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《地球科学进展》2019,(10)
利用中国气象局发布的0.5°×0.5°网格数据集,开展珠江流域1963年和2009年两场重大干旱事件时空发展过程的反演研究。采用以标准化降水与蒸散发指数为基础建立的联合干旱指数(JDI),与标准化后的有效降水指数(SWAP)作为干旱定量化描述的指标。相较于单点监测,利用网格数据计算的JDI和SWAP较好地考虑了干旱发展的空间属性,可以反映干旱发生—发展—高峰—消退的时空过程。JDI的监测结果反映的是不同月份的平均状态,能够直观地反映干旱发展的总体过程,而SWAP则可以提供短时间尺度的干旱监测,可以更细致地监测干旱发展的详细过程,为干旱出现、高峰和结束时间的定位提供了有效手段。JDI和SWAP的监测结果与实际旱情相符,可作为珠江流域干旱时空发展过程监测的理想指标。 相似文献
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利用1960-2010年江淮流域34个地面气象观测站的逐日降水、日平均气温、相对湿度等实测资料, 分别计算了江淮流域的Z指数、降水距平百分率、相对湿润指数、标准化降水指数以及CI指数, 经与江淮流域干旱记录对比分析, 结果表明: 月尺度的Z指数在5种干旱指数中应用效果最好, 符合率达70%以上;在时间域上, 月尺度的Z指数仅在春季吻合率稍差, 其余月份均在70%以上;月尺度的SPI指数在冬季吻合率较差, 其余月份同Z指数总体相当;MI指数效果最差;日尺度的CI指数应用效果存在时空差异, 在河南最好, 在山东最差, 夏季效果最好, 春季、冬季最差. 相似文献
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气象干旱发展到一定程度可以传递为水文干旱。以潘家口水库流域1961—2010年逐月平均降水数据和潘家口水库的入库径流序列为基础数据,分别计算了1、3、6、12个月时间尺度的标准化降水指数（SPI）和标准化径流指数（SRI）,以表征研究区域的气象干旱和水文干旱。基于条件分布模型,分析了不同时间尺度的气象干旱传递到未来的不同等级和不同的预测期（或滞后期）的水文干旱的概率。结果表明,当SPI时间尺度较短或预测期（滞后期）较短时,其对应的SRI水文干旱等级越倾向于维持与SPI相同的干旱等级;随着SPI时间尺度的增长或预测期（滞后期）延长,其对应的SRI水文干旱等级略低于气象干旱或恢复到正常状态。 相似文献
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利用青岛市气象和天然径流资料,借助极端降水指数、气象和水文干旱指数,采用回归分析、相关分析和ARCGIS空间分析等方法对该市气象和水文干旱的变化特征进行分析。主要结论为:(1)青岛市无雨日数明显增多,降水量则呈减少的趋势;最大连续无雨日数(pxcdd)和平均干旱期长度(pdsav)的上升在西部地区大于东部地区,而降水量(prcptot)的下降在东部地区大于西部地区。(2)气象干旱指数SPI和水文干旱指数SSI均表明青岛市干旱呈加剧特征;SSI所反映的旱涝发生频次少于SPI,但持续时间大于SPI,尤以1个月和3个月尺度更明显。(3)干旱指数与历史旱灾面积的相关性较好,其中水文干旱指数与成灾面积的相关性更强,而气象干旱指数与受灾面积的相关性更强。此外,由于干旱的累积效应,在降水并不十分稀缺的年份,造成的局部旱情亦十分严重。 相似文献
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选取青海省玉树1953~2013年月降水数据,基于标准化降水指数SPI,利用频率分析、小波周期分析等方法对玉树县近61年来旱涝强度、频率分布、周期性变化等旱涝态势演变特征进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)SPI-3、SPI-6和SPI-12三种尺度标准化降水指数对旱涝指示程度存在差别,相比大时间尺度,小时间尺度的标准化降水指数值更为分散,波动幅度更大,对干旱和洪涝的识别更为敏感。近年来,随着玉树县水土流失和沙化,当地土壤持水力程下降趋势,对干旱和洪涝较为敏感,因此玉树县可采用三种尺度标准化降水指数。(2)近61年,玉树县重旱平均发生概率为2.1%,重涝平均发生概率为1.3%。(3)未来几年,预计玉树县仍呈现偏涝趋势。(4)玉树县SPI-12以18a为主周期进行变化。 相似文献
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针对嘉陵江流域存在雨热同期,水旱灾害频发的现象,为快速且准确地把握流域内降水与干旱情况,利用覆盖范围广且分辨率高的网格化IMERG卫星降水数据对嘉陵江流域进行多时空尺度反演,并基于卫星降水数据采用标准化降水指数(SPI)对流域实行干旱监测。结果表明：1)根据分类指标与统计指标的计算结果,三种卫星降水数据中的IMERG-F能更准确地反映流域内的日降水量,与地面降水数据CC达0.737,整体高估地面降水2.6%,具有在干旱监测方面的应用潜力。2)三种卫星降水数据驱动的SPI指数在干旱监测方面存在一定的差异,IMERG-F驱动的SPI指数与地面降水数据驱动的SPI指数保持较高的一致性(CC>0.9),较近实时产品IMERG-F更能准确地呈现出流域的干湿特征。3)卫星识别降水与干旱监测的能力受地形地貌的影响,IMERG卫星降水数据在平原丘陵地带具有较好的适用性。 相似文献
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2015—2017年南非西开普省遭受了特大干旱冲击,造成了城市可用水资源的极度短缺,使其首都开普敦市成为人类历史上首个面临“零日”灾难（关闭该城市水龙头的确切时间）威胁的现代城市。但此次灾害的多种致灾因素的交互机理和过程尚不明确,人为供用水管理如何科学应对自然降水变异的模式有待进一步挖掘。因此,通过气象干旱、水文干旱和城市供用水管理3个维度挖掘其中的关键阶段、空间分布和管理效益。结果表明：(1)西开普省2015—2017年气象干旱面积和强度显著增加,且2017年5月干旱情况最为严重。相比于标准化降水指数,标准化降水蒸散指数检测到的干旱更为显著。(2)西开普省的水文干旱在2017年5月最为严重,这与气象干旱的时空特征规律大体一致,体现出气象—水文干旱迅速传播的特征。标准化径流指数结果与水库储水量变化均反映该地区的水资源缺乏,表明此次干旱事件对严重依赖降雨和水库供水的西开普省产生了显著影响。(3)西开普省政府针对此次干旱演进过程采取了不同等级的用水限制和管理政策,有效推迟和避免了“零日”灾难,但在政治和经济等方面解决用水不平等的问题还值得商榷和改良。研究表明城市干旱问题涉及气象、水文和供用... 相似文献
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利用MODIS植被指数和陆地表面温度产品建立全国3个农业气候区NDVI-Ts、NDVI-ΔT和NDVI-ATI空间,并由NDVI-Ts、NDVI-ΔT和NDVI-ATI空间分别建立温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)、温差植被干旱指数(DTVDI)和表观热惯量植被干旱指数(AVDI)3个干旱评价指标研究全国干旱分布,利用实测土壤含水量对3个干旱指标进行检验评价.NDVI-ΔT空间中的湿边基本与横坐标平行,表明当土壤水分处于饱和状态或植被完全无水分胁迫条件下,植被和土壤对缓冲环境温度变化的能力大体相当;由NDVI-ATI空间看出,随着植被覆盖增加,表观热惯量有增加的趋势.对比3个干旱评价指标表明:当监测范围较大,区域内地形复杂时,由NDVI-Ts空间计算的TVDI评价干旱最合理,由NDVI-ΔT空间计算的DTVDI在干旱监测中也具有一定的价值,而由NDVI-ATI空间计算的AVDI已经不能合理评价干旱. 相似文献
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黄淮海流域旱涝时空分布及组合特性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以黄淮海流域及其周边地区204个气象站点1961-2010年逐日降水过程资料、国家1:25万DEM数据和1:20万土地利用数据为基础,在利用降水Z指数对黄淮海流域旱涝进行评价的基础上,采用下垫面数据对结果进行修正,并分析黄淮海流域旱涝面积的时间变化特征,对黄淮海地区的易旱区、易涝区进行了划分,进一步选取集对分析法划分了流域内季节间旱涝交替的易发区。结果表明:黄淮海流域内夏秋两季旱涝问题较为严重,且秋旱面积上升趋势较为明显;黄河和海河流域以干旱居多,淮河则是干旱和雨涝并存,季节间的旱涝交替多集中在淮河流域中上游地区。 相似文献
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Terrestrial water storage (TWS), a sum total of water stored on or beneath the earth’s surface, transits in response to hydroclimatic processes such as precipitation, evapo-transpiration, runoff etc. and serves an indicator of hydrological condition of a region. We analyse spatio-temporal variance of water storage in Krishna Basin, India, derived from in-situ groundwater data and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data in order to determine physical causes of variations, and compare the variance with climatic factors such as Cumulative Rainfall Departure (CRD) and drought index i.e. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). GRACE satellite based TWS is found to reflect insitu groundwater changes and also shows a relationship with drought patterns as indicated by a good correlation with SPI. The largest part of TWS represents seasonal flux, and at an interannual scale, TWS depicts spatio-temporal variability in response to drought index viz. SPI. We infer that the groundwater storage derived from GRACE time-variable gravity solutions can be utilised to complement in-situ observations at basin scale and it reflects climatic forcing quite well. 相似文献
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受全球气候变化影响,澜沧江-湄公河流域气象水文干旱发生了较大变化,预测未来流域干旱的时空变化与传播特征是应对气候变化、开展澜湄水资源合作的基础。利用SWAT模型通过气陆耦合方式模拟了澜沧江-湄公河流域历史（1960—2005年）和未来时期（2022—2050年,2051—2080年）的水文过程,采用标准化降水指数和标准化径流指数预估并分析了流域未来气象水文干旱时空变化趋势。结果表明:①澜沧江-湄公河流域未来降水呈增长趋势,气象干旱将有所缓解,但降水年内分配不均与流域蒸发的增加,将导致水文干旱更为严峻,干旱从气象到水文的传播过程加剧;②水文干旱具有明显的空间异质性,允景洪和清盛站的水文干旱最为严重,琅勃拉邦、穆达汉和巴色站次之,万象站最弱;③未来流域水文干旱事件发生频次略有减少,但其中重旱、特旱事件占比增加,极端干旱将趋多趋强,且空间变化更加显著。 相似文献
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利用广东省74个气象站点1962-2007年的月降水与气温数据,计算多时间尺度的标准化蒸散发指数,采用旋转经验正交函数(REOF)、Mann-Kendall趋势检验和小波分析等方法分析广东近50年来的干湿时空变化特征。研究结果表明:① 广东20世纪70年代以来干旱发生事件随时间持续增多,空间范围扩展;② 根据REOF时空分解的前6个空间模态,可以将广东划分成6个干湿特征区域,分别位于珠江三角洲、韩江流域及东江流域上游、西江流域及北江中下游流域、粤东沿海区域、北江上游区域和粤西沿海区域;③ 广东干湿发展具有明显的东西部差异性,其中西江流域和北江中下游流域、雷州半岛为主的粤西沿海流域存在着显著的干旱趋势;④ 6个分区干湿变化普遍具有2~8年的振荡周期,但最强振荡周期有所差别。 相似文献
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为研究气候变化和人类活动背景下的长江上游流域降水结构时空分布特性,利用长江上游流域67个气象站点1961—2005年45年的日降水资料,分析了各种不同历时连续降水的时空演变特征。通过Trend Free Pre-Whitening方法消除降水时间序列中的自相关成分,利用非参数的Mann-Kendall法检验了降水结构的变化趋势。结果表明:① 长江上游流域及各分区各历时降水发生率随降水历时增加呈指数递减趋势,贡献率先增加后降低,以短历时降水为主;② 长江上游短历时（1 d和2 d）降水贡献率发生突变的时间在1976年,长历时（6 d和10 d）降水发生率发生突变的时间为1984年,贡献率发生突变的时间为1999年;③ 长江上游短历时降水集中出现的次数增加,降水强度增大,降水量占总降水量的比例较大,而长历时降水出现频次降低,降水量占总降水量比例下降,其中岷沱江流域、大渡河流域、长江干流区间通过了显著性检验。 相似文献
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This paper reveals the nature of flood-season discharge and the associated impact on the upper and middle Yangtze river basin,
on the basis of a historical database of daily discharges recorded at the Yichang (1865–1985) and Hankou (1878–1988) hydrological
stations. Results show the period of discharge fluctuations of 2–6a, which is significant during 1878–1900 and 1915–1975 at
Yichang station and the period of 2–7a during 1865–1905 and 1925–1975 at Hankou station. Within these periods, a major period
of 2.9–3.5a and two secondary periods of 7–8a and 13.9–16.5a can be further identified from both stations. Our observation
verifies that the fluctuations of streamflows of the upper and middle Yangtze River are fairly consistent with the periodicities
of the Asia monsoon precipitation and ENSO event, reflecting coupling effect on the fluctuations of discharges in the Yangtze
basin. In the 1920s–1960s, intensified variability of streamflows of the upper and middle Yangtze River was closely associated
with warming temperature in the basin and in China as well. In 1975–1988, insignificant discharge fluctuations recorded at
both stations can be chiefly attributed to human activities, i.e., the large number of reservoirs constructed and associated
increasing capacity of water storage, which has largely weakened the discharge fluctuations throughout the basin. 相似文献
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Drought identification and drought severity characterization are crucial to understand water scarcity processes. Evolution of drought and wetness episodes in the upper Nen River (UNR) basin have been analyzed for the period of 1951–2012 using meteorological drought indices and for the period of 1898–2010 using hydrological drought indices. There were three meteorological indices: one based on precipitation [the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)] and the other two based on water balance with different formulations of potential evapotranspiration (PET) in the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Moreover, two hydrological indices, the Standardized Runoff Index and Standardized Streamflow Index, were also applied in the UNR basin. Based on the meteorological indices, the results showed that the main dry period of 1965–1980 and wet periods of 1951–1964 and 1981–2002 affected this cold region. It was also found that most areas of the UNR basin experienced near normal condition during the period of 1951–2012. As a whole, the UNR basin mainly had the drought episodes in the decades of 1910, 1920, 1970 and 2000 based on hydrological indices. Also, the severity of droughts decreased from the periods of 1898–1950 to 1951–2010, while the severity of floods increased oppositely during the same periods. A correlation analysis showed that hydrological system needs a time lag of one or more months to respond to meteorological conditions in this cold region. It was also found that although precipitation had a major role in explaining temporal variability of drought, the influence of PET was not negligible. However, the sole temperature driver of PET had an opposite effect in the UNR basin (i.e., misestimating the drought detection) and was inferior to the SPI, which suggests that the PET in the SPEI should be determined by using underlying physical principles. This finding is an important implication for the drought research in future. 相似文献
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The determination of space–time variation in groundwater accumulation in Colombia’s Eastern Llanos foreland basin from 2003 to 2014 was done using terrestrial water storage (TWS) anomalies identified in two versions of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data—from the Global Data Center for Space Research (CSR) at the University of Texas at Austin (USA) and from the Institute of Geodesy at the Graz University of Technology (ITSG, Austria)—and also soil moisture storage (SMS) data from the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS). These data were compared to changes in groundwater storage obtained using the water-budget equation, calculated based on recorded data from hydrometeorological stations. This study confirmed the viability of using satellite information to understand and monitor temporal variation in groundwater recharge in the study area. Temporal variations in TWS, SMS, and groundwater level were shown to correspond to regional rain and drought periods, which are sensitive to climate phenomena such as El Niño and La Niña. Comparing changes in TWS and groundwater level to changes in infiltration and recharge revealed correlation coefficients of 0.56 and 0.98 with CSR data and 0.71 and 0.86 with ITSG data, respectively. 相似文献
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Yajie Zhang Yao Li Jing Ge Gaopeng Li Zhisheng Yu Haishan Niu 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(12):462
Drought monitoring is a key topic in environmental monitoring and assessment although there is still a need to determine the correlation between drought monitoring indices and remote sensing products. We analyzed the correlation between the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (sc_PDSI), the Standardized Precipitation Index and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and terrestrial water storage monitored through the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) on a monthly timescale from 2002 to 2015 in China. As a consequence of anomalies in the soil water budget, the highly significant correlation between the sc_PDSI and the GRACE satellite-observed terrestrial water storage suggested that these two datasets are the most suitable for use in monitoring droughts. In comparing the three drought indices, the sc_PDSI was introduced as a means of drought monitoring in the Yangtze, Pearl, Huaihe, Southeast and Songhua River Basins, whereas the SPEI was found to be more applicable to other major river basins, such as the Inland River Basin. These diverse spatial behaviors are caused by the differences between the hydrological droughts characterized by these three drought indices. 相似文献
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Evaluation of CHIRPS and its application for drought monitoring over the Haihe River Basin,China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Feng Gao Yuhu Zhang Xiulin Ren Yunjun Yao Zengchao Hao Wanyuan Cai 《Natural Hazards》2018,91(1):155-178
To establish the drought index objectively and reasonably and evaluate the hydrological drought accurately, firstly, the optimal distribution was selected from nine distributions (normal, lognormal, exponential, gamma, general extreme value, inverse Gaussian, logistic, log-logistic and Weibull), then the Optimal Standardized Streamflow Index (OSSI) was calculated based on the optimal distribution, and last, the spatiotemporal evolution of hydrological drought based on the OSSI series was investigated through the monthly streamflow data of seven hydrological stations during the period 1961–2011 in Luanhe River basin, China. Results suggest: (1) the general extreme value and log-logistic distributions performed prominently in fitting the monthly streamflow of Luanhe River basin. (2) The main periods of hydrological drought in Luanhe River basin were 148–169, 75–80, 42–45, 14–19 and 8–9 months. (3) The hydrological drought had an aggravating trend over the past 51 year and with the increase in timescale, the aggravating trend was more serious. (4) The lower the drought grade was, the broader the coverage area. As for the Luanhe River basin, the whole basin suffered the mild and more serious drought, while the severe and more serious drought only cover some areas. (5) With the increase in time step, the frequency distribution of mild droughts across the basin tended to be concentrated, the frequency of extreme droughts in middle and upper reaches tended to increase and the frequency in downstream tends to decrease. This research can provide powerful references for water resources planning and management and drought mitigation. 相似文献