共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 233 毫秒
1.
2.
海岸泥沙起动的力学机理十分复杂。首先理论分析了波浪作用下床面泥沙颗粒所受的主要作用力,然后将上举力和有效重力分别与渗流力进行比较分析。计算结果表明渗流力随着波高的变化其方向也发生向上或向下的变化,渗流力与上举力和有效重力之间存在着相位差,不同粒径的泥沙在一个周期内均有一时段渗流力远大于上举力;对于渗透系数小的细颗粒泥沙,渗流力远大于泥沙颗粒的上举力和有效重力。进一步通过水槽试验分析了不同波浪参数作用下孔隙水压力梯度对泥沙起动的影响,试验结果表明波浪渗流力对海床细颗粒泥沙的起动有着重要作用,特别是在分析长周期波浪作用下细颗粒泥沙起动规律时,需考虑波浪引起的渗流力影响。 相似文献
3.
分析了现有起动标准的不足之处。在制定起动标准时,不但要考虑水流条件,还必须考虑泥沙颗粒在床面的相对位置。对同一粒径的泥沙颗粒,其起动条件不是一个常量,而是位于一个区间,它随颗粒在床面的相对暴露度而变化。根据力学原理,推导了泥沙颗粒起动时的临界无量纲切应力公式,并对其系数取值进行了理论计算。计算结果表明,对同一粒径、在同一起动状态下,泥沙颗粒的起动临界条件并非一个常量。并从理论上分析得到了临界值的范围,对个别及少量起动,其无量纲临界切应力为0.021～0.042及0.041～0.062。 相似文献
4.
根据无粘性均匀沙起动的力学条件,在已有研究成果基础上,推导出泥沙起动概率与水流条件之间的关系式,得到考虑起动概率的起动切应力及起动流速公式,并将起动条件与起动标准联系分析.通过对现有几个典型无粘性均匀沙起动条件公式分析表明,本文公式较为合理. 相似文献
5.
天然水体中泥沙组成具有非恒定性和非均匀性,而不同粒径泥沙的吸附能力差异很大.因此.讨论天然水体中泥沙对重金属污染物的自净能力,必须研究不同粒径泥沙共存(即非均匀沙)的吸附模式.通过系统室内静态试验,研究了不同粒径泥沙共存吸附的吸附动力学模式.它表明,不同粒径泥沙共存吸附体系各粒径之间不存在竞争和干扰,共存体系单位重量泥沙的吸附量等于各粒径泥沙单独存在,在相同条件下单位重量泥沙的吸附量乘以其在共存体系中所占份额的和.这在一定程度上解决了天然河流水体泥沙吸附量的计算问题. 相似文献
6.
挟沙水流中泥沙颗粒的存在将影响水流的紊动结构,并进一步影响水流流速分布。采用超声流速仪MicroADV测量挟沙水流的时均流速沿垂线分布,分析了在不同水力条件、不同泥沙条件(包括泥沙浓度及颗粒粒径)下泥沙与水流相互作用对流速沿垂线分布的影响,在此基础上,考虑到现有流速分布公式在实际河道水流流速沿垂线分布中的应用,提出新的指数型流速分布公式形式;并根据实验资料,初步检验了该公式的精度,同时分析了指数型流速公式中系数k和指数m随泥沙浓度s、粒径d以及水力条件的变化规律。结果表明:系数k随泥沙浓度的增加而增大,同时水力条件以及泥沙颗粒粒径同样也影响着k的变化;而指数m随粒径d的增大而减小,随泥沙浓度s的增加而增大。 相似文献
7.
《岩土力学》2017,(4):1179-1187
突水突泥是富水全强风化花岗岩隧道施工常见的地质灾害,地层颗粒的流失是导致突水通道扩展的关键因素,其中颗粒达到起动流速是其流失的临界条件。考虑水流冲刷和土体黏结作用,对突水通道断面颗粒进行三维受力分析,导出颗粒的临界起动条件,建立了考虑颗粒粒径、颗粒坡面位置、相对暴露度三因素的颗粒起动流速函数,并利用数值方法分析了上述三因素对起动流速的影响规律。计算分析表明:起动流速随粒径增大先减小后增大,通道断面不同坡面位置颗粒起动流速呈明显的对称性,总体上起动流速随相对暴露度的增大呈增大趋势。采用正交试验法研究了三因素对颗粒起动流速的敏感性,发现粒径对起动流速影响最为显著。同时根据断面颗粒起动最小流速标准及相对暴露度的随机性,简化颗粒坡面位置和相对暴露度两因素,导出颗粒起动流速的简化公式,最后利用室内试验和工程实例验证了该公式的合理性。 相似文献
8.
天然河流床沙通常为非均匀沙,准确把握非均匀沙颗粒运动规律是模拟和预测天然河流河床演变的基础。开展了恒定均匀流条件下的非均匀沙推移质运动水槽试验,床沙粒径范围为0.10~20 mm。利用摄像机从顶部拍摄了粗化条件下的推移质颗粒运动,获取大量非均匀沙颗粒的运动轨迹,提取了颗粒运动速度、走停时间等基本运动参数,推移质运动颗粒粒径范围为0.74~8.19 mm。试验结果表明,非均匀沙床面聚集体或大颗粒使推移质颗粒运动方向发生改变,与均匀沙成果相比,非均匀沙推移质颗粒的纵向运动速度减小,横向运动速度增大;推移质颗粒纵向运动速度遵循指数分布,单次运动速度遵循Γ分布,横向运动速度及运动速度矢量角则遵循正态分布。 相似文献
9.
有效流量是天然河流某一时段内悬移质输沙量最大所对应的流量,可反映中、短期造床作用。根据监利水文站1991—2016年逐月流量、输沙量及悬移质级配,分析三峡建库前后流量频率及不同粒径组悬移质泥沙输移特性;运用理论分析法与分组频率法计算下荆江分组悬移质输沙量对应有效流量的大小、重现期、历时。研究成果表明:受来水来沙、水流挟沙能力以及床沙补给等因素影响,有效流量随泥沙粒径增大而减小。建库后,因河床冲刷各粒径组间有效流量偏差增大,0. 062 mm0. 125 mm粒径组泥沙有效流量重现期减小;细颗粒泥沙含沙量严重不饱和河道输送粗颗粒泥沙的能力相对较大,悬移质级配粗化;累积50%的泥沙输移需43%～82%的累积流量以及62%～90%的累积历时,且累积流量和累积历时随着泥沙粒径的增大而减小和缩短。研究三峡建库前后有效流量变化对分析冲刷条件下下荆江河段河床演变具有重要意义。 相似文献
10.
11.
提出了水量百分数这一非均匀沙不平衡输沙的一个重要概念和有效工具。给出了水量百分数定义及其表达式。分析了它的3个特性:它能严格地将均匀沙挟沙能力迭加为非均匀沙挟沙能力;在强平衡条件下,水量百分数恰等于床沙级配;水量百分数就是能量百分数。进而利用水量百分数证明了床沙质、冲泻质与全沙具有相同的挟沙能力;证明了用它可以导出非均匀沙不平衡输沙时的挟沙能力组成以及挟沙能力级配和有效床沙级配表达式。 相似文献
12.
Assessing the current state of the Gironde Estuary by mapping priority contaminant distribution and risk potential in surface sediment 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Aurlie Larrose Alexandra Coynel Jrg Schfer Grard Blanc Laurent Mass Eric Maneux 《Applied Geochemistry》2010,25(12):1912-1923
Based on high spatial resolution monitoring, the first spatial distribution maps for the eight trace elements identified as priority contaminants in aquatic systems (i.e. As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) in surface sediments of the Gironde Estuary (SW France) are presented. This large European fluvial–estuarine system is known for important historical multi-element (mainly Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb) pollution by former mining and mineral processing activation in the Riou-Mort watershed located 350 km upstream the estuary. As a consequence, oyster production in the estuary is prohibited, and Cd concentrations in oysters from the Marennes-Oléron area are close to consumption thresholds. Surface sediment samples were analysed for grain size, particulate organic C and trace element concentrations. Determination of trace elements was carried out by ICP-MS for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Th and Zn, and by CV-AAS for Hg. Total and potentially released trace element stocks in the surface sediment were evaluated by using concentrations in the estuary and in selected sediment core. Assuming that sediment resuspension affects mainly the uppermost sediment layer, the total trace element stocks in the studied 0–10 cm depth range may represent the equivalent of one (Cd) to eight (As, Cr) times the annual fluvial trace element inputs into the estuary. Comparing total trace element concentrations in surface sediment with: (i) data on the regional geochemical baseline to evaluate the potentially remobilised fraction and (ii) the potentially bioavailable fraction aimed at establishing a first spatially resolved risk assessment of the trace element “cocktail” present in these sediments at the estuary scale. After correction for grain size effects by Th normalisation, potentially highly toxic metals such as Cd and Hg showed the highest enrichment factors. From ecotoxicological indices, areas were identified and quantified where trace element levels and mobility may bear a risk to benthic organisms. The GIS-based spatial distribution of ecotoxicological indices for the trace element “cocktail” suggests that ∼95% of the surface sediment are ‘Low–Medium’-priority zones, highlighting the need for further impact studies. The produced maps of trace element distributions and associated risk potentials are likely to be a useful tool to authorities in charge of sustainable estuarine management, e.g. for the optimisation of dredging activities or development of the estuarine infrastructure. 相似文献
13.
John T. Lehman 《Quaternary Research》1975,5(4):541-550
Use of accumulation rates of pollen or minerals to infer regional history is complicated by nonuniform deposition of lake sediment. Sediment focusing, direction of sediment to the deepest part of a basin, can introduce a discrepancy between changes in accumulation rates measured directly from sediment cores and actual changes in influx of sediment or pollen to a lake. This difference depends on values and temporal variation of the ratio of mean depth to maximum depth in a basin as it fills. Several models of sediment accumulation show how measurements from a single core can be transformed to yield basinwide influx rates, and how the distortion due to sediment focusing can be assessed. Basins shaped like hyperboloids or frustums may introduce much greater distortions than basins conforming to ellipsoid or sinusoid shapes. 相似文献
14.
叙述了预测综采工作面内隐伏断层的依据、数学方法与步骤,实现了确定断层尖灭点坐标和断层面函数近似表达式等目的,并通过算例表明该方法是可行的。 相似文献
15.
Dr. Klaus-Werner Tietze 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1978,67(3):1016-1033
Field research of wave generated bed forms within complex sediment size distributions near the inlet of a tidal lagoon at the northern coast of Brittany has stimulated an experimental study in a laboratory wave tank. Several sediment mixtures, most of them with bimodal grain size distributions, were exposed to different monochromatic shallow water waves. The observations and measurements included the dynamics of the water waves and the generation, shape, and size of oscillatory bed forms. The experiments confirm the known relationship between grain size and ripple size. In addition it is shown that coarse sand, added to a preexisting fine bed material leads to an increasing asymmetry of ripples. There is some suggestion that the variability of ripple heights is reduced by higher contents of coarse sand. Bimodal sediment size distributions obviously do not cause unusual geometry of ripples — at least within the range of the experimental tests. The different sand size modes move together in one phase, forming structures with more or less homogeniously distributed bed material. Differentiation of sediment sorting does of course occur, but this is in the range of the whole test section. Finally the experiments allowed to test the validity of some wave formulas. The own experiments are compared with some results from field and laboratory studies of other authors. 相似文献
16.
17.
三峡工程运行后,长江中游荆江河段含沙量大幅度降低,次饱和水流冲刷河床使含沙量在沿程逐渐恢复,但其恢复特点由于沿程床沙组成差异而有所不同。本文基于Markov随机过程及泥沙起动理论,推导非均匀悬沙的泥沙落距表达式;结合悬移质扩散理论,修正非均匀悬沙恢复饱和系数公式。在此基础上,基于荆江河段实测输沙过程,提出考虑床沙组成影响的分组悬沙恢复饱和系数计算方法;该方法主要与泥沙粒径、悬浮指标、床沙组成及止滚概率、止悬概率等因素有关,无需考虑非饱和调整系数的影响。计算结果表明:①不考虑床沙组成时,沙市、监利站恢复饱和系数计算值均在区间0.12~0.27内变化,而考虑床沙组成时分别为0.000 3~0.171 8和0.003 5~0.157 9。②不考虑床沙组成时,分组悬沙恢复饱和系数计算值细沙>中沙>粗沙;考虑床沙组成时细沙 < 中沙 < 粗沙;除落水期外,沙市站粗沙的恢复速度均大于监利站。③沙市、监利站恢复饱和系数在各计算时段的变化过程对悬沙分组具有敏感性,其中洪水期恢复饱和系数大于枯水期、涨水期和落水期。采用河床变形方程反算分组悬沙恢复饱和系数,并与本文计算结果进行对比;通过比较分析,本文公式能够用于描述荆江河段分组悬沙恢复特性,可为三峡工程下游非均匀悬沙沿程恢复过程研究提供参考。 相似文献
18.
非均匀外载作用下油井套管强度特性的实验研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
盐膏层套管损坏是由于盐岩蠕变对套管产生一个严重的非均匀附加外挤力而造成的,目前,国内外仍没有一套成熟的非均匀外载作用下的套管强度设计方法。根据实际全尺寸套管承受非均匀外载作用下的强度实验,研究了非均匀外载作用下油井套管的强度特性,提出了用“等效破坏载荷”及椭圆载荷的短、长轴之比来定量描述套管所受非均匀外载的概论,建立了非均匀外载下的套管强度设计图版,可用来检测盐岩等流变地层中下入套管的安全性或在已知套管外载时进行套管强度设计。实验结果表明：套管承受非均匀外载作用时其强度与承受均匀外压相比要低8～21倍。 相似文献