海拔地区更易发生干旱灾害。利用经验模态分解方法处理区域综合旱涝指数序列,发现区域综合旱涝指数变化存在2.5年、7.5年、13.1年、25.7年、77.0年和134.8年等准周期变化。且近539年来,西北干旱地区区域综合旱涝指数呈减小趋势,未来区域干旱综合强度有减轻态势。 相似文献
9.
气象干旱发展到一定程度可以传递为水文干旱。以潘家口水库流域1961—2010年逐月平均降水数据和潘家口水库的入库径流序列为基础数据,分别计算了1、3、6、12个月时间尺度的标准化降水指数（SPI）和标准化径流指数（SRI）,以表征研究区域的气象干旱和水文干旱。基于条件分布模型,分析了不同时间尺度的气象干旱传递到未来的不同等级和不同的预测期（或滞后期）的水文干旱的概率。结果表明,当SPI时间尺度较短或预测期（滞后期）较短时,其对应的SRI水文干旱等级越倾向于维持与SPI相同的干旱等级;随着SPI时间尺度的增长或预测期（滞后期）延长,其对应的SRI水文干旱等级略低于气象干旱或恢复到正常状态。 相似文献
10.
针对传统旱涝急转指数存在错漏判及无法统一旱涝急转等级划分的局限, 在明晰旱涝急转定义基础上, 提出了一种改进的标准化旱涝急转指数。通过理论模拟和案例实践, 结果表明: ①传统的旱涝急转指数变化范围较大, 且随着权重参数增大, 错判率减小但漏判率增大, 因此无法避免错漏判问题;错判情形发生在正常状态转为较为严重的涝或较为严重的涝转为正常状态, 漏判发生在相邻的旱和涝等级均较轻的情形。②改进的标准化旱涝急转指数与旱涝指数的变化范围差别较小, 旱涝急转评估可与旱涝评估(如基于气象或水文干旱指数)的分级及阈值设置保持一致, 且通过先识别相邻事件是否分别为旱、涝而避免了旱涝急转的错判, 构建的新权重项避免了旱涝急转的漏判。③作为粤港澳大湾区供水水源的东江流域旱转涝主要发生在前汛期开始的4—5月, 发生比例为33.8%;涝转旱主要发生在后汛期结束后的10月, 发生比例为18.5%;旱转涝和涝转旱并存的年份有12 a。 相似文献
11.
为了认识淮河流域过去500年洪旱事件发生规律并鉴别当前的洪旱情势,收集并对比分析了流域实测降雨资料、重建历史雨季降雨资料、历史旱涝等级资料、历史洪旱文献记录和历史调查洪水资料等多源洪旱灾害数据。以重建历史雨季降雨资料和历史旱涝等级资料为主要依据,通过滑动平均、频率计算、小波分析和突变检验等方法,分析流域过去500年洪水干旱时空分布特征和演变规律。结果表明,17世纪淮河流域洪旱灾害最严重,但20世纪极端洪旱事件发生频次最多。淮河流域洪旱事件存在40年左右的稳定长周期,主周期从18世纪的15~20年逐渐减少到19世纪的5年周期,近20年来出现2~3年的主周期,洪旱灾害事件呈增加趋势,流域社会经济发展面临着严峻的洪旱灾害威胁。 相似文献
12.
Based on the daily precipitation data of 38 weather stations in the Huai River Basin from 1961 to 2010, this study used SPI index, P-III curve to determine the flood/drought years, under what situations for droughts and floods easily happen, and to analyze the evolution law of flood and drought during inter-annual and intra-annual based on the characteristic of monthly precipitation. The results showed that: (1) annual rainfall of the Huai River Basin presented decreasing trend, maximum rainfall appeared from June to August, and multi-year average precipitation increased gradually from north to south; (2) the variation of monthly precipitation during flood years was more severe than other typical years, and precipitation in drought years showed nearly 50 % decline compared with normal years; (3) high rainfall of flood years was mainly caused by the increase in rainfall in flood season, and the strategy of flood control and drought relief was “short-term flood prevention and long-term drought relief”; (4) while precipitation of most months in drought year was reduced, the relevant strategies “annual basin-wide of long-term drought prevention” should be carried out; (5) combination events of floods and droughts occurred frequently. Persistent drought dominated in spring and summer while droughts and floods that happened alternately were mainly in summer and autumn. 相似文献
13.
Meteorological droughts can affect large areas and may have serious environmental, social and economic impacts. These impacts depend on the severity, duration, and spatial extent of the precipitation deficit and the socioeconomic vulnerability of the affected regions. This paper examines the spatiotemporal variation of meteorological droughts in the Haihe River basin. Meteorological droughts events were diagnosed using daily meteorological data from 44 stations by calculating a comprehensive drought index (CI) for the period 1961–2011. Based on the daily CI values of each station over the past 50 years, the drought processes at each station were confirmed, and the severity, duration and frequency of each meteorological drought event were computed and analyzed. The results suggest the following conclusions: (1) the use of the CI index can effectively trace the development of drought and can also identify the duration and severity of each drought event; (2) the average drought duration was 57–85 days in each region of the Haihe River basin, and the region with the highest average values of drought duration and drought severity was Bohai Bay; (3) drought occurred more than 48 times over the study period, which is more than 0.95 times per year over the 50 years studied. The average frequencies of non-drought days, severe drought days and extreme drought days over the study period were 51.2, 3.2 and 0.4 %, respectively. Severe drought events mainly occurred in the south branch of the Hai River, and extreme drought events mainly occurred in the Shandong Peninsula and Bohai Bay; (4) the annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration of the Haihe River basin show decreasing trends over the past 50 years. The frequency of severe drought and extreme drought events has increased in the past 20 years than during the period 1961–1990. The results of this study may serve as a reference point for decision regarding basin water resources management, ecological recovery and drought hazard vulnerability analysis. 相似文献
14.
Meteorological droughts can affect large areas and may have serious environmental, social and economic impacts. These impacts depend on the severity, duration, and spatial extent of the precipitation deficit and the socioeconomic vulnerability of the affected regions. This paper examines the spatiotemporal variation of meteorological droughts in the Haihe River basin. Meteorological droughts events were diagnosed using daily meteorological data from 44 stations by calculating a comprehensive drought index (CI) for the period 1961–2011. Based on the daily CI values of each station over the past 50 years, the drought processes at each station were confirmed, and the severity, duration and frequency of each meteorological drought event were computed and analyzed. The results suggest the following conclusions: (1) the use of the CI index can effectively trace the development of drought and can also identify the duration and severity of each drought event; (2) the average drought duration was 57–85 days in each region of the Haihe River basin, and the region with the highest average values of drought duration and drought severity was Bohai Bay; (3) drought occurred more than 48 times over the study period, which is more than 0.95 times per year over the 50 years studied. The average frequencies of non-drought days, severe drought days and extreme drought days over the study period were 51.2, 3.2 and 0.4 %, respectively. Severe drought events mainly occurred in the south branch of the Hai River, and extreme drought events mainly occurred in the Shandong Peninsula and Bohai Bay; (4) the annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration of the Haihe River basin show decreasing trends over the past 50 years. The frequency of severe drought and extreme drought events has increased in the past 20 years than during the period 1961–1990. The results of this study may serve as a reference point for decision regarding basin water resources management, ecological recovery and drought hazard vulnerability analysis. 相似文献
15.
从趋势性、滞后性及相关性三方面,对2002—2013年间GRACE重力卫星反演的长江上游与中游陆地水储量与模型模拟土壤含水量、实测降水和实测径流数据进行了对比分析,并从干旱强度及发展时间两方面评估了标准化陆地水储量指数SWSI、标准化降水指数SPI、标准化径流指数SRI和标准化土壤含水量指数SSMI对区域性干旱的表征能力.结果表明:长江上游地区陆地水储量与降水、径流和土壤水蓄量均无显著变化,而中游地区陆地水储量则与水库蓄量同样具有显著性增加,反映人类活动对中游地区陆地水储量变化有很大影响;各指标指示的各等级干旱月份数量基本相当,但各指标反映的特旱具体月份有较大差别,基于GRACE数据构建的SWSI指标对特大干旱的指示性不好;对比各指标对上游与中游地区干旱事件发展时间,体现出水文干旱、农业干旱对气象干旱存在一定的迟滞关系. 相似文献
16.
Drought is one of the most harmful natural hazards in Gansu Province in Northwest China. The changes of precipitation affect
the severity of drought. In order to recognize the trend of precipitation and understand the effect of rainfall change on
water resources management and drought severity, Mann–Kendall test was used. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was calculated
to reconstruct the drought at different time scales and analyze the frequency of drought occurrence in the recent 50 years.
The results show that the SPI is applicable in Gansu Province. The number of severe droughts differs among regions: it is
more obvious as a 3-month drought in the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin than in the Inland River Basin, and
other droughts at 6-, 9-, and 12-month time scales have the same effect in the three regions. Mann–Kendall test results show
that there is an upward trend in the summer periods and a downward trend in the autumn-winter-spring intervals ranging from
10.5 mm/10 years to −37.4 mm/10 years, which affect the local water resources management, droughts mitigation, and agriculture
decision making. This situation poses challenges for future study. 相似文献
17.
In the context of major outcomes of a steadily changing climate, extreme climatic conditions and the associated events in various forms of weather-related natural disasters, e.g. droughts, floods, and heat waves, are more frequently experienced on the global scale in recent years. In support of this argument, there are adequate numbers of explicit signals over such a persistent outlook, which is greatly illustrated by historical data and observations. This study, which is mainly oriented to investigating the drought behaviour in Thracian, Aegean and Mediterranean transects of Turkey's major river basins, is actually inspired by the foreseen potential of using annual maximum drought severity series (based on drought definition through the standardized precipitation index (SPI)) within a framework that resembles the use of flood discharge directly from flow measurements in a river basin. To this end, a series of spatial analyses were employed to identify different aspects of flood appearance in the study extent, including trend views on annual average drought severity series, shifts in the starting time of the annually most severe flood periods, and changes in spatial coverage views of average drought conditions under different drought severity categories. The framework of the analytical approaches depends greatly on validated international datasets and open-source computational algorithms. The results from the analyses that were conducted in two consecutive periods of 1958–1980 and 1981–2004 revealed that Turkey's western and southern river basin systems seemed to have experienced quite different behaviours between the two periods in terms of drought severity magnitudes, drought durations and annual occurrence times. 相似文献
18.
The amount and distribution of precipitation play crucial roles in the occurrence of drought in the Weihe River Basin (WRB), China. Using the precipitation data (1960–2010) of 21 meteorological stations, the spatial and temporal characteristics of short-, medium-, and long-term droughts on 3-, 6-, and 12-month time scales, respectively, were examined using the theory of runs and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The trends of the drought characteristics were analyzed by a modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) test method. Furthermore, comparative analysis of the SPI at different time scales was conducted. The results showed that (1) the main drought type was moderate drought, which occurred frequently in July and October; (2) the drought intensity and frequency were highest in the 1990s, and the drought severity and drought duration in the northwest was more serious than that in the east; (3) an increasing trend of short droughts appeared mainly in the spring and fall; an increasing trend of medium droughts mainly occurred in the 1990s and that of long-term droughts were mainly presented in the northwest region of the WRB; (4) SPI-3 can better reflect precipitation in the current month, SPI-6 has an advantage in characterizing drought persistence, and SPI-12 performs well in capturing extraordinary droughts; and (5) it was also observed that there is a strong relation between the precipitation distribution and drought zones in the basin, and the drought conditions changed continuously with the seasons depending upon the amount and spatial distribution of precipitation . 相似文献
19.
Regional drought frequency analysis was carried out in the Poyang Lake basin (PLB) from 1960–2014 based on three standardized drought indices: the standardized precipitation index (SPI), the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and the standardized Palmer drought index (SPDI). Drought events and characteristics were extracted. A Gumbel–Hougaard (GH) copula was selected to construct the bivariate probability distribution of drought duration and severity, and the joint return periods ( T a ) were calculated. Results showed that there were 50 (50 and 40) drought events in the past 55 years based on the SPI (SPEI and SPDI), and 9 (8 and 10) of them were severe with T a more than 10 years, occurred in the 1960s, the 1970s and the 2000s. Overall, the three drought indices could detect the onset of droughts and performed similarly with regard to drought identification. However, for the SPDI, moisture scarcity was less frequent, but it showed more severe droughts with substantially higher severity and longer duration droughts. The conditional return period ( Ts| d) was calculated for the spring drought in 2011, and it was 66a and 54a, respectively, based on the SPI and SPDI, which was consistent with the record. Overall, the SPI, only considering the precipitation, can as effectively as the SPEI and SPDI identify the drought process over the PLB under the present changing climate. However, drought is affected by climate and land-cover changes; thus, it is necessary to integrate the results of drought frequency analysis based on different drought indices to improve the drought risk management. 相似文献
20.
文章利用旱涝灾害历史记载与现代器测降水资料重建长江中下游旱涝灾害等级序列 ,并通过相关分析与波谱分析、交叉谱分析等分别探讨了长江中下游旱涝灾害发生与东太平洋海水表面温度 (SST)以及太阳活动 (太阳黑子数 )的关系。结果表明 ,长江中下游涝灾多发生于气候过渡期 ,即涝灾在气候由一种气候状态向另一种气候状态转变时期多发。谱分析与交叉谱分析结果表明 ,长江中下游旱涝灾害等级序列在 10～ 11年周期上与太阳黑子数存在相关 ,但两者有近 1年的滞后性。长江中下游旱涝灾害与SST的相关关系分析表明 ,SST正距平年份 ,往往对应着长江中下游的涝灾 ;而SST负距平年份往往对应着长江中下游旱灾。因而可以认为 ,SST与太阳活动变化(太阳黑子数量变化 )在不同周期频度上对长江中下游旱涝灾害具有明显影响。 相似文献
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