共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
地裂缝的成因可以分为天然构造地裂、人为诱发地裂和复合成因地裂、地震断裂,抽水不均匀地面沉降伴生地裂和渗透变形地裂是最主要的地裂缝类型。地裂缝以构造地裂和构造地裂基础上由人为活动诱发现象为主,用优势面观点和方法分析和研究是可行的。根据优势面的原理,提出防灾和减灾的思路,指出地裂灾害预测和预警系统研究对分析、评估和减灾是最有效的手段。防治地裂缝的原则是针对性治理和顺应自然取代对抗,对策是注重避让与选址、引调地表水、做好结构设计和地基处理、制定相应的防灾区域管理法规。 相似文献
2.
山西襄垣县采煤诱发地质灾害分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
襄坦县是一个产煤大县，同时也是一个地质灾害严重的地区，灾害的发生与地质背景及人类工程活动密切相关，其中采煤活动是引起该县地质灾害肆虐的主要原因。灾害类型主要有：沉陷盆地、地裂缝、埸陷、滑坡及泥石流。地形地貌及地质因素对灾害的分布有一定影响，厚松散土体与断层的存在促成不同类型的灾害发生。采空区规模不同，所诱发地裂缝等灾害的地表形态不同。公路开控及采煤活动诱发滑坡。煤矸石的随意堆放有引发泥石流的可能。本文的详细调查的基础上，全面论述了采煤诱发的地质灾害的类型，简要分析了它们的形成机制。 相似文献
3.
4.
黔中及邻区地裂缝特征及成因初析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文根据黔中及邻区近年来,特别是1985年和1990年两次出现大面积地裂缝的灾情,形态及某些特征,着重论述了地裂缝的成因及其主要的相关因素,并提及了与地震的某些关系,指出了构造型地裂缝与地震的关系密切,两者均是活动断层最新活动表现。另外,对于不同类型的地裂缝,应采取不同的防治措施,以减轻地裂灾害。 相似文献
5.
走滑构造是地壳上最重要也是最复杂的构造之一,尽管经历了长期研究历史,但在其某些特征方面还存在着不确定认识。笔者等基于力学和脆性破裂理论以及安德森断层模式,分析了走滑构造的成因类型及相关构造的几何学特点。在总结走滑构造基本特征的基础上,说明了沉积盆地中大型走滑构造是基底先存断层或薄弱面复活形成,局部有新生型的,提出了准摩擦滑动的概念。明确了直扭、压扭和张扭的含义,并将亚简单剪切应用于分析断层活动。细化了各种构造的发育顺序,讨论了不同性质构造的形成条件,强调了构造几何关系与走滑带应力性质的关系。归纳了花状构造形成的构造部位,明确了走滑构造带结构及其主控因素,并用于地表和地下走滑构造的识别。 相似文献
6.
走滑构造是地壳上最重要也是最复杂的构造之一,尽管经历了长期研究历史,但在其某些特征方面还存在着不确定认识。笔者等基于力学和脆性破裂理论以及安德森断层模式,分析了走滑构造的成因类型及相关构造的几何学特点。在总结走滑构造基本特征的基础上,说明了沉积盆地中大型走滑构造是基底先存断层或薄弱面复活形成,局部有新生型的,提出了准摩擦滑动的概念。明确了直扭、压扭和张扭的含义,并将亚简单剪切应用于分析断层活动。细化了各种构造的发育顺序,讨论了不同性质构造的形成条件,强调了构造几何关系与走滑带应力性质的关系。归纳了花状构造形成的构造部位,明确了走滑构造带结构及其主控因素,并用于地表和地下走滑构造的识别。 相似文献
7.
方家庄地裂缝成因探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在实地调查掌握区内地裂，房裂时空分布的基础上，结合对地质环境，水文地质条件，地下开采过程及地面变形与地裂关系的研究，确定了本区地裂缝的非构造属性。并利用地下水系统理论和太沙基因结原理进行了地裂缝成因机制的探讨，认为该区地面升降是导致地裂发生的直接原因，粘性土层是地面变形的物质基础，大强度交流量开采奥灰水是地面变形的主导因素，地下水系统功能和松散层厚度，岩性在横向上的变化，是地面不均匀变形的充要条件，当地面变形程度达到足以使土体完整性坡坏时，地裂缝便在区内应力集中的部位显现。 相似文献
8.
汶川MS8.0级地震位于紫坪铺水库库尾附近。2002年紫坪铺水库开始截流,2005年10月正式开始蓄水后,库区先后发生不少小震群。2006—2008年迅速增多的水磨震群与主震相距不足5km。因此,紫坪铺水库蓄水在汶川地震发生中的作用成为一个被广泛关注的热点问题,从断层的库仑应力变化出发有过很多讨论。文中以汶川MS8.0级地震前的紫坪铺水库地震台网数据为基础,通过分析龙门山断裂带以及库区小震的时空演化,研究水库附近流体压力扩散过程,得到以下认识:(1)紫坪铺水库所在区域存在一系列北东向展布的断裂,水库位于碳酸盐岩地层上,存在渗漏的地质背景。伴随水位波动升高,回水逐渐向西南淹没,地震分布范围也逐渐由大坝向南西扩展,二者关系密切。根据地震随时间的分布,分析了水压力的扩散过程,拟合得到水压力的宏观扩散系数为0.7m2/s。该扩散系数较好地勾画了紫坪铺水库蓄水和地震活动过程。扩散过程既与河流纵断面形态关系密切,也与地下流体孔隙压力扩散、水位变化有关。(2)紫坪铺水库蓄水前龙门山断裂带汶川段已处于高应力状态,库区正好位于汶川段西南区的闭锁部位。蓄水后龙门山断裂带有过三次地震增强和地震活动范围沿断裂扩展的过程,均发生在水位升高后。已有实验结果表明,在亚失稳应力状态下断层在失稳前的活动存在协同化过程。其作用是降低断层上弱部位的强度和扩大弱部位的总长度以提高断层协同化程度,从而增加断层强部位的应力。研究认为,3次高水位后地震活动的增强正反映了在强区域构造应力背景下库水渗透到部分闭锁断层段并使之弱化引起的连锁反应。汶川地震发生在高区域应力和水体的共同作用下,多次高水位起了弱化断层闭锁段的作用,使断层上协同化程度达到临界水平,在强部位的应力作用下造成了较长断层段的快速失稳错动。此项研究为进一步分析紫坪铺水库蓄水在汶川地震发生中的作用提供了新的事实和论据。 相似文献
9.
文章在分析采矿型崩滑灾害发育特征的基础上，得出西南煤系地层山区地下采动型崩滑灾害常发生在层状碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩地层组成的褶皱翼部和核部的陡崖带上，与地形地貌、地层结构与地下采矿工程活动等因素关系密切，并指出薄矿层开采诱发大型山体崩滑灾害的具体过程:①采空后覆岩顶板塌落—覆岩顶板离层，采空区上覆岩层内部及层间自下而上应力传递；②地下水运移通道形成，并加快更大范围岩体结构破坏及扩展，加速了岩体结构面的松动与破坏；③上覆岩层不均匀沉降导致坡脚压裂，山体大型岩体结构面逐渐拉剪或压剪变形扩展，最终山体发生累积损伤与大规模崩滑灾害。此外，传统经验公式的计算方法对此类采矿型崩滑灾害已不适用，建议开展西南煤系地层山区地质结构与地下采动诱发崩滑灾害的相互作用关系、薄矿层采空区上部山体累积断裂损伤—岩体松动、裂隙扩展-岩溶管道流、裂隙流变化的链式响应机制、地下采动型崩滑灾害评价方法等关键科学问题的研究，以推动采矿型地质灾害防灾减灾工作的发展。 相似文献
10.
自然地应力场对含断层地下洞室围岩稳定性影响规律 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
自然地应力场及结构面分布特征是地下岩体工程围岩稳定性的主要内在控制因素。本文基于数值计算和实际工程的变形监测分析表明:①随侧压系数的增大,含断层围岩的稳定性变差;②不同应力状态下断层分布位置对围岩稳定性的控制作用差异明显;③当围岩附近断层与洞室开挖面不相交且水平构造应力场较大时,围岩可能产生更大的变形或更大范围的失稳。 相似文献
11.
The present study investigates the factors associated with the occurrence of landslides along with the National Highway (NH
39) connecting Assam-Manipur (India) to Myanmar. Kinematics and slope stability analyses were used to gain an understanding
of the causes of slope failure despite the terrain comprising material with a high safety factor. The study area falls within
a high seismic zone along the regional Churachandpur-Mao Thrust (CMT) situated west of the Indo-Myanmar subduction zone. Based
on these studies of seismicity, slip rates, creeping, among others, it was inferred that CMT is a creeping regional fault
running parallel to the subduction zone boundary creeping segment of CMT and that the CMT requires further monitoring to assess
the landslide hazard in the region. 相似文献
12.
本文利用新的有限元方法研究了铲状正断层带在非均匀应力场下错动引起的位移场和应力场。研究发现：① 铲状正断层错动引起的断层面上的最大错距不是发生在地表,而是发生地表下面断层的中部;② 地表面最大水平位移和垂直位移都不是发生在地表断层上,而是发生在偏离断层一定距离的地方;③ 铲状正断层错动会在地表附近产生两个破裂区,一个在地表断层附近,一个在远离断层的上盘地表附近,这两个区与野外观测到的次生正断层区一致;④ 断层错动的应力降在断层内不是均匀的,最大值也是位于断层中部。 相似文献
13.
陡倾断层上下盘开挖引起地表变形的数值模拟分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
考虑地下开挖区与断层相对位置关系,采用简化数值模型对陡倾断层上下盘开挖引起的地表变形特征进行了数值模拟。结果表明,当断层位于地下开挖引起地表变形的压缩区且开挖区位于下盘时,地表出现不连续变形的可能性小;当断层位于地下开挖引起地表变形的压缩区且开挖区位于上盘时,随下向开挖进行地表断层处裂缝有减小趋势;而当断层位于地下开挖引起的地表变形拉张区时,断层出露处水平拉张明显,表现为拉张裂缝,随下向开挖深度增加、规模增大,不论开挖区位于上盘还是下盘,极可能导致地表出现正断层式的错动． 相似文献
14.
Alexandra Abrajevitch Rob Van der Voo Mikhail L. Bazhenov Natalia M. Levashova Phil J.A. McCausland 《Tectonophysics》2008,455(1-4):61-76
After the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, we mapped surface ground fractures in Tangdhar, Uri, Rajouri and Punch sectors and liquefaction features in Jammu area lying close to the eastern side of the Line of Control (LOC) in Kashmir, India. The NW trending ground fractures occurred largely in the hanging wall zone of the southeastern extension of the causative fault in Tangdhar and Uri sectors. The principal compressive stress deduced from the earthquake induced ground fractures is oriented at N10°, whereas the causative Balakot–Bagh fault strikes 330°. The fault-plane solution indicates primarily SW thrusting of the causative fault with a component of strike–slip motion. The ground fractures reflect pronounced strike–slip together with some tensile component. The Tangdhar area showing left-lateral strike–slip motion lies on the hanging wall, and the Uri region showing right-lateral strike–slip movement is located towards the southeastern extension of the causative fault zone. The shear fractures are related to static stress that was responsible for the failure of causative fault. The tensile fractures with offsets are attributed to combination of both static and dynamic stresses, and the fractures and openings without offsets owe their origin due to dynamic stress. In Punch–Rajouri and Jammu area, which lies on the footwall, the fractures and liquefactions were generated by dynamic stress. The occurrence of liquefaction features in the out board part of the Himalayan range front near Jammu is suggestive of stress transfer 230 km southeast of the epicenter. The Balakot–Bagh Fault (BBF), the Muzaffarabad anticline, the rupture zone of causative fault and the zone of aftershocks — all are aligned in a 25 km wide belt along the NW–SE trending regional Himalayan strike of Kashmir region and lying between the MBT and the Riasi Thrust (Murree Thrust), suggesting a seismogenic zone that may propagate towards the southeast to trigger an earthquake in the eastern part of the Kashmir region. 相似文献
15.
Michele Dragoni 《地学学报》1992,4(4):501-508
A model is proposed for studying the mechanical behaviour of faults during their interseismic periods. The model considers a plane fault surface in an elastic medium, subject to a uniform shear stress which increases slowly with time. A1-D friction distribution is assumed on the fault, characterized by asperities and a weaker zone. The traction vector on the fault plane has an arbitrary orientation: in particular, it can be nonperpendicular to the asperity borders. Aseismic fault slip takes place when the applied stress exceeds the frictional resistance: slip starts in weak zones and is confined by asperities, where it propagates at increasing velocity. Propagation into asperities is characterized by a dislocation front, advancing perpendicularly to the asperity border. Fault slip does not take prate in the direction of traction, except when traction is perpendicular or parallel to the asperity border. The propagation of such aseismic dislocations produces a stress redistribution along the fault and can play a key role in determining the conditions which give rise to earthquakes. 相似文献
16.
准噶尔盆地南缘霍尔果斯和吐谷鲁断裂带断层泥分形特征与断裂活动关系 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
根据采集的天然断层泥样品 ,对准噶尔盆地南缘霍尔果斯和吐谷鲁逆断裂带中断层泥进行了显微构造、显微形貌和分形研究。研究结果表明 ,断层泥至少存在三期变形 ;同时断层泥和石英碎粒中既发育有线状擦痕、阶步等典型的粘滑活动显微构造 ,也发育有剪切滑动、定向排列等典型的蠕滑活动变形现象 ,说明了断裂活动的长期性和复杂性。断层泥的分形研究表明 ,霍尔果斯和吐谷鲁断裂带断层泥分维值分别在 2 .17～ 2 .6 3和 2 .76～ 2 .89变化 ,分维值与断层运动方式粘滑或蠕滑不存在因果关系。因此 ,断层泥分维值能否作为判别断裂活动方式值得进一步研究。 相似文献
17.
Numerical modeling of strike-slip creeping faults and implications for the Hayward fault, California 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The seismic potential of creeping faults such as the Hayward fault (San Francisco Bay Area, CA) depends on the rate at which moment (slip deficit) accumulates on the fault plane. Thus, it is important to evaluate how the creep rate observed at the surface is related to the slip on the fault plane. The surface creep rate (SCR) depends on the geometry of locked and free portions of the fault and on the interaction between the fault zone and the surrounding lithosphere. Using a viscoelastic finite element model, we investigate how fault zone geometries and physical characteristics such as frictionless or locked patches affect the observed surface creep when the system is driven by far field plate motions. These results have been applied to creep observations of the Hayward fault. This analysis differs from most previous fault creeping models in that the fault in our model is loaded by a distributed viscous flow induced by far field velocity boundary conditions instead of imposed slip beneath the major faults of the region. The far field velocity boundary conditions simulate the relative motion of the stable Pacific plate respect to the Rigid Sierra Nevada block, leaving the rheology, fault geometry, and mechanics (locked or free to creep patches), to determinate the patterns of fault creep.Our model results show that the fault geometry (e.g. length and depth of creeping) and the local rheology influence the surface creep rate (SCR) and the slip on the fault plane. In particular, we show that the viscoelastic layer beneath the elastic seismogenic zone plays a fundamental role in loading the fault. Additionally, the coupling with the surrounding lithosphere results in a smooth transition from regions free to creep to locked patches. 相似文献
18.
Intermediate-depth earthquakes in the Vrancea region occur in response to stress generation due to descending lithosphere
beneath the southeastern Carpathians. In this article, tectonic stress and seismicity are analyzed in the region on the basis
of a vast body of observations. We show a correlation between the location of intermediate-depth earthquakes and the predicted
localization of maximum shear stress in the lithosphere. A probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) for the region is
presented in terms of various ground motion parameters on the utilization of Fourier amplitude spectra used in engineering
practice and risk assessment (peak ground acceleration, response spectra amplitude, and seismic intensity). We review the
PSHA carried out in the region, and present new PSHA results for the eastern and southern parts of Romania. Our seismic hazard
assessment is based on the information about the features of earthquake ground motion excitation, seismic wave propagation
(attenuation), and site effect in the region. Spectral models and characteristics of site-response on earthquake ground motions
are obtained from the regional ground motion data including several hundred records of small and large earthquakes. Results
of the probabilistic seismic hazard assessment are consistent with the features of observed earthquake effects in the southeastern
Carpathians and show that geological factors play an important part in the distribution of the earthquake ground motion parameters. 相似文献
19.
断裂蠕滑可以连续释放部分构造应力，但仍可能造成重大的地质灾害，甚至具有发生大地震的可能性。断层岩是断裂作用中的直接产物，其物质组成和内部构造可为揭示断裂带滑移机制提供关键信息。2008年Mw 7.9汶川地震中破裂的龙门山灌县-安县断裂带具有蠕滑性质，是探究大陆内部蠕滑断裂滑移机制的最佳案例。本文以龙门山灌县-安县断裂带地表探槽和深部钻孔的断层岩为研究对象，通过碎屑统计、X射线粉末衍射矿物分析、光学显微镜和扫描电镜观测，结果显示该断裂带断层泥碎屑含量和颗粒大小均小于断层角砾岩，其粘土矿物含量高达50%以上，且断层岩中普遍发育粘土-碎屑组构以及拖尾构造、似S-C组构等多种压溶构造。综合分析发现压溶作用、低摩擦系数物质以及颗粒滑移对灌县-安县断裂带的蠕滑变形都发挥着重要作用，并且三者相辅相成，因此认为灌县-安县断裂带的蠕滑过程主要是压溶作用和摩擦-颗粒滑移机制共同作用，该认识可更好地了解地震周期并为区域防震减灾提供科学依据。 相似文献
20.
Trenching studies of active faults in Kamchatka, eastern Russia: Palaeoseismic, tectonic and hazard implications 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A. Kozhurin V. Acocella P.R. Kyle F.M. Lagmay I.V. Melekestsev V. Ponomareva D. Rust A. Tibaldi A. Tunesi C. Corazzato A. Rovida A. Sakharov A. Tengonciang H. Uy 《Tectonophysics》2006,417(3-4):285-304
The central part of the Kamchatka Peninsula is characterized by a well defined depression associated with active volcanism, aligned NE–SW. On the east, the depression is bounded by a prominent system of active faults known as the East Kamchatka Fault Zone (EKFZ). In order to improve understanding of the behaviour and kinematic role of this fault zone a fieldwork programme, including study of trenches, was conducted in the north-central part of this system. Aerial photograph analysis, ground-truthed, indicates a westward fault dip with predominantly normal slip, while lateral offsets of river terraces and stream channels demonstrate a combined dextral component. Over 20 excavated pits and natural exposures were examined to confirm a detailed tephra succession extending from the early Holocene to recent historic eruptions. This chronological framework then provided age control on five past faulting events recognised in three trenches. These events took place at about 10.5, 6.0, 4.5 and, in a two-event succession within a short time span, at 3.3–3.2 ka BP. Event clustering may be characteristic and fault length–displacement values suggest earthquakes of M6.5, thus representing a significant new element in regional seismic hazard evaluations; additional to events generated at the subduction interface. The relatively long gap in faulting since the two most recent events may also be significant for hazard scenarios and there is a possible link between the faulting and volcanic activity in the depression. Overall, the EKFZ, together with the Nachiki Transverse Zone farther south, is thought to define a regional-scale block that is extending eastwards independently from the rest of Kamchatka. 相似文献